INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_events_properties` (`id`, `eventId`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(22, 26, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern Blot and segregation analyses demonstrated the stable integration of the inserted DNA at a single genetic locus in both MS1 and RF1. The <i>barnase</i>, <i>bar</i> and <i>neo</i> genes were integrated into MS1 and similarly, the <i>barstar</i>, <i>bar</i> and <i>neo</i> genes were integrated in RF1. Additional Souther blot analyses demonstrated that there was no incorporation of any plasmid sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The insertion site was very well characterized. Deletion studies showed no evidence that a native plant gene was interrupted by the transformation event. <i>Brassica napus</i> is an amphidiploid composed of two genomes <i>B. rapa/B. oleracea</i>. The insertion site was found to be located in the <i>B. rapa</i> portion of the genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">MS1 and RF1 are several generations removed from the original transformants. Comparisons to the original transformants, in addition to data from several generations of backcrossing demonstrated the stable inheritance of the novel traits in lines MS1 and RF1. Segregation analysis confirmed the data from Southern blots and indicated that the novel traits in both transformation events segregated as a single locus according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Transcription of the <i>bar</i> gene was detected in both leaf and flower bud tissue by Northern blot analysis. Similar analyses demonstrated that the <i>barnase</i> and <i>barstar</i> genes were only transcribed in the flower bud tissue of MS1 and RF1 plants, respectively. Both genes were expressed only during the early stages of anther development in the tapetum cell layer of the anther.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The NPTII encoding gene was linked to a weak constitutive promoter and expression of this enzyme was not detected in pollen samples or unprocessed honey.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:32:11'),
(23, 65, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern Blot and segregation analyses demonstrated the stable integration of the inserted DNA at a single genetic locus in both MS1 and RF2. The <i>barnase</i>, <i>bar</i> and <i>neo</i> genes were integrated into MS1 and similarly, the <i>barstar</i>, <i>bar</i> and <i>neo</i> genes were integrated in RF2. Additional Souther blot analyses demonstrated that there was no incorporation of any plasmid sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">MS1 and RF2 are several generations removed from the original transformants. Comparisons to the original transformants, in addition to data from several generations of backcrossing demonstrated the stable inheritance of the novel traits in lines MS1 and RF2. Segregation analysis confirmed the data from Southern blots and indicated that the novel traits in both transformation events segregated as a single locus according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Transcription of the <i>bar</i> gene was detected in both leaf and flower bud tissue by Northern blot analysis and was estimated to be 0.8-1.6 pg/mg total RNA and 0.1-0.2 pg/mg total RNA, respectively. Similar analyses performed on canola line RF2 demonstrated that the <i>barstar</i> gene was only transcribed in flower bud tissue at a level of 0.4-0.8 pg/mg total RNA. Both genes were expressed only during the early stages of anther development in the tapetum cell layer of the anther.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The NPTII encoding gene was linked to a weak constitutive promoter and expression of this enzyme was not detected in pollen samples or unprocessed honey.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:39:40'),
(24, 42, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from GU262 indicated the incorporation of 2 copies of the <i>pat</i> gene into the host genome. In addition, GU262 also contained partial copies of <i>bla</i> antibiotic marker gene, which was not expressed in plant tissue. Only the <i>pat</i> gene was fully intact and functional in the plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:59:11'),
(25, 21, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from GTS 40-3-2 demonstrated that there were two sites of integration, one site containing a functional copy of CP4 EPSPS gene and a second site containing a non-functional segment of the CP4 EPSPS gene. The <i>gus</i> gene was not integrated into the host genome and there were no antibiotic resistance marker genes introduced into GTS 40-3-2.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blots, chromosome walking and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the insertion sites. The largest insert, containing the function CP4 EPSPS gene, contained a deletion in the enhancer region of the E35S promoter and the remainder of the E35S promoter was functional. A single copy of the CP4 EPSPS gene (1365 bp) was integrated and analysis of the 3&#39; terminus revealed a complete <i>nos</i> 3&#39; transcriptional termination element, rather than a portion of <i>nos</i> as previously reported. Also, an additional 250 bp sequence corresponding to a portion of the CP4 EPSPS gene was recently detected adjacent to the 3&#39; end of the <i>nos</i> 3&#39; element, which was not detected in earlier studies (Additional information submitted by Monsanto to regulatory authorities in the spring of 2000).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of the second insert site showed the presence of a 72 bp sequence corresponding to a portion of the CP4 EPSPS gene. Sequence analysis, western and northern blotting confirmed that neither the additional 250 bp sequence identified in the first insertion site nor the 72 bp fragment inserted at a second site were functional. Pedigree analyses confirmed that these segments of CP4 EPSPS were present in GTS 40-3-2 soybeans evaluated during all safety assessment studies and are present in commercial varieties.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">DNA analyses over six generations demonstrated that the CP4 EPSPS gene was stably inserted. Observations over multiple generations showed the CP4 EPSPS gene was no longer segregating, demonstrating that soybean line GTS 40-3-was homozygous for the herbicide tolerance trait. These multi-generation studies on GTS 40-3-2 also demonstrated that the 72 bp CP4 EPSPS segment co-segregated with the primary insert, indicating that the two sites of integration are close linked and behave as a single locus.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression of the full-length CP4 EPSPS gene, which encodes a 456 amino acid polypeptide (46 kDa), was confirmed by Western immunoblot analysis and the levels of expression were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentrations of CP4 EPSPS averaged 239 &micro;g/g fresh weight tissue in seeds and 495 &micro;g/g f.w.t. in leaves.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Soybean line GTS 40-3-2 was found to express only the full length mRNA and complete CP4 EPSPS protein. The additional DNA segments, the 72 bp CP4 EPSPS segment that comprises the second insert or the 250 bp of the CP4 EPSPS element adjacent to the 3&#39; end of NOS on the functional insert, were both non-functional and did not result in the expression of any mRNA or protein. These results were expected as neither segment contained a promoter or terminator sequence, and only the full-length mRNA and full-length CP4 EPSPS protein were detected.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:22:02'),
(26, 41, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from the original transformant (event 260-05) identified inserts at three loci which were designated as locus A, B and C. At one locus (locus A), the GmFad2-1 construct was causing silencing of the endogenous GmFad2-1 gene, resulting in seeds like G168 with a high oleic acid content only. Locus A was characterized using Southern blotting and shown to contain two copies of the GmFad2-1 expression cassette as indicated by two hybridizing bands on the Southern blot. The second locus (locus B) contained a copy of GmFad2-1 that was over-expressing, thus decreasing the oleic acid levels to around 4% (G175). This locus also contained a functioning <i>dapA</i> gene as evidenced by an increase in the seed lysine levels. Locus B contained only a single copy of the GmFad2-1 expression cassette as indicated by a single hybridizing band on the Southern blot. In seeds with both locus A and locus B (G94), lysine levels were increased and oleic acid levels were increased but not as high as in those with locus A alone.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Lines G94 and G168 were selected for further characterization as they contained the silencing locus A with the high oleic acid phenotype. As G94 plants contained both locus A and locus B, an additional round of selection was used on the segregating R2 plants to isolate plants containing locus A and not locus B. Southern blot analysis on R2 leaf tissue grown from G94 R2 seed identified two sub lines, G94-1 and G94-19, that contained locus A without locus B which had been removed through segregation. Locus B was not further characterized for the purposes of this application.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The three sub lines, G94-1, G94-19 and G168, identified as containing the GmFad2-1 silencing locus A, were selected as the high oleic acid soybeans for subsequent analyses. G94-1, G94-19 and G168 containing only locus A and locus C and were advanced to produce high oleic soybeans. The presence of the high oleic phenotype was the primary screen for the advancement of sublines since G94-1, G94-19 and G168 were GUS negative. These sublines were all homozygous for the GmFad2-1 encoding sequences arranged in the sense orientation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">All three sublines G94-1, G94-19 and G168 were kept separate for six generations and all maintained an identical Southern pattern indicating the stability of the introduced trait for high levels of oleic acid. Multiple years of field testing at several locations determined that the fatty acid phenotype for these plants was stable. In contrast, a high oleic mutant produced by traditional breeding techniques shows a very broad range of oleic levels depending on the environmental conditions.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">There were no new proteins expressed in the sublines G94-1, G94-19 and G168. Biochemical and molecular tests confirmed that the beta-lactamase gene was not active in plants, and thus no protein (enzyme) was produced by this gene. The GUS gene was also silent and beta-glucuronidase was not expressed. Similarly no protein affecting the lysine levels was produced in any of the sublines.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Suppression of the GmFad2-1 genes in soybean sublines G94-1, G94-19 and G168 resulted in the expression of levels of oleic acid in soybean oil exceeding 80%, compared to 23% found in a typical conventional soybean oil.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:57:28'),
(27, 60, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Inserted DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from line A2704-12 indicated the incorporation of two copies of the <i>pat</i> gene, inserted in a head-to-tail configuration, and that one copy of the 3&#39; <i>bla</i> sequences and one copy of the 5&#39; <i>bla</i> sequences were integrated between the two <i>pat</i> gene copies.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The PAT enzyme was the only new protein expressed in these transgenic soybean lines. The levels of PAT protein expression were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which in the case of A2704-12 were found to correspond to 0.0031%, 0.0015% and 0.0005% of the total crude protein in samples of forage, hay and seed, respectively. As expected, no PAT protein was detected in refined oil, food grade oil, and crude lecithin. Although PAT enzyme activity could be detected in the hull fraction, no activity was detected in meal fractions prepared from A2704-12.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:33:36'),
(28, 40, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Inserted DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from line A5547-127 indicated the incorporation of a single copy of the <i>pat</i> gene flanked by the 5&#39; and 3&#39; partial sequences of the transected <i>bla</i> gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The PAT enzyme was the only new protein expressed in these transgenic soybean lines. The levels of PAT protein expression were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)and were found to correspond to 0.0174%, 0.0034% and 0.0031% of the total crude protein in samples of forage, hay and seed, respectively. As expected, no PAT protein was detected in refined oil, food grade oil, and crude lecithin.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:55:51'),
(29, 54, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line RBMT15-101</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at three to four loci. At least one locus contained two copies of the T-DNA organized in inverted orientations. For two copies of the T-DNA, transfer was incomplete at the right border resulting in an incomplete copy of the figwort mosaic virus (FMV) 35S promoter associated with the PVY CP gene. One of the <i>cry3Aa</i> genes also lacked the Arabidopsis small subunit promoter and a portion of the 5&#39; end of the gene. The NOS terminator region of this gene cassette was intact. One of the T-DNAs also had an incomplete NOS promoter region associated with an intact NPTII coding region. The coding regions of all the other genetic elements were intact. The analyses also showed that no plasmid sequences beyond the left and right borders were transferred.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line SEMT15-02</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at four to five loci. At least one locus contained two copies of the T-DNA organized in inverted orientations and one locus contained two T-DNAs linked by a complete copy of the plasmid backbone. For seven copies of the T-DNA, transfer of the T-DNA resulted in incomplete resolution of the right border, leaving incomplete copies of the FMV promoter associated with the PVY CP coding region. Plasmid sequences beyond the left and right borders, which include the <i>aad</i> gene and the oriV and ori322 plasmid elements, were inserted into this line. Integration of complete backbone elements occurred in two different ways: at one locus two T-DNAs were linked by a complete copy of the backbone; at two other loci, backbone integration was not associated with the left border flanking the NOS promoter of the NPTII encoding gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line SEMT15-15</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at four to five loci. At least one locus contained copies of the T-DNA organized in inverted orientations. For two copies of the T-DNA, transfer of the T-DNA resulted in incomplete resolution of the right border, leaving incomplete copies of the FMV promoter associated with the PVY CP coding region. One of the T-DNAs in this line had an incomplete NOS promoter region associated with an intact NPTII coding region. The coding regions of all the genetic elements were intact. Plasmid sequences beyond the left and right borders, which include the <i>aad</i> gene and the oriV and ori322 plasmid elements, were inserted into this line.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In <i>B. thuringiensis</i>, expression of the <i>cry3A</i> gene results in the production of two proteins, a full length 73 kDa (644 amino acids) Cry3A protein and a smaller molecular weight species (68 kDa; 597 amino acids) resulting from inframe translation initiation at an internal ATG sequence. This latter protein, referred to as Cry3A band 3 protein, lacks 48 amino acids from the N-terminus but retains insecticidal activity, and corresponds to the form of the protein expressed in RBMT15-101, SEMT15-02 and SEMT15-15 potatoes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of expressed Cry3A protein were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of samples of leaf tissue from field grown plants and were found to range between 20-63 &micro;g/g fresh weight tissue. Concentrations of Cry3A in tuber tissue (0.08 - 0.38 &micro;g/g) were approximately 100 fold lower than that present in leaf tissue, equivalent to 0.0005 - 0.0019% of total tuber protein.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The transgenic expression of PVY CP was estimated to be less than the detectable limit of 2 ng/mg fresh leaf tissue. In contrast, the accumulation of PVY-O coat protein in naturally virus-infected potato plants was approximately 12 to 244-fold greater, in the range of 24-488 ng/mg fresh leaf tissue when measured by ELISA. NPTII was expressed in the tuber at levels, ranging from 0.003 - 0.01 &micro;g/g fresh weight (equivalent to &lt; 0.001% of the total tuber protein).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:25:45'),
(30, 53, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line RBMT21-129</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at two sites. One insertion site contained the right border of the T-DNA as well as the PLRV replicase gene cassette, the <i>cry3A</i> gene and the NPTII coding region, terminating within the NOS promoter. This T-DNA insertion was not completely resolved at the left border, resulting in the partial deletion of the 5&#39; end of the NOS promoter used to express the NPTII encoding gene. The second insert consisted of the PLRV replicase gene and a partially deleted <i>cry3A</i> gene cassette. The ArabSSU1A promoter of the <i>cry3A</i> gene, as well as a portion of the 5&#39; coding region of the <i>cry3A</i> gene, were deleted upon integration into the plant genome. The partial <i>cry3A</i> gene was still associated with its <i>nos</i> 3&#39; terminator region. Northern and western blot analysis were unable to detect any protein or mRNA from the truncated <i>cry3A</i> gene. This T-DNA insertion was not completely resolved at the right border, resulting in the deletion of the FMV 35S promoter as well as a portion of the 5&#39; end of the PLRV replicase gene. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the partial PLRV replicase gene did not give rise to any detectable mRNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line RBMT21-350</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at two sites. At one site, intact copies of all three genes were inserted. At the second site, a less than full-length copy of the T-DNA was inserted resulting in a truncated copy of the PLRV replicase gene, lacking the FMV 35S promoter region. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that no detectable RNA transcript was produced from the truncated PLRV replicase gene. The remaining two genes were intact.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><u>Line RBMT22-082</u> - insertion of the T-DNA occurred at three sites. All three copies of the T-DNA contained intact coding regions for the PLRV replicase gene and the <i>cry3A</i> gene. Two copies of the T-DNA contained an intact coding region of the CP4 EPSPS gene. At one site, however, a less than full-length copy of the CP4 EPSPS gene had been inserted. Northern analysis was not able to detect any mRNA being produced from the truncated CP4 EPSPS gene, suggesting that, as the promoter region for the truncated CP4 EPSPS gene is intact, mRNA did not accumulate to any detectable levels. At the third insertion site, DNA sequences beyond the T-DNA right border were also inserted. This DNA was adjoined to the right border of the T-DNA and contained the <i>aad</i> gene and the ori-322 region. This result conflicted with PCR analyses, which were unable to detect the <i>aad</i> gene. The failure to detect the <i>aad</i> gene by PCR suggested that the gene was probably not intact.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Lines RBMT21-129 and RBMT21-350 expressed three novel proteins, Cry3A, the PLRV replicase, and NPTII. The Cry3A protein was expressed in tubers at levels ranging from 0.11 - 0.9 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight (equivalent to 0.0006 to 0.005% of the total tuber protein). The production of viral replicase protein was undetectable in both leaf and tuber tissue, although other evidence suggested that it was expressed. NPTII was expressed in the tuber, but at levels below the limit of detection (0.3 ng protein/g fresh weight). The levels of expression of Cry3A protein and PLRV replicase in RBMT22-082 were equivalent to the levels determined for lines RBMT21-129 and RBMT21-350. CP4 EPSPS was expressed in RBMT22-082 tubers at levels ranging from 0.21 - 0.78 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight (equivalent to 0.001 to 0.004% of the total tuber protein).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:22:49'),
(31, 20, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from transgenic potato lines BT6, BT12, BT17, BT18, and BT23 indicated that single copies of T-DNA were integrated at a single insertion site. Analysis of B10 indicated that two copies of the <i>cry3A</i> gene were inserted in tandem while BT16 contained two copies inserted at separate genetic loci. The data provided showed that there was no incorporation of any coding region from outside the T-DNA borders.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stable inheritance of the novel traits in potato lines BT6, BT10, BT12, BT16, BT17, BT18, and BT23 was demonstrated over four generations of vegetative propagation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In <i>B. thuringiensis</i>, expression of the <i>cry3A</i> gene results in the production of two proteins, a full length 73 kDa (644 amino acids) Cry3A protein and a smaller molecular weight species (68 kDa; 597 amino acids) resulting from inframe translation initiation at an internal ATG sequence. This latter protein, referred to as Cry3A band 3 protein, lacks 48 amino acids from the N-terminus but retains insecticidal activity, and corresponds to the form of the protein expressed in these transgenic potatoes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Western immunoblot analysis of protein extracts from transgenic potato tissue demonstrated the presence of a 68 kDa immunoreactive species as well as a smaller molecular weight species of 55 kDa. Studies were conducted to confirm that the 68 kDa protein product of the <i>cry3A</i> gene transferred into potato plants undergoes processing or degradation in the plant cell into a smaller protein of 55 kDa. The two protein products seen in the plant cell appear identical to that observed in commercial B.t.t preparations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression of the B.t.t. protein Cry3A protein was quantified for the seven lines and found to average from 14.4 to 19.1 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of leaf tissue and 0.8 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of tuber tissue, corresponding to 0.09 to 0.12% of total foliage protein and 0.004% of total tuber protein. The mean whole plant expression for all seven lines was 6.64 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of tissue, corresponding to 0.04% of the total plant protein.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression of NPTII was estimated to average 0.339 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of leaf tissue, and 0.197 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of tuber tissue, corresponding to 0.002% of foliage protein and 0.001% of tuber protein.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:17:49'),
(32, 10, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The data provided showed various integration patterns depending on the line: the T- DNA was integrated at three sites for line ATBT04-6 and at one site for lines ATBT04-30 and ATBT04-31. No coding region from outside the T-DNA borders was incorporated into the genotype of these lines. One complete copy of the T-DNA was found at each of two insertion sites in line ATBT04-27, with one site also containing a bacterial gene coding for resistance to streptomycin and another partial copy of the <i>cry3A</i> gene. The streptomycin resistance gene is driven by a bacterial promoter and is not expressed in plants, as was demonstrated in these NewLeaf&trade; Atlantic potatoes. Finally, the transgenes were integrated at three insertion sites in line ATBT04-36.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The NewLeaf&trade; potato lines were evaluated over several generations of vegetative propagation, used to generate potato seed, to determine if they expressed consistent levels of the Cry3A protein in leaf tissue. Expression of the Cry3A protein was found to be highly stable across multiple generations in all the lines tested.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b><br />\nIn <i>B. thuringiensis</i>, expression of the <i>cry3A</i> gene results in the production of two proteins, a full length 73 kDa (644 amino acids) Cry3A protein and a smaller molecular weight species (68 kDa; 597 amino acids) resulting from in-frame translation initiation at an internal ATG sequence. This latter protein, referred to as Cry3A band 3 protein, lacks 48 amino acids from the N-terminus but retains insecticidal activity, and corresponds to the form of the protein expressed in these transgenic potatoes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Western immunoblot analysis of protein extracts from transgenic potato tissue demonstrated the presence of a 68 kDa immunoreactive species as well as a smaller molecular weight species of 55 kDa. Studies were conducted to confirm that the 68 kDa protein product of the <i>cry3A</i> gene transferred into potato plants undergoes processing or degradation in the plant cell into a smaller protein of 55 kDa. The two protein products seen in the plant cell appear identical to that observed in commercial B.t.t preparations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Protein expression levels were quantitated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to average from 15.7 to 59.3 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of leaf tissue and from 0.09 to 0.53 &micro;g/g (f.w.) of tuber tissue, corresponding to 0.10 to 0.37% of total foliage protein and 0.0004 to 0.003% of total tuber protein. Likewise, production of NPTII was quantified in both leaf and tuber tissue at levels of 4.4-36.6 and 0.5-2.9 &micro;g/g fresh weight tissue, respectively. The presence of NPTII protein has been judged to be insignificant with respect to any human health risk due to exposure.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 21:52:23'),
(33, 14, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The inserted <i>cry1Ac</i> gene encoded an insecticidal protein similar to a full length Cry1Ac protein with some minor changes arising from the design of the gene. The encoded Cry1Ac plant produced protein was 99.4% homologous to the native protein from <i>B. thuringiensis</i> subsp. <i>kurstaki</i> HD73.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genome DNA from line 531 demonstrated that two copies of the T-DNA insert were integrated in a head-to-tail arrangement. One T-DNA insert contained a full-length <i>cry1Ac</i> gene and the NPTII encoding gene, and the second insert contained an inactive 3&rsquo; portion of the <i>cry1Ac</i> gene. The two inserts were linked and segregated as a single locus. Similar analyses demonstrated that the <i>ori322</i> region, present in PV-GHBK04, was not transferred into the 531 genome. The <i>aad</i> gene was present but was not expressed since it was under the control of a bacterial promoter.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted genes for lines 531 and 1076 was demonstrated over 4 generations. Stability for line 757 was tested and confirmed across 2 generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Cry1Ac protein expression levels in each of the three transgenic cotton lines were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mean Cry1Ac expression in line 531 was 1.56 &micro;g protein/g and 0.86 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaf and seed tissue respectively. In the whole plant the Cry1Ac protein averaged 0.044 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight, (25 &micro;g/ plant) for a total of about 1.44 g/ acre. Expression varied approximately 3 fold over the growing season, with the levels peaking late in the season. Expression of the Cry1Ac protein was higher in line 757. Average values were 12.6 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight and 9.9 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaves and seeds respectively. Expression varied less than 3 fold over the season and peaked early in the season in leaf tissue. Whole plant amounts were 1.1 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight (200 &micro;g/plant) for a total of 12.2 g/ acre. Line 1076 produced the cry1Ac protein at an average of 12.2 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight and 12.7 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaves and seed respectively. Gene expression over the growing season varied less than 5 fold, with the highest concentration occurring early in the season. Whole plant totals were 1.1 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight (389 &micro;g/plant) for a total of 23.3 g/ acre. (Calculations per acre based on 60000 plants/acre). Expression in pollen and nectar was negligible in all three lines.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression levels for the NPTII protein in line 531 were 3.14 &micro;g protein /g fresh weight and 2.45 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaf and seed tissues respectively. Expression varied about 2 fold over the season. In line 757 NPTII expression was 6.9 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight and 3.3 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaves and seeds respectively. For line 1076, the NPTII expression was 16.3 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight and 7.9 &micro;g protein/g fresh weight in leaves and seed respectively. Gene expression varied 2 to 3 fold over the growing season for line 757 and line 1076.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:01:59'),
(34, 52, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from line 1445 demonstrated the insertion at a single site on a 6.1 kb restriction fragment that included sequences encoding AAD, NPTII, CP4 EPSPS, and a partial <i>oriV</i> sequence. These analyses failed to detect any incorporation of the <i>gox</i> gene sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of lines 1445 and 1698 was demonstrated for 5 generations. Southern blot analysis showed that the inserted DNA from the progeny of three successive homozygous generations (R3 through R5) was stably integrated into the cotton genome. Southern and genetic analyses of line 1445 demonstrated that a single copy of the insert was transferred at one single locus.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Western immunoblot analysis of samples of line 1445 tissue demonstrated the presence of 48 kD immunoreactive species, which was the same apparent molecular weight (47.5 kD) as purified CP4 EPSPS protein isolated from <i>E. coli</i>. These studies, also verified that the CTP2 sequence (8.2 kD) was cleaved from the mature protein and rapidly degraded, following delivery of the CP4 EPSPS to the chloroplast.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression levels of CP4 EPSPS protein in line 1445 were determined based on material from six different trial site locations in the United States during 1993 and 1994. Expression levels of CP4 EPSPS were measured in cottonseed and leaf, using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to be low, ranging from 0.02% to 0.028% of total protein in cottonseed. In cottonseed the CP4 EPSPS concentration was approximately 0.08 &micro;g/mg fresh weight while in leaves the level was approximately 0.05 &micro;g/mg f.w. For line 1698 expression of the enzyme in the seed averaged 0.205 &micro;g/mg (f.w) while in the leaves the level averaged 0.311 &micro;g/mg (f.w). No expression was detected in the untransformed parental line Coker 312.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Combed lint and brown linter stock (<i>i.e.</i> linters after the first processing step) were tested for the presence of CP4 EPSPS protein by Western blotting. CP4 EPSPS was detected in combed lint but not in brown linter stock, the first product in the sequence of processing linters for cellulose.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression of the NPTII protein was determined by ELISA and detected at low levels in cottonseed and leaf material. The NPTII protein content of cottonseed was 0.0022% of total protein, present in whole seeds at concentrations of approximately 0.007 &micro;g/mg fresh weight. In leaf material, NPTII was present in concentrations of approximately 0.045 &micro;g/mg fresh weight. For line 1698, NPTII expression averaged 0.004 &micro;g/mg (f.w) in the seed and 0.031 &micro;g/mg (f.w.) in the leaf.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The effect of application of glyphosate on levels of expression during plant growth was also investigated. There were no significant differences in expression levels of CP4 EPSPS and NPTII in cottonseed between plants treated with glyphosate and those that were not treated.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:15:47'),
(35, 34, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression levels of Cry1Ac, nitrilase, and NPTII were quantitated by Western immunoblot analysis of samples of cottonseed and meal. The estimated concentrations of the three proteins in seed were 2.5 ppm, 0.25 ppm and 2.5 ppm, respectively, on a fresh weight basis. For samples of meal, the values were 2.25 ppm, 1.4 ppm and 13.5 ppm for Cry1Ac, nitrilase, NPTII, respectively. None of these proteins were detected in samples of oil from cotton lines 31807 and 31808 at a detection limit of 0.01 ppm.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:50:06'),
(36, 29, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from BXN&trade; cotton demonstrated the presence of one or two sites of integration of the T-DNA within the host genome. There was no evidence of integration of plasmid DNA sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The nitrilase enzyme was expressed at very low levels in unprocessed whole cottonseed, cottonseed hulls, and cottonseed meal, which are used in livestock feed. It was estimated that the enzyme comprised about 0.0006% of seed protein, which itself makes up a very small proportion of total meal protein. Refined cottonseed oil, which is the major cotton product consumed by humans, did not contain any detectable amounts of nitrilase enzyme. This result was expected as refined oils are generally free of DNA and protein.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:38:28'),
(37, 61, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Inserted DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from FLAVR SAVR&trade; tomato line CR3-613 demonstrated insertion of the complete T-DNA region containing sequences encoding the antisense PG gene construct and NPTII. There was no incorporation of plasmid DNA sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">FLAVR SAVR&trade; tomatoes were tested for five generations, establishing that the T-DNA inserted into the plants was stable and remained unchanged from one generation of plants to the next.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The only novel protein expressed in FLAVR SAVR&trade; tomatoes was the enzyme NPTII. The antisense PG gene did not encode any polypeptide products and was introduced to suppress endogenous PG activity. The measured level of endogenous PG activity in transgenic FLAVR SAVR&trade; tomato was found to be less than 1% of PG activity found in the unmodified parental line.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:35:00'),
(38, 43, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from line 1345-4 demonstrated the insertion of three copies of the T-DNA at a single insertion site. There was no incorporation of translatable plasmid DNA sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;">It was determined that tomato line 1345-4 was stable and that the introduced genes segregated as a single locus in a Mendelian fashion.</p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The only novel protein expressed in tomato line 1345-4 was the enzyme NPTII, which was expressed at very low levels ranging from 0.72 to 2.36 &micro;g/mg fresh weight of tomato. While transcription of the truncated ACC synthase gene was detected in transgenic tomato tissues, the partial gene did not express a protein product.</p>\r\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-11-18 17:26:26'),
(40, 59, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Data from Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from transgenic tomatoes supported the conclusion that a single copy of the T-DNA was integrated into a single site within the host genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The transformation events B, Da and F lead to the decrease (downregulation) of endogenous PG enzyme in fruit, at the onset of ripening. The only new protein expressed was NPTII, used as a selectable marker, which was detected in raw tomatoes from two of the hybrid lines derived from transformation event F, 1401F and H282F, at levels of 2.63 &plusmn; 0.89 &micro;g/mg and 3.46 &plusmn; 0.72 &micro;g/mg fresh tissue, respectively, but was not detected in tomato sauce following processing of either of these hybrids.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:31:59'),
(41, 30, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of expression of ZYMV and WMV2 coat proteins were quantitated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to range between 73 &ndash; 1218 ng/g fresh weight and 47-112 ng/g fresh weight, respectively. These concentrations were significantly lower those measured in naturally virus infected samples of zucchini squash, yellow crookneck squash, cantaloupe and honeydew melons obtained from supermarket shelves. These latter levels have been estimated to be up to 268 and 421 fold greater than the corresponding amounts of ZYMV and WMV2 CP produced in transgenic squash.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:40:19'),
(42, 38, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from CZW-3 indicated the presence of a single copy of the T-DNA containing intact sequences corresponding to the CP encoding genes form CMV, ZYMV, and WMV2, integrated at a single site. Additional analyses verified the presence of a single copy of the NPTII encoding <i>neo</i> antibiotic resistance marker gene, and no incorporation of plasmid backbone sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The level of expression of the CMV coat protein in transgenic squash was quantitated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and estimated to be 5.9-10.8 ng/g fruit tissue, which was of the same order of magnitude as the concentrations of ZYMV and WMV-2 coat proteins measured in the related squash line ZW-20. These concentrations were significantly lower those measured in naturally virus infected samples of zucchini squash, yellow crookneck squash, cantaloupe and honeydew melons obtained from supermarket shelves. The level of expression of NPTII (44 &micro;g/g fruit tissue) was judged to be insignificant with respect to any human health risk due to exposure.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:52:59'),
(43, 56, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The transgenic tomato line 5345 expressed two novel proteins, a truncated version of the Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin and NPTII. While the AAD encoding gene was incorporated into the plant genome, it was not expressed because the promoter sequences were only active in bacteria.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:29:54'),
(44, 55, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from these transgenic rice lines revealed the integration of a single copy of the <i>bar</i> gene cassette into the LLRICE62 genome, and one complete plus one partial copy of the <i>bar</i> gene cassette into the LLRICE06 genome. No other plasmid encoded gene sequences were detected in the genomes of either of these transgenic lines.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The herbicide tolerant trait from lines LLRICE06 and LLRICE62 was introduced into commercial rice varieties via traditional backcrossing, and segregated as a single genetic locus in progeny T1 and T2 generations. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from T2, T3, and T4 generations of LLRICE06, and from T2 and T3 generations of LLRICE62, yielded identical hybridization patterns, confirming the genetic stability of the original transformation events.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The only newly expressed protein in the transformation events LLRICE06 and LLRICE62 was the PAT protein. The PAT protein expressed in these plants was characterized and found to be equivalent to the previously characterized reference standards.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of PAT protein expressed in rice grain and various processed fractions derived from transgenic plants was quantitated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and determined to be very low. The assay detected both inactive and intact enzyme, such that positive detection did not necessarily indicate functional protein.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:27:49'),
(45, 31, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from line 55-1 verified that it contained the PRSV CP gene, intact copies of two plant-expressible marker genes encoding NPTII and GUS, respectively, and a partial copy of the tetracycline resistance marker gene. Genomic DNA did not hybridize with probes to the gentamycin marker genes or to the origin of bacterial replication (Ori V/Tet) region. The partial tetracycline resistance gene was not expressed in plants, due both to the fact that the gene was incomplete and under the regulatory control of a bacterial promoter.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses indicated that line 63-1 contained intact, functional genes encoding the PRSV CP and NPTII, and did not contain the GUS encoding gene. Genomic hybridization with probes to the gentamycin resistance gene and the Ori T/Tet region indicated that either all or part of the genes for gentamycin and tetracycline resistance had integrated into the papaya genome. However, these genes were not functional since their bacterial promoters cannot drive expression of these genes in plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:42:53'),
(46, 46, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from GTSB77 confirmed the existence of a single copy of the T-DNA region containing complete functional copies of the CP4 EPSPS and GUS encoding genes, and a partial non-functional copy of the GOX encoding gene. This partial copy of the GOX encoding sequences was due to a 3&rsquo; truncation of the T-DNA insert, which also resulted in no integration of NPTII encoding sequences into the host genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The truncated copy of the <i>goxv247</i> gene was fused with genomic sugar beet DNA sequences, forming a chimeric sequence consisting of 69% of the entire GOX coding sequence plus 130 bp of host sequence terminated with an identified translational stop codon. While mRNA transcripts from this chimeric sequence were identified in GTSB77, a protein fusion product was never detected, and plant tissue extracts contained no detectable GOX enzyme activity.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Phenotypic segregation analysis of the glyphosate-tolerant trait and GUS activity were conducted over multiple generations and confirmed an inheritance pattern consistent with the stable transfer of a single dominant locus for these genes. These phenotypes were also shown to be stable over multiple generations in successive cropping.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Sugar beet line GTSB77 expressed two novel proteins CP4 EPSPS and GUS. The CP4-EPSPS protein is 47.6 kDa in size and consists of a single polypeptide of 455 amino acids. The GUS protein was experimentally determined to have a molecular weight of 68.2kD.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">These proteins were detected in very low levels in root tissue of sugar beet GTSB77 (58 ppm and 0.5 ppm for CP4 EPSPS and GUS respectively). They were also present at higher levels in leaf and stem tissue (237 ppm and 3 ppm for CP4-EPSPS and GUS respectively).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">As previously mentioned, the chimeric sequence formed between the truncated <i>goxv247</i> gene and 130 bp of plant genome sequence gave rise to the possibility that a novel protein could be expressed. The expression of such a GOX-like protein was investigated by Western immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised to a 46 kDa protein (designated 34550) expressed in <i>E. coli</i> containing a cloned copy of the chimeric sequence. This protein was comprised of 89 amino acids from the CTP1 transit peptide, the N-terminal 299 amino acids from GOX, and 43 amino acids encoded by sugar beet genomic DNA. Western blot analysis, on plant tissue extracts from several locations, determined that protein 34550 was not present at a detection limit of 180 ppb in plant tissue.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">An ancillary study was undertaken to determine the presence of GOX activity by monitoring the production of glyoxylate, the breakdown product of glyphosate. No detectable GOX-like activity could be demonstrated for protein 34550 purified from <i>E. coli</i>. A similar study confirmed that sugar beet GTSB77 did not display GOX activity.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:05:21');
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_events_properties` (`id`, `eventId`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(47, 45, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern and PCR analyses of genomic DNA from event T120-7 indicated the presence of a single insertion of the T-DNA region, and no evidence of insertion of sequences outside the T-DNA borders.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Stable insertion of the T-DNA was demonstrated by comparing the original transformant with four progenies produced either by self-pollination or crosses with nontransgenic sugar beet lines. From Southern blot analyses and trait segregation data, it was concluded that the trait was maintained over multiple generations and inherited in a Mendelian fashion.<br />\n<br />\n<b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression levels of PAT enzyme were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to average 137 ng/g (fresh wt tissue; range 74-208 ng/g) in the roots, 966 ng/g (fresh wt tissue; range 732-1176 ng/g) in the tops, and undetectable in the pulp, molasses or refined sugar. The concentrations of NPTII averaged 20 ng/g (fresh wt tissue) in the roots, 44 ng/g (fresh wt tissue) in tops, and undetectable in molasses or refined sugar.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:03:12'),
(48, 62, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The ACC synthase gene and the <i>surB</i> marker gene were stably integrated into the transgenic carnation line 66. Line 66 was reproduced through vegetative reproduction, as were its progeny, as well as progeny derived through crosses with traditionally bred non-genetically modified carnation plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:36:42'),
(49, 64, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The genes encoding DFR and F3&rsquo;, 5&rsquo;H, as well as the <i>surB</i> marker gene, were stably integrated into the transgenic carnation lines 4, 11, 15, 16. These transgenic lines were routinely propagated through vegetative cuttings, as were their progeny and any progeny derived through crosses with traditionally bred non-genetically modified carnation plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:38:28'),
(50, 63, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The genes encoding DFR and F3&rsquo;, 5&rsquo;H, as well as the <i>surB</i> marker gene, were stably integrated into the transgenic carnation lines 959A, 988A, 1226A, 1351A, 1363A, and 1400A. These transgenic lines were reproduced through vegetative reproduction, as were their progeny, as well as progeny derived through crosses with traditionally bred non-genetically modified carnation plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:37:36'),
(51, 28, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from seed of different generations of progeny plants demonstrated that the parental transgenic line, TC1507, contained a single copy of an intact fragment containing both the <i>cry1Fa2</i> and <i>pat</i> gene constructs with their associated noncoding regulatory regions and a second copy of the <i>cry1Fa2</i> coding region lacking the majority of the associated ubiquitin regulatory sequences; and (2) these genetic constructs were stably inherited and cosegregated over four generations of backcrossing.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression of Cry1F protein in hybrid progeny derived from TC1507 was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using a chi square analysis with a 95% confidence interval, a Mendelian ratio of 1:1 was observed for first generation progeny. This pattern of segregation was consistent with the integration of a single functional copy of the <i>cry1Fa2</i> gene in the original transformation event.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Levels of expression of Cry1F protein from TC1507 pollen, grain, and grain-derived feeds were measured using quantitative ELISA or Western immunoblotting, and biological activity was determined using insect bioassays with either tobacco budworm or European corn borer larvae.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Cry1F protein was detectable in whole plants (minus the roots) collected at four weeks prior to pollination and following senescence and in leaves, pollen, silk, stalk, and mature grain; whereas PAT was only detectable in leaf tissue. Levels of Cry1F protein expressed in TC1507 ranged from an average of 32 ng/mg in pollen to an average of 110.9 ng/mg total protein in leaf tissue and 89.8 ng/mg total protein in grain samples. Western immunoblotting of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) separated proteins in trypsinized plant extracts prepared from TC1507 leaf tissue revealed the presence of a 65 kDa moiety corresponding to the trypsin-resistant core of the Cry1F delta-endotoxin.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The amounts of detectable PAT protein in TC1507 leaf tissue ranged up to 40.8 ng/mg total protein but were undetectable in other tissues, such as pollen, silk, stalk, and grain.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Based on a bioassay with the tobacco budworm (<i>Heliothis virescens</i>), a target species, purified Cry1F proteins incorporated into test soils biodegraded with a half-life of approximately 3.13 days. This half-life is very comparable with the 4-7 days in published reports for other Cry proteins.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 22:36:56'),
(52, 75, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from MON 863 demonstrated that there was a single site of integration containing one functional copy each of the modified <i>cry3Bb1</i> and <i>nptII</i> genes and their associated regulated regulatory sequences. No deletions, truncations, or rearrangements were reported, nor were any additional plasmid-derived sequences detected.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation and stability of the introduced trait were examined by Southern blot analyses performed on genomic DNA extracted from plants spanning three generations, and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect expression of the Cry3Bb1 protein over five generations of progeny plants. These results demonstrated that the introduced trait continued to segregate as a single locus, and that protein expression remained stable over multiple generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of expression of Cry3Bb1 protein in various plant tissues, including young leaf, grain, mature root, forage, silk, and pollen, were measured by ELISA and were found to vary between 10 to 81 micrograms/g fresh weight of plant tissue, depending on the tissue type and the time of harvest. Expression of the NPTII protein was also confirmed in young leaf, forage, and grain, obtained from MON 863, with levels ranging from undetectable to 1.4 micrograms/g when measured by ELISA (limit of detection: &lt;=0.076 micrograms/g).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 12:29:20'),
(53, 76, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">As these were products of accelerated mutagenesis and conventional cross-breeding, there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the rice genome. The tolerance to imidazolinone-containing herbicides is due to a single point mutation within the ALS encoding gene such that the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the wild-type enzyme.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The segregation of herbicide tolerance in crosses with 93AS3510 was consistent with the inheritance of a single semi- or co-dominant allele.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">There were no new novel proteins expressed. The level of expression of ALS within plant tissue is generally low (~0.001% of total protein in rice seed), and this level of expression was not altered because of the genetic modification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and high pressure liquid chromotagraphy (HPLC) of protein extracts from unmodified and modified rice varieties did not indicate the expression of new proteins, or altered expression of existing proteins, as a result of the mutagenic event.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:45:48'),
(54, 74, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b><br />\r\nThe incorporated DNA was characterized using a combination of Southern blot analyses, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific sequences, and nucleotide sequencing of the entire inserted fragment, including flanking sequences from the host genome. In addition, bioinformatics analyses were conducted on the inserted sequence, including host genome junction regions, to demonstrate the lack of any unforeseen, or chimeric, open reading frames (ORFs) that could potentially result in the expression of unanticipated novel proteins.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThese analyses demonstrated the introduction of single copy of the transforming DNA at a single insertion site within the host genome. Some anomalies were, however, observed:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>In addition to a complete copy of the introduced DNA, the insert also included a 217 bp fragment (50 bp of polylinker sequence + 167 bp of the enhancer region of the rice actin promoter) inversely linked to the 3? terminus of the introduced DNA.</li>\r\n	<li>Nucleotide sequencing indicated that the sequence of the CP4 EPSPS gene within the second (3? proximal) cassette differed by two nucleotides from the inserted sequence. This gave rise to a single amino acid substitution at position 214 of the expressed protein (leucine --&gt; proline; variant protein referred to as: CP4 EPSPS L214P).</li>\r\n	<li>Analyses of specific PCR products from the 3? terminus of the inserted DNA revealed that an additional segment comprising 305 bp of chloroplast DNA had been co-integrated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that this sequence corresponded to a portion of the maize DNA-directed RNA polymerase alpha-subunit and ribosomal S11 protein. The source of this DNA was believed to be the chloroplast of the transformed cell.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b><br />\r\nSouthern blot analyses of genomic DNA isolated from plants over six generations of crossing and three generations of self-pollination were used to confirm that the introduced DNA was stably inherited and segregated as a single locus according to Mendelian genetics. Multigenerational stable expression of the glyphosate tolerant trait was demonstrated using bioassay (tolerance to glyphosate application) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure CP4 EPSPS protein concentration.<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<b>Expressed Material</b><br />\r\nExpression of full-length (approx. 47 kDa) CP4 EPSPS protein was confirmed by Western immunoblot analysis and protein concentrations were estimated using ELISA. Plant samples from line NK603 and the non-transformed parental control line were collected from six non-replicated and two replicated field sites during the 1998 growing season and assayed using a double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA employing monoclonal anti-CP4 EPSPS antibody as the capture antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-CP4 EPSPS polyclonal antibody as the detection reagent. Mean CP4 EPSPS protein levels (across all sites) were 25.6 ?/g (fwt; range 18.0 ? 31.2) and 10.9 ?/g (fwt; range 6.9 ? 15.6) for forage and grain tissue, respectively.</p>\r\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-04 13:46:42'),
(55, 4, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Introduced DNA</strong></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from Oxy-235 indicated that one complete copy of the bxn gene was integrated into the host genome at a single insertion site. The insert number was determined following digestion of genomic DNA with EcoRI or HindIII, which gave rise to a single hybridizing band in each case. No hybridizing bands were observed with restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA from non-transgenic control plants, and when Oxy-235 DNA was double-digested with EcoRI and HindIII a single hybridizing fragment of 1150 bp was detected. Additional Southern analyses using probes specific for the ori-322 region of pBR322 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification analysis for gentamycin encoding sequences demonstrated that these additional plasmid-derived sequences (located outside of the T-DNA region) were not incorporated into the host genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</strong></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis was consistent with a single site of insertion of the bxn gene into the Oxy-235 genome, as shown by a 3:1 ratio of susceptible to tolerant plants. Comparative analysis of third-generation progeny material, using Southern blots and PCR analysis, determined that the introduced DNA was stably inserted and stably inherited.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Expressed Material</strong></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Levels of nitrilase enzyme were quantified in samples of transgenic leaf (1000 ng/mg total protein) and seed (&lt;10 ng/mg total protein) tissue by Western immunoblot analysis (detection of single 37 kDa species). No nitrilase was detectable in samples of refined oil (detection limit 20 ppb).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 20:38:43'),
(56, 83, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The inserted DNA was characterized using a combination of restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot labelling to confirm the number of sites of insertion of the pYTY32 T-DNA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using specific primer pairs to confirm gene organization and integrity. PCR amplification was also used to test for the incorporation of plasmid-derived sequences outside of the T-DNA region.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The presence of an endogenous NtQPT1 gene in tobacco necessitated the use of a probe for the marker gene <i>nptII</i> as opposed to a probe for the NtQPTII antisense transgene. Southern Blot analysis confirmed the presence of two T-DNA insertions segregating as a single locus. The transgene conferring kanamycin resistance was found to segregate as a single locus and be co-segregated with the low nicotine phenotype. DNA blot analysis data demonstrated that Vector 21-41 T1 progeny carried 2 copies of the transgene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Between 2.1 kbp and 2.4 kbp of backbone pYTY32 sequences that flanked the T-DNA left border were also transferred to Vector 21-41, however these did not include any complete coding regions for any genes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation and stability data indicated two copies of the T-DNA region of pYTY32 at a single locus. The stability of the insertion was demonstrated through multiple generations derived through self-pollination. Vector 21-41 was derived from the T1 generation and stable insertion of the insert was demonstrated through Southern blot analysis of T1 progeny as well as low nicotine expression in subsequent generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The production of nicotine in Vector 21-41 was down-regulated in the roots of the plant by an antisense strategy. In this case, no new polypeptide was expressed, aside from the NPTII enzyme. QPTase activities are thus decreased in Vector 21-41 as compared to Burley 21LA.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:54:31'),
(57, 87, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">A single amino acid substitution is responsible for the imadazolinone tolerance mutation in the AHAS gene. The substitution is sufficient to alter the binding site for imadazolinones, resulting in a lack of inhibition of the AHAS enzyme.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The segregation of herbicide tolerance in crosses with AP602CL is consistent with the inheritance of a single semi- or co-dominant allele. AP602CL segregated in a 3:1 ratio ( herbicide resistant: susceptibility to herbicide).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS enzyme lacks a binding site for imadazolinone herbicides. This prevents the inhibition of the activity of this enzyme by the herbicide. AHAS is active in the production of valine, leucine and isoleucine and inhibition of this activity results in a decrease in protein production and eventual plant death. The modified AHAS has no significant difference in its activity in producing valine, leucine or isoleucine and the protein components of AP602CL are not substantially different from that of its parent line, Gunner.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:58:05'),
(58, 77, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis determined a single site integration of a single copy each of the <i>cry2Ab2</i> and <i>uidA</i> gene cassettes. These cassettes contained the complete coding regions for each gene although the restriction site following the NOS 3&rsquo; polyadenylation sequence and the 260 bp of the 5&rsquo; end of the CaMV 35S promoter for the <i>uidA</i> gene were not present. The <i>uidA</i> promoter remained functional despite the truncation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation data across four generations, including backcrosses to commercial cotton cultivars were statistically analysed, comparing frequency of observed numbers to expected numbers of progeny that expressed the Cry2Ab2 protein. Expression of the Cry2Ab2 protein was analysed using enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). All generations segregated as expected for a single insertion site of the <i>cry2Ab2</i> gene. The presence of the Cry2Ab2 protein across multiple generations occurred as expected, consistent with a pattern of Mendelian inheritance. The presence of the <i>cry2Ab2</i> gene was confirmed using Southern blot analysis.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the insert was also demonstrated using Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA samples from leaf tissues taken across five generations. There were no differences in the pattern of hybridizing fragments among DNA extracted from any of the five plant generations. These results demonstrated that the DNA insert from plasmid PV-GHBK11 is stable in the plant genome across five breeding generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression levels of the Cry2Ab2 and GUS proteins were determined using ELISA. Cotton tissue samples were taken from eight field locations in the United States to determine the levels of Cry2Ab2 and GUS activity in a range of environments. Cry2Ab2 levels were examined in leaf, seed, pollen and whole plant tissues. GUS levels were determined in leaf and seed tissues.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The mean levels of Cry2Ab2 in cottonseed, leaf tissue, and whole plants across all locations were 43.2 +/- 5.7 ug/g, 23.8 +/- 6.3 ug/g, 8.80 +/- 1.20 ug/g, and &lt; 0.25 ug/g respectively. The average GUS concentrations in cottonseed and leaf tissue were 106 +/- 32 ug/g, and 58.8 +/- 13.0 ug/g, respectively.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 12:32:45'),
(59, 92, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA from line 281-24-236 indicated the incorporation of single copies of the <i>cry</i>1F and <i>pat</i> genes, along with their respective regulatory sequences. Further analysis demonstrated a second, partial copy of the <i>pat</i> gene together with a second copy of the Ubi Zm1 promoter; however, this <i>pat</i> gene fragment was not associated with its terminator, ORF25 Poly A. No protein expression was detected from the gene fragment. Evidence was also provided to show that none of the plasmid backbone sequences, including the erythromycin gene, were incorporated into the genomic DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>cry</i>1F gene is a synthetic, plant-optimized gene that codes for Cry1F, a full-length chimeric version of Cry1Fa2, originally from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> var. <i>aizawai</i>. In this synthetic version, the first 694 amino acids are from the toxic portion of Cry1Fa2; the remaining portion consists of C-terminal sequences from Cry1Ca3 (<i>B.t.</i> var. <i>aizawai</i> PS81I), and Cry1Ab1 (<i>B.t.</i> var. <i>berliner </i>1715). These last two fragments are part of the C-terminal portion of the crystal protein that is cleaved by proteases in the lepidopteran mid-gut. The molecular weight of the plant-expressed, protease-cleaved Cry1F protein is 65kDa, as confirmed by Western blot analysis.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted insect resistance trait in line 281-24-236 was assessed within and across generations using Southern blot analysis. First generation plants, generated from backcrosses with one of the parental lines, segregated in a 1:1 ratio of resistant to non-resistant plants. The progeny resulting from the self-pollination of these first generation plants segregated in a 3:1 of resistant to non-resistant plants. These results were not significantly different from the expected Mendelian segregation ratios and confirmed the stable inheritance of a single dominant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of Cry1F and PAT protein in the tissues and cottonseed processed products of event 281-24-236 cotton were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods. Samples for analysis were obtained from field trials at 6 different locations in 2001. The average levels of Cry1F protein, on a dry matter basis, were 6.46&ndash;7.67 ng/mg in leaves, 5.04 ng/mg in squares, 5.71 ng/mg in flowers, 4.02 ng/mg in bolls, 5.13 ng/mg in seeds, and 3.3 ng/mg in cottonseed (fresh-weight basis). The average level of Cry1F in pollen was below the level of quantification (0.09 ng/mg). The concentration of Cry1F in hulls was 0.22 ng/mg, and was not detected in toasted meal, or refined cottonseed oil.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The average levels of PAT protein were considerably lower than those of the Cry1F protein. Average levels of PAT protein, on a dry matter basis, were 0.21 &ndash; 0.43 ng/mg in leaves, 0.51 ng/mg in squares, 0.22 ng/mg in bolls, 0.47 ng/mg in seeds, and 0.42 ng/mg in cottonseed (fresh-weight basis). The average level of Cry1F in pollen (0.09 ng/mg) was also below the level of quantification, and neither was it detectable in refined cottonseed oil.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:05:25'),
(60, 82, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA:&nbsp;&nbsp;</b>Southern blot analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the genomic DNA of LLCotton25 demonstrated one site of integration of a single copy of the T-DNA of pGSV71. Southern blot analysis also confirmed the integrity of the <i>bar</i> gene along with its promoter and terminator sequences and, that no sequences of the vector backbone were integrated into the genome of LLCotton25. The P35S promoter and the 3&rsquo; <i>nos</i> terminator sequences were derived from plant pathogenic organisms. Data from observations on several generations of LLCotton25 confirmed that these non-coding sequences did not cause diseases in the plants.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait:</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;The stability of the <i>bar </i>gene, along with its promoter and terminator sequences (collectively termed the &ldquo;<i>bar</i> gene cassette&rdquo;), were assessed over multiple generations of conventional breeding at several locations, and in different genetic backgrounds. The results of genomic DNA blot analysis confirmed the stable inheritance of the <i>bar</i> gene cassette. Mendelian segregation data confirmed the stable inheritance of a single integrated gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material:</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;The PAT protein was expected to be expressed in all tissues of the LLCotton25 plant since the <i>bar</i> gene was linked to a constitutive promoter (P35S from cauliflower mosaic virus). The PAT protein was quantitatively determined from LLCotton25 plants grown at various locations in the U.S.A. Plant tissues (<i>i.e.</i>, roots, leaves, stems and pollen) and seed and fibre fractions (cleaned seed, fuzzy seed, and lint) were analyzed using the enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay technique (ELISA). The concentrations of PAT protein were determined on a fresh weight basis. In plant tissues other than the seed and lint, PAT protein averaged 7.97 &mu;g/g in roots, 59.2 &mu;g/g in leaves, 38.8 &mu;g/g in stems, and 19,2 &mu;g/g in pollen. The average expression of PAT protein in cleaned seed was 127 &mu;g/g and 69.9 &mu;g/g in fuzzy seed. PAT protein was detected in all fractions of the seed <i>(i.e</i>., hulls, solvent extracted meal, toasted meal). The fibre components (<i>i.e.,</i> lint coat and lint fractions) contained less than 1.5% of the total PAT protein expressed in the plant. There was a negligible amount of PAT protein expressed in the oil.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:52:40'),
(61, 91, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since PWC16 is a product of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imazethapyr is due to a single point mutation in the AHAS encoding gene such that the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site on AHAS to imazethapyr, such that the herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. This mutation of the AHAS gene was identified by sequencing the gene, which showed the single nucleotide change in the coding sequence for AHAS.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis of crosses with PWC16 demonstrated that a single semi-dominant gene was inherited. All F1 progeny are resistant to imazethapyr, while F2 progeny segregate in a 1:2:1 ratio (herbicide resistant: intermediate resistant: susceptible to herbicide).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imazethapyr, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. Whole plant tolerance to this herbicide was expressed in PWC16 rice.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the activity of the modified AHAS was not altered and did not affect feedback inhibition and therefore, the regulation and levels of these amino acids. The amino acid composition of PWC16 was compared to that of commercial cultivars and found to be equivalent in terms of the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:03:54'),
(62, 90, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since AP205CL wheat is a product of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imazamox is due to a single point mutation of a single nucleotide in one (<i>als</i>2) of the three AHAS genes. The amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site on AHAS to imazamox, such that herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. The mutation of the AHAS gene was identified from information on the gene sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis of crosses with AP205CL demonstrated the inheritance of a single semi-dominant or co-dominant gene. Progeny from these crosses segregated in a 3:1 ratio (herbicide tolerant : susceptible to herbicide).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imazamox, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. Whole plant tolerance to this herbicide was expressed in AP205CL.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition of AHAS. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the modified AHAS was feedback inhibited by valine and leucine, similar to the unmodified enzyme. Levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine in AP205CL were comparable to those in the unmodified plant.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:02:29'),
(63, 88, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since Teal 11A is a product of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imazamox and imazethapyr is due to a single point mutation of a single nucleotide in one (<i>als</i>2) of the three AHAS genes. The amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site on AHAS to imazamox and imazethapyr, such that neither herbicide can inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. The mutation of the AHAS gene was identified from information on the gene sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis of crosses with Teal 11A demonstrated the inheritance of a single semi-dominant or co-dominant gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imazamox and imazethapyr, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. Whole plant tolerance to these herbicides was expressed in Teal 11A.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition of AHAS. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the modified AHAS was feedback inhibited by valine and leucine, similar to the unmodified enzyme. Levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine in Teal 11A were comparable to those in the unmodified plant.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:59:19'),
(64, 79, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the genomic DNA of MON 71800 wheat demonstrated one site of integration of a single copy of the T-DNA insert of PV-TXGT10. Southern blot analysis also confirmed the insertion of one intact copy of each <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene cassette, including the promoter, terminator and chlorophyll transit peptide sequences. None of the vector backbone sequences were integrated into the genome of MON 71800 wheat.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted DNA was evaluated, across several generations of wheat plants, using Southern blot analysis. The plants tested were progeny from several generations of self-fertilization, as well as from crosses with commercial varieties. The results of the genomic DNA blot analysis confirmed the stable inheritance of the inserted <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene cassettes. The stability of the introduced trait was also demonstrated after 18 generations of selfing of the original homozygous glyphosate-resistant plants. These generations showed no decrease in tolerance to glyphosate.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mendelian segregation studies for the inheritance of the glyphosate tolerant trait were conducted with heterozygous first generation plants: these were selfed and the progeny were sprayed with glyphosate. The resulting 3:1 ratio of tolerant to sensitive plants was statistically significant and confirmed the inheritance of a single insertion site of the glyphosate tolerant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In plant cells, the EPSPS enzyme is transported to the chloroplast by a transit peptide, which then cleaves from the enzyme. The introduced gene sequences in MON 71800 included a gene for a chloroplast transit peptide from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Thorough analyses were conducted to investigate whether the same mechanism of binding, transporting, and cleaving of the chloroplast transit peptide to the CP4 EPSPS enzyme exists in MON 71800. The analyses revealed two forms of CP4 EPSPS expressed in MON 71800: one in which the chloroplast transit peptide has completely cleaved from the full length enzyme, and the other in which only part of the transit peptide is bound to the enzyme. Further analysis of Western blots showed that of the total amount of CP4 EPSPS expressed in MON 71800, 80% is in the form where the transit peptide is fully cleaved and 20%, where part of the transit peptide is still bound to the enzyme.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis was used to quantify the levels of the CP4 EPSPS proteins in forage and grain from MON 71800. The mean levels of both CP4 EPSPS proteins, on a fresh weight basis, were 106 &mu;g/g in forage and 13 &mu;g/g in grain. Assuming 14.5% moisture in stored grain, the concentration of both CP4 EPSPS proteins in the grain is approximately 0.0015%, on a dry matter basis.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:50:13'),
(65, 93, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA from line 3006-210-23 indicated the incorporation of single intact copies of the <i>cry</i>1Ac and <i>pat</i> genes, along with intact copies of their respective regulatory sequences. Evidence was provided to show that none of the plasmid backbone sequences, including the erythromycin resistance gene, were incorporated into the genomic DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>cry</i>1Ac gene is a synthetic, plant-optimized gene that codes for a full-length chimeric version of Cry1Ac1, originally from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> var.<i> kurstaki</i> strain HD73. In this synthetic version, the first 612 amino acids are comprised of the toxic portion of Cry1Ac1; the remaining portion consists of C-terminal sequences from Cry1Ca3 (<i>B.t.</i> var.<i> aizawai </i>PS81I), and Cry1Ab1 (<i>B.t.</i> var. <i>Berliner</i> 1715). These last two fragments are part of the C-terminal portion of the crystal protein that is cleaved by proteases in the lepidopteran mid-gut. The molecular weight of the plant-expressed, protease-cleaved Cry1Ac protein is 65kDa, as confirmed by Western blot analysis.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted insect resistance trait in line 3006-210-23 was assessed within and across generations using Southern blot analysis. First generation plants, generated from backcrosses with one of the parental lines, segregated in a 1:1 ratio of resistant to non-resistant plants. The progeny resulting from the self-pollination of these first generation plants segregated in a 3:1 of resistant to non-resistant plants. These results were not significantly different from the expected Mendelian segregation ratios and confirmed the stable inheritance of a single dominant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of Cry1Ac and PAT protein in the tissues and cottonseed processed products of 3006-210-23 cotton were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods. Samples for analysis were obtained from field trials at 6 different locations in 2001. The average levels of Cry1Ac protein, on a dry matter basis, were 1.44 &ndash; 1.92 ng/mg in leaves, 1.84 ng/mg in squares, 1.92 ng/mg in flowers, 1.44 ng/mg in pollen, 0.77 ng/mg in bolls, 0.57 ng/mg in seeds, and 0.62 ng/mg in cottonseed (fresh-weight basis). Cry1Ac was not detected in toasted meal, hulls, or refined cottonseed oil.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">PAT protein was not detected in leaves, squares, flowers, pollen, bolls and refined oil. It was below the limit of quantification in seeds and cottonseed (0.06 and 0.09 ng/mg, respectively).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:07:15'),
(66, 94, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses of the genomic DNA from H7-1 confirmed the existence of a single intact copy of the CP4 EPSPS expression cassette, including the promoter, terminator, and chloroplast transit peptide sequences. The analyses also confirmed that none of the plasmid backbone sequences were integrated into the genome of H7-1. Further analyses demonstrated the nearly complete integration of the Left Border sequence and the omission of the Right Border sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses were conducted on genomic DNA from the F2, F3 and F4 generations of the original transformant. The results demonstrated the stable integration of the CP4 EPSPS expression cassette at a single locus in all generations. The results of Mendelian segregation analysis confirmed that the glyphosate-tolerance trait is inherited as a dominant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Levels of CP4 EPSPS were quantified in samples of H7-1 processed roots (brei) and leaves (tops) from 6 field trials conducted in Europe. Quantification was achieved using a double-antibody sandwich ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique, and results were expressed on a fresh weight basis. The mean level of CP4 EPSPS in leaves was 161 &micro;g/g (range: 112 &ndash; 201 &micro;g/g), and 181 &micro;g/g (145-202 &micro;g/g) in processed roots.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Sugar beet intended for human consumption is generally converted directly to refined white sugar through extensive purification processes. The levels of CP4 EPSPS protein introduced into H7-1 sugar beet were not measured in refined sugar. It was assumed that since refined sugar does not contain detectable levels of protein, there would be virtually no human exposure to CP4 EPSPS. Consequently, there is no anticipated human exposure to this protein as a result of consumption of refined sugar derived from H7-1 sugar beet.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:09:01'),
(67, 78, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA of TC-6275 demonstrated the integration of a single copy of the T-DNA of PHP12537. The analysis confirmed the intact insertion of the <i>bar</i> gene and its promoter and terminator sequences, as well as the <i>cry</i>1F gene and its terminator sequences; however, the analysis revealed that the promoter region of the <i>cry</i>1F gene transcription unit was truncated at the 5&rsquo; end. Cry1F was constitutively expressed despite the incomplete insertion of the promoter (<i>v.</i> <b>Expressed Material</b>). The sequences outside of the T-DNA border, including the spectinomycin resistance (<i>spc</i>) and tetracycline (<i>tet</i>) resistance genes, were not integrated into the genome of TC-6275.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis was also used to verify the stability of the T-DNA insert. The analysis demonstrated the stability of the insert containing the <i>cry</i>1F and <i>bar</i> genes, across three generations of TC-6275. Segregation analysis also demonstrated a stable insertion consistent with a Mendelian inheritance pattern for a dominant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of expression of the Cry1F protein were quantified in various tissues of TC-6275 maize using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Samples were taken from 6 field trials conducted at 3 locations in Chile from 2001 to 2002. Cry1F was found to be expressed throughout the plant and was quantified in samples collected at five growth stages (V9: vegetative, 9 leaves developed; R1: silking; R4: dough stage; physiological maturity; senescence). Mean levels of Cry1F, expressed on a dry weight basis, were: 16.7 ng/mg in leaves at V9; 6.22 and 7.17 ng/mg in the whole plant at V9 and R1, respectively; 11.0 ng/mg in stalks at R1; 6.26 ng/mg in forage at R4; and 2.47 ng/mg in the whole plant at senescence. Mean levels of Cry1F in pollen were 3.67 ng/mg, and 1.14 ng/mg in grain at physiological maturity.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Western blots of SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide) gel electrophoresis separated Cry1F protein expressed in TC-6275 revealed a 65kD moiety corresponding to the trypsin-resistant core of the Cry1F delta-endotoxin. The amino acid sequences 1 to 605 of the maize-expressed Cry1F were found to be identical to those of the native delta-endotoxin, except for a single amino acid substitution. These sequences represent the portion of the full length (1174 amino acids) Cry1F protein that remains in the insect gut after digestion by proteases.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The Cry1F protein used in toxicity studies, such as those conducted on non-target organisms, was produced microbially using <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> into which the modified <i>cry</i>1F gene had been inserted. Cry1F expressed in <i>P. fluorescens</i> was demonstrated to be biochemically equivalent to the Cry1F expressed in TC-6275.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The PAT protein was detected and characterized in the same samples of TC-6275 that were tested for the expression of Cry1F. The mean levels of PAT in leaves were: 323 ng/mg at V9, 674 ng/mg at R1, 682 ng/mg at R4, and 0 ng/mg at senescence; in roots: 112 ng/mg at V9, 253 ng/mg at R1, 223 ng/mg at R4, and 41 ng/mg at senescence; in stalks, 282 ng/mg at R1; and in whole plants: 5 ng/mg at V9, 72 ng/mg at R1 and 18 ng/mg at senescence. Levels in forage harvested at R4 were 7 ng/mg. Grain, harvested at physiological maturity, contained 23 ng/mg. The levels of PAT in pollen were below the level of quantification.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:48:09'),
(68, 89, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since RH44 is a product of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imidazolinone is due to a single point mutation in the AHAS encoding gene such that the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site on AHAS to imidazolinone, such that the herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. This mutation of the AHAS gene was identified by sequencing the gene, which showed the single nucleotide change in the coding sequence for AHAS.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The RH44 line is several generations removed from the original mutant herbicide tolerant plant. The imidazolinone trait in line RH44 segregates according to the expected Mendelian ratio for a single dominant allele.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imazethapyr, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. RH44 lentil therefore demonstrates whole plant tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the activity of the modified AHAS in RH44 lentil was not altered: the mutation did not affect feedback inhibition and therefore, the regulation and levels of these amino acids. The amino acid composition of RH44 was compared to that of commercial cultivars and found to be equivalent in terms of the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:00:38'),
(69, 80, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the genomic DNA of ASR368 creeping bentgrass demonstrated that there was one site of integration of a single copy of the DNA insert PV-ASGT08L. The stability of the insertion was assessed over three generations was confirmed using Southern blot analysis and segregation studies.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene was isolated from <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> strain CP4. The EPSPS protein is a chloroplast-localized enzyme that is transported from the cytosol to the chloroplast by the chlorophyll transit peptide. In ASR368, the inserted <i>ctp2</i> gene codes for a chlorophyll transit peptide that binds to the CP4 EPSPS enzyme to enable transportation to the chloroplast.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mendelian segregation studies were conducted to investigate the stability of inheritance of the glyphosate-tolerance trait. Segregation data were derived from reciprocal crosses between F1 hemizygous plants and nonmodified parental plants. The progeny of the reciprocal crosses segregated in a 1:1 ratio of glyphosate-tolerant to non-tolerant plants. This indicated that the glyphosate-tolerance trait is inherited as a single locus, and is stable across several generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis and Western blot analysis was used to quantify the levels of the CP4 EPSPS proteins in tissues from ASR368. Samples for analysis were obtained from four field sites. The mean expression level of CP4 EPSPS in ASR368 tissues was 68.6 &mu;g/g fresh weight.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:51:23');
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_events_properties` (`id`, `eventId`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(70, 86, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since the imidazolinone-tolerance trait in X8159 hybrid sunflower is from a natural point mutation of wild sunflower, there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imidazolinone is due to a single point mutation in the AHAS gene, such that the herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. Information on the sequence of the modified AHAS gene revealed the single point mutation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The results of segregation analyses using the wild population from which the imidazolinone trait was isolated demonstrate the inheritance of a single semi-dominant allele. The hybrid X81359, which is several generations removed from the original mutation, is consistently tolerant to imidazolinone herbicides (CFIA, 2005b).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition of AHAS. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the modified AHAS was feedback inhibited by valine and leucine, and thus, similar to the unmodified enzyme. Levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine in X81359 sunflower were comparable to those in the unmodified plant.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:56:55'),
(71, 95, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA of DAS-59122-7 demonstrated the integration of a single intact copy of the T-DNA of the vector plasmid PHP17662. All three novel genes, <i>cry</i>34Ab1, <i>cry</i>35Ab1, and <i>pat</i>, along with their respective promoter, enhancer and terminator sequences, were completely integrated. None of the vector backbone sequences, including the spectinomycin resistance and tetracycline resistance genes, were integrated into the genome of DAS-59122-7.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the integration of the T-DNA insert was stable within and across generations. Segregation analysis also demonstrated a stable insertion consistent with a Mendelian inheritance pattern for a dominant trait.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:10:29'),
(72, 96, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA of MON 88017 demonstrated the integration of a single, intact copy of the T-DNA of PV-ZMIR39. Both novel genes, <i>cry</i>3Bb1 and <i>cp4 epsps</i>, along with their respective promoter, enhancer and terminator sequences, were completely integrated. None of the vector backbone sequences, including the spectinomycin resistance and streptomycin resistance genes, were integrated into the genome of MON88017.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of both <i>cry</i>3Bb1 and <i>cp4 epsps</i> genes were assessed using Southern blot analysis and segregation analysis across 10 generations. The integration was shown to be stable across generations and the genes segregated according to a Mendelian inheritance pattern.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:14:02'),
(73, 97, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of MON 88913 genomic DNA indicated the incorporation of a single intact integration of the T-DNA insert of PV-GHGT35, at a single locus. The analysis revealed the intact insertion of the two <i>cp4 epsps</i> cassettes, including the promoter, enhancer, terminator, and chlorophyll transit peptide (<i>ctp</i>2) sequences. Evidence was also provided to show that none of the plasmid backbone sequences were incorporated into the genome of MON 88913 cotton.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene was isolated from <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> strain CP4 and encodes a 47.2 kDa EPSPS protein. In plants, EPSPS is a chloroplast-localized enzyme that is transported from the cytosol to the chloroplast by the chlorophyll transit peptide. In MON 88913, the inserted <i>ctp</i>2 gene codes for a chlorophyll transit peptide that binds to the CP4 EPSPS enzyme to enable transportation to the chloroplast.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the glyphosate tolerance trait in MON 88913 was assessed within and across generations using Southern blot analysis. Progeny resulting from the self-pollination of first generation plants segregated in a 3:1 of resistant to non-resistant plants. Advanced generations (R4 and R5) of self-pollinated homozygous plants resulted in segregation ratios of 1:0. These results were not significantly different from the expected Mendelian segregation ratios and confirmed the homozygosity and generation stability of a single dominant trait across multiple generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of CP4 EPSPS in tissues of MON 88913 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods. Samples for analysis were obtained from field trials at four different locations in 2002. Levels of CP4 EPSPS expression were determined on a fresh weight basis, and also calculated on a dry weight basis from dry matter percentages determined for the various tissues. Dry matter percentage was not determined for pollen due to the limited quantifies available for analysis. The average expression of CP4 EPSPS protein, on a fresh weight (dry weight) basis, was: 170 (970) &micro;g/g in young leaves, 160 to 270 (630 to 1400) &micro;g/g in overseason leaves, 31 (99) &micro;g/g in roots, 310 (340) &micro;g/g in seeds, and 4 &micro;g/g (fresh weight only) in pollen. The levels of expression of CP4 EPSPS are higher in MON 88913, compared to the previously approved Roundup Ready Cotton.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:17:05'),
(74, 109, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA of events J101 and J163 confirmed the insertion of a single intact copy of the <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene cassette. For each of the transformation events, the <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene cassette was integrated at a different locus. All of the elements of the gene cassette were integrated, including the promoter, enhancer, terminator and chlorophyll transit peptide sequences. None of the vector backbone sequences from the PV-MSHT4 vector were integrated into the genome of either J101 or J163.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene was isolated from <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> strain CP4. In plants, EPSPS is a chloroplast-localized enzyme that is transported from the cytosol to the chloroplast by the chlorophyll transit peptide. In events J101 and J163, the inserted <i>ctp2</i> gene codes for a chlorophyll transit peptide that binds to the CP4 EPSPS enzyme to enable transportation to the chloroplast.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mendelian segregation studies were conducted to investigate the stability of inheritance of the glyphosate-tolerance trait in J101 and J163 alfalfa populations. Segregation data were obtained from five generations of introgression of the trait from events J101 and J163 into unrelated alfalfa germplasm. This was accomplished by initially outcrossing the transformed plants to unrelated elite alfalfa clones. The F1 progeny were subsequently outcrossed to a second set of unrelated elite clones to produce a modified backcross generation. Three additional modified backcross generations were developed with three other sets of unrelated clones. Southern blot analysis and chi-square analysis of the resulting segregation data demonstrated that the glyphosate-tolerance trait in events J101 and J163 was inherited as a single-locus dominant trait, and was stable across five generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The quantification of the expression levels of CP4 EPSPS in alfalfa populations containing each of J101 and J163 was achieved using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Samples for analysis were obtained from field trials of these varieties grown at six sites in 2001. The mean expression level of CP4 EPSPS in plants containing events J101 was 257 &micro;g/g fresh weight, and 270 &micro;g/g fresh weight in plants containing event J163.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:22:00'),
(75, 110, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA from COT102 revealed the incorporation of single intact copies of the <i>vip3A(a)</i> and aph4 genes, along with intact copies of their respective regulatory sequences. Results of these analyses also demonstrated that none of the vector backbone sequences, including the streptomycin adenyltransferase (<i>aadA</i>) gene, were incorporated into the genomic DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The synthetic <i>vip3A(a)</i> gene in COT102 encodes a 789-amino acid polypeptide virtually identical to the protein encoded by the gene from <i>B. thruringiensis</i> strain AB88. The <i>vip3A(a)</i> gene was synthesized to optimize its expression in plants and encodes for glutamine at position 284 instead of lysine. The biochemical properties of the modified VIP3A are identical to that of the bacterial protein. Studies conducted with trypsin and lepidopteran gut proteases demonstrated that the 60 kDa toxic core is cleaved from the full-length 89 kDa VIP3A protein, similar to the native bacterial protein.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted insect resistance trait in COT102 was assessed over five generations using Southern blot analysis and segregation analysis. Statistical analysis of the segregation data demonstrated the stability of the trait over the five generations, and a Mendelian inheritance typical of a single dominant trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of VIP3A and APH4 proteins in COT102 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods. Cotton tissue was sampled at six growth stages, from field trials at 3 locations in 2002. Mean whole plant levels of VIP3A declined with advancing growth stage: 12.11&micro;g/g at the 4-leaf stage, 5 - 5.28 &micro;g/g at first bloom and first open boll respectively, and 1.75 &micro;u/g at pre-harvest. VIP3A concentrations were the highest in leaves, averaging 15.31 &micro;g/g at 4-leaf stage, 17.55 &micro;g/g at squaring, 9.73 &micro;g/g at first bloom, 5.29 &micro;g/g at peak bloom, 8.82 &micro;g/g at first open boll, and 4.73 &micro;g/g at pre-harvest. A maximum of 136 &micro;g/g was detected in leaves at squaring. Levels of VIP3A were the lowest in roots (1.39 &micro;g/g at the 4-leaf stage, 1.5 &micro;g/g at peak bloom, and 1.18 &micro;g/g at pre-harvest), as well as in bolls (1.0 &micro;g/g at peak bloom, and below the level of quantification [The APH4 protein was not consistently detected leaves, squares, roots, bolls, seeds and nectar, and when detected, was below the lower limit of quantification for this protein (150 ng/g dry weight). However, the protein was quantified in pollen at 2.3 &micro;g/g.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:23:48'),
(76, 122, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since BW255-2 and BW238-3 wheat are products of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. The tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides is due to a point mutation of a single nucleotide and the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site of AHAS to imidazolinone herbicides, such that the herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. The mutation of the AHAS gene was identified from information on the gene sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis in generation three BW255-2 and BW238-3 populations was shown to be consistent with the inheritance of a single gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. Whole plant tolerance to this herbicide was expressed in BW255-2 and BW238-3.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition of AHAS. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the modified AHAS was feedback inhibited by valine and leucine, similar to the unmodified enzyme. Levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine in BW255-2 and BW238-3 were comparable to those in the unmodified parental lines.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:40:45'),
(77, 123, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">As these were products of chemically induced mutagenesis, there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the rice genome. The tolerance to imidazolinone-containing herbicides is due to a single point mutation within the ALS encoding gene such that the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the wild-type enzyme.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Herbicide treatments performed over several generations demonstrated that the herbicide tolerance trait was stably inherited and expressed in events IMINTA 1 and IMINTA 4.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">There were no new novel proteins expressed. The level of expression of ALS within plant tissue is generally low (~0.001% of total protein in rice seed), and this level of expression was not altered because of the genetic modification. High pressure liquid chromotagraphy (HPLC) of protein extracts from unmodified and modified rice varieties did not indicate the expression of new proteins, or altered expression of existing proteins, as a result of the mutagenic event.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:42:01'),
(78, 111, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Plasmid PV-ZMPQ76 contained three expression cassettes &ndash; <i>cordapA</i>, <i>nptII</i>, and <i>amp</i> which was used for selection in <i>E.coli</i>. The 5.9 Kb fragment of this plasmid used for transformation contained only the <i>cordapA</i> and <i>nptII</i> cassettes and in the final product only the <i>cordapA</i> cassette was present. This was confirmed by event-specific PCR analyses and Southern blot analyses, which also confirmed that LY038 contained one intact copy of the <i>cordapA</i> gene cassette. No additional elements from PV-ZMPQ76 were identified in the genome and there were no intact or partial DNA fragments from PV-ZM003 (used to transform lines expressing the Cre recombinase).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Heritability and stability of the <i>cordapA</i> gene cassette in LY038 were determined on plants from: 1) the F1&#39; generation (prior to excision of the <i>npt II</i> marker gene); 2) the F3 generation (after the excision of the <i>npt II</i> marker gene); and 3) the F4 generation (after two rounds of backcrossing to conventional inbred lines). The expected segregation ratios were 1:1, 3:1, and 3:1, for the F1&#39;, F3, and F4 generations, respectively. There were no significant differences in the observed-to-expected segregation ratios for the LY038 <i>cordapA</i> gene cassette over five plant generations, as demonstrated by the chi-square values. These segregation data indicates a single-locus Mendelian inheritance pattern for the transgene. These data are also consistent with the molecular analyses which suggested that the <i>cordapA</i> transgene was stably integrated at a single site in the genome. Southern blot analysis of LY038 genomic DNA established that the inserted DNA was stably transferred across seven generations and that <i>cre</i> and <i>nptII</i> cassette elements were absent in LY038.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:25:56'),
(79, 125, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from MON89788 demonstrated that there is a single copy of the T-DNA from PV-GMGOX20 integrated at a single locus in the genome. Hybridisation with different probes confirmed that the integrated T-DNA contains all of the components from the EPSPS expression cassette between the Left Right and Left Borders. Lack of hybridisation with the probes made from the plasmid backbone confirmed the absence of any of these sequences in MON89788. The organization of the genetic elements within the insert of MON89788 was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis, using PCR primers to amplify three overlapping DNA fragments spanning the entire length of the insert. Sequencing of the amplified fragments confirmed that the arrangement of the genetic elements is identical to that in PV-GMGOX20.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">DNA analyses over four generations demonstrated that the <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene was stably inserted. Hybridisation probes spanning the entire T-DNA region were used to ensure that the cassette was stably inherited and the absence of any backbone sequences was confirmed by hybridisation using probes from this region of the plasmid. The glyphosate tolerance trait was also evaluated during the development of MON89788. The R0 transgenic plant was self-pollinated and the R1 population was evaluated for glyphosate tolerance, showing the expected ratio of 3:1 resistant to susceptible plants. Selected R1 plants that survived glyphosate treatment were analysed using quantitative PCR to identify a single plant homozygous for the <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene, which was self pollinated to provide the R2 generation. Testing of this population, and the R3 generation, confirmed that 100% of the plants were tolerant to glyphosate.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression of the <i>cp4 epsps</i> gene results is a single 455 amino acid polypeptide of 47.6 kDA, which was characterized using (1) SDS-PAGE, (2) western immunoblot, (3) N-terminal sequence analysis, (4) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, (5) enzymatic activity analysis, and (6) glycosylation analysis. The plant expressed protein was compared with the same protein produced in <i>E. coli</i> in order to establish equivalence to existing standards used for safety evaluation of CP4 EPSPS. All of the tests used produced comparable results between the plant expressed and the <i>E. coli</i> expressed proteins, thus establishing the equivalence of the proteins from the two sources.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">CP4 EPSPS protein levels in tissues derived from MON89788 were determined by a validated ELISA assay. MON89788 tissues were collected from replicated field trials across five US field locations in 2005 and CP4 EPSPS protein levels from a range of tissues was determined. CP4 EPSPS protein levels in grain averaged 140 &micro;g/g fresh weight and 62 &micro;g/g fresh weight in leaves.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:43:50'),
(80, 113, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b><br>\n<br>\nData from Southern hybridisation analysis and DNA sequencing demonstrate that single copies of both the <i>mcry3A</i> and <i>pmi</i> genes are present in MIR604. Additionally, MIR604 does not contain any of the backbone sequences from the transformation plasmid pZM26. Sequence analysis of the entire T-DNA insert present in MIR604 confirms that the overall integrity of the intended insert and of the functional elements have been maintained. A 43 base-pair truncation at the right border junction of the T-DNA insert and 44 base-pair truncation at the left border junction of the T-DNA insert were identified. Three single nucleotide changes were also identified relative to the intended DNA sequence. One of these changes occurred within a promoter, a regulatory region that does not encode a protein. The remaining two changes occurred within the <i>pmi</i> coding sequence and resulted in the substitution of (1) alanine in place of valine-61 and (2) histidine in place of glutamine-210 in the amino acid sequence of the PMI protein. These substitutions have not resulted in any apparent functional change in PMI as expressed in MIR604.<br>\n<br>\n<b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b><br>\n<br>\nThe hybridization pattern over three generations of MIR604 (BC4, BC5 and BC6) was identical, which demonstrates that the TDNA insert from pZM26 incorporated into MIR604 is stable over several generations. Furthermore, levels of mCry3A and PMI proteins were determined to be stable in MIR604 plants over four successive backcross generations.<br>\n<br>\nHomozygous plants from the T3 generation were crossed to a non-transgenic inbred to yield the T4 generation, which were selfed in the field and seed was collected in bulk, creating the T5 seed. Individual T5 plants were assayed for the presence of the trait by immuno-detection (ELISA) of mCry3A, as well as by TaqMan® PCR for both <i>mcry3A</i> and <i>pmi</i> genes. The expected Mendelian inheritance ratio of positive and negative plants for a hemizygous trait in these populations is 3:1 and statistical analysis confirmed the expected Mendelian inheritance ratio for both genes.<br>\n<br>\n<b>Expressed Material</b><br>\n<br>\nTo characterize the range of expression of the mCry3A and PMI proteins in maize (corn) plants derived from MIR604, the concentrations of mCry3A protein and PMI were determined by ELISA in several plant tissues and whole plants at four growth stages (whorl, anthesis, seed maturity and senescence) in two field maize hybrids and one maize inbred.<br>\n<br>\nQuantifiable levels of mCry3A protein were detected in all MIR604-derived plant tissues analyzed except pollen. Across all growth stages, mean mCry3A levels measured in leaves, roots and whole plants ranged from <i>ca.</i> 3 - 23 µg/g fresh wt, <i>ca.</i> 2 - 14 µg/g fresh wt and <i>ca.</i> 0.9 - 11 µg/g fresh wt, respectively. Mean mCry3A levels measured in kernels from the MIR604 hybrids at senescence (corresponding to the stage closest to grain harvest) were <i>ca.</i> 0.7 µg/g fresh wt. The levels of mCry3A were generally similar between hybrids for each tissue type at each time point. For the inbred line, mCry3A expression was generally higher than in the hybrids in leaves, roots and whole plants at whorl and anthesis stages and in roots at seed maturity.<br>\n<br>\nPMI protein was detected in most of the MIR604-derived plant tissues analyzed, albeit at low levels. Across all plant stages, mean PMI levels measured in leaves, roots and whole plants ranged from not detectable (ND) to <i>ca</i>. 0.4 µg/g fresh wt., below the LOQ (ca. 0.2 µg/g fresh wt. and below the LOQ (ca 0.3 µg/g fresh wt, respectively. Mean PMI levels measured in kernels from the MIR604 hybrids at senescence (corresponding to the stage closest to grain harvest) were ca. 1.9 – 2.6 µg/g fresh wt. The levels of PMI were generally similar among the inbred and hybrid genotypes for each tissue type at each time point. PMI was not detectable in silage at all three sampling times (day 15, 29 and 75). By comparison, the level of PMI measured in the chopped plant material prior to ensiling was <i>ca</i>. 0.3 µg/g fresh wt.<br>\n </p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 16:02:27'),
(81, 126, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Since BW7 wheat is a products of mutagenesis and conventional seed increase techniques there was no introduction or incorporation of heterologous DNA into the plant genome. Wheat is an allohexaploid comprising of three complete genomes designated &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo; and &lsquo;D&rsquo;. Each genome has an AHAS gene (<i>als3, als2, and als1,</i> respectively), with the mutation giving rise to BW7 located in the <i>als1</i> gene. The tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides is due to a point mutation of a single nucleotide and the amino acid sequence of the mutated enzyme differs by one amino acid from that of the unmodified enzyme. This single change in the amino acid sequence alters the binding site of AHAS to imidazolinone herbicides, such that the herbicide cannot inhibit the enzyme&rsquo;s activity. The mutation of the AHAS gene was identified from information on the gene sequence.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Segregation analysis over multiple breeding generations of BW7 was shown to be consistent with the inheritance of a single gene.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The modified AHAS gene, conferring tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides, is under control of the native AHAS promoter and is believed to be constitutively expressed. Whole plant tolerance to this herbicide was expressed in BW7.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In the unmodified plant, the levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine are regulated by feedback inhibition of AHAS. A mutation in the AHAS enzyme could affect the regulation of the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Data were submitted to show that the modified AHAS was feedback inhibited by valine and leucine, similar to the unmodified enzyme. Levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine in BW7 were comparable to those in the unmodified parental lines.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:45:33'),
(82, 127, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Information from Southern blots indicated that there are multiple copies of the T-DNA present in C5. Cloning and sequencing of genomic clones, together with PCR analysis, has revealed five inserted fragments all in close proximity and which behave as a single genetic locus. One of the fragments contains a complete insert, consisting of the PPV coat protein gene, the <i>nptII</i> gene and the <i>uidA</i> gene. The other four fragments contain only partial insertions with deletions, duplications and rearrangements observed. One fragment is comprised of an inverted repeat of the PPV coat protein gene, which is thought to be critical in generating the resistance trait.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The structure of the inserted DNA has been evaluated in both vegetatively propagated plants and progeny of C5 with no changes noted, indicating that the locus is stable. In addition, expression of the resistance trait has been maintained during seven years of field trials with C5 clones grafted onto rootstocks, as well as <i>in vitro</i> and pot-grown seedlings of C5 crossed with cultivated varieties of plums. The plants remained free of virus despite very high inoculation pressure obtained by grafting PPV infected material onto the transgenic shoots and grafting transgenic shoots onto infected rootstocks.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Using assays for the <i>uidA</i> gene product, together with PCR assays, the progeny of crosses made with C5 showed close to a 1:1 segregation pattern, indicating that the integrated DNA behaved as a single locus and was inherited in a Mendelian fashion.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>nptII</i> and <i>uidA</i> genes produce the NPT and GUS enzymes, respectively, in C5. Expression of these proteins was demonstrated not only by resistance to Kanamycin, provided by the NPT protein, but also by assays for the GUS protein using the colorimetric substrate, X-Gluc which is converted into a blue precipitate by the enzyme.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">There is no detectable protein produced by the PPV coat protein gene and assays for the messenger RNA from this gene were also negative, prompting the deduction that the resistance mechanism is through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). This was confirmed by nuclear run-on analysis which confirmed that mRNA from the PPV coat protein was being produced, but was not accumulating in the plant cells. Another characteristic of PTGS is the production of short interfering RNA molecules (siRNA) that are derived from double-stranded RNA degraded by a specific RNAseIII-like enzyme referred to as DICER. It is these siRNA molecules which are thought to provide the specificity of PTGS in silencing certain genes. Detection of siRNA specific to the PPV coat protein genes confirmed this mechanism of transgenic virus resistance in C5.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:47:47'),
(83, 131, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis was used to determine the insert and copy number of the <i>amy797E</i> and <i>pmi</i> genes and to confirm the absence of DNA sequence from outside the T-DNA borders of the transformation vector. Genomic DNA used for Southern blot analysis was isolated from pooled leaf tissue from ten plants representing the backcross four (BC4) generation of Event 3272 and 10 plants representing negative segregants. All plants used for genomic DNA isolation were confirmed for the presence and absence of <i>amy797E</i> and <i>pmi</i> genes using PCR. The Southern analyses demonstrated that event 3272 contains a single copy of the <i>amy797E</i> and <i>pmi</i> genes inserted as a single piece of T-DNA. The Southern analyses also confirmed the absence of DNA from the plasmid backbone.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">To further characterise the integrity of the inserted T-DNA, the nucleotide sequence of the entire T-DNA insert was determined and compared to the DNA sequence of the transforming plasmid (pNOV7013). The final consensus sequence was determined by combining the sequence data from six individual clones to generate one consensus sequence for Event 3272. In total, 6100 bp of T-DNA was inserted into the corn genome. The consensus sequence data for Event 3272 T-DNA demonstrated the overall integrity of the insert and confirmed that the functional elements within the insert had been maintained. Sequence analysis revealed that some truncation occurred at the right and left borders of the T-DNA insert, most likely during the transformation process. The right border portion of the T-DNA insert was truncated by 23 bp and the left border portion by 7 bp. These deletions do not affect the normal function of the <i>amy797E</i> and <i>pmi</i> gene expression cassettes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern analyses were done to demonstrate that the insert in Event 3272 is stable over a number of generations. Genomic DNA for Southern analysis was isolated from pooled leaf tissue of ten plants each from three generations &ndash; BC1, BC2 and BC3 &ndash; and probed with an <i>amy797E</i>-specific probe. Negative segregants from the BC3 generation were used as controls. The hybridization pattern obtained with the <i>amy797E</i>-specific probe was found to be identical over the three generations examined.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The inheritance pattern of the T-DNA insert in Event 3272 was confirmed on individual plants from the BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4 generations, analysed for the presence of the <i>amy797E</i> gene by TaqMan&reg; PCR. The expected Mendelian inheritance ratio of positive and negative plants for a hemizygous trait in these populations is 1:1. The goodness of-fit of the observed genotypic ratio to the expected genotypic ratio was tested using Chi Square analysis, with Yates correction factor, and the hypothesis that the genetic trait is behaving in a Mendelian fashion was accepted for all generations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The alpha-amylase activity of the AMY797E protein was compared to that of generic commercial <i>Bacillus</i> alpha-amylase using studies such as dose-equivalents, HPLC analysis of the size distribution of starch hydrolysis products, HPLC analysis of residual sugars and organic compounds, and ethanol production yield. These studies demonstrated that the AMY797E alpha-amylase is functionally equivalent in starch hydrolysis to other commercial alpha-amylases.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">AMY797E protein was purified from grain of Event 3272 using a high temperature extraction process. Following separation of the extracted protein by SDS-PAGE, coomassie blue staining revealed a major band of an approximate molecular mass of 50.2 kDa (consistent with the predicted molecular mass of the mature AMY797E) and a minor low molecular mass band of The PMI protein produced in Event 3272-derived plants is encoded by the native <i>pmi</i> gene from <i>E. coli</i> (strain K-12). The protein consists of 391 amino acids and has a molecular weight of ca. 45 kDa. Plant cells expressing the <i>pmi</i> gene are capable of survival and growth in the presence of mannose as the only or primary carbon source. Under the same conditions, plant cells lacking PMI accumulate mannose-6-phosphate fail to grow. The PMI protein was extracted from leaf tissue from Event 3272 and its size, immunoreactivity, and specific enzymatic activity were compared to <i>E. coli</i> PMI. The PMI protein expressed in <i>E. coli</i> is identical in amino acid sequence to that encoded by the vector used to transform corn producing line 3272, with the exception of 16 amino acids added to the N-terminus as a result of the <i>E. coli</i> expression vector.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Samples of leaf extracts from Event 3272 and <i>E. coli</i> produced PMI were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting. A single immunoreactive band corresponding to a molecular mass of 42.8 kDa was detected in four separate leaf extracts. The <i>E. coli</i>-expressed PMI protein showed one major band with a slightly lower mobility compared to the plant expressed PMI, consistent with a slightly higher predicted molecular mass of 44.4 kDa (resulting from the additional 16 amino acids at the N-terminus). The mean enzymatic activity of PMI in leaf extracts ranged from 81.6 &ndash; 112.6 U/mg PMI, corresponding to an overall mean enzymatic activity of 96.9 &plusmn; 14.2 U/mg PMI. <i>E. coli</i> produced PMI had a slightly lower mean enzymatic activity of 52.9 &plusmn; 0.0 U/mg PMI. The two enzyme activities are comparable.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mean AMY797E concentrations measured in grain from the maturity stage across four backcross generations were ca. 1044 - 1264 ?g/g fresh weight (fw; 1147 - 1389 ?g/g dry weight; dw). AMY797E levels were essentially undetectable in leaves and pollen although it was detected at low levels in the roots of some whorl stage plants (&lt; 0.1 ?g/g fw).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mean PMI concentrations in leaves from the anthesis stage across four backcross generations were ca. 6.6 - 9.3 ?g/g fw (25.6 - 35.7 ?g/g dw). PMI was detected at low levels in most of the plant tissues analyzed, except for some senescence-stage samples. Mean PMI levels measured in kernels at all developmental stages ranged from ca.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:52:25'),
(84, 132, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Molecular characterization of MON89034 by Southern blot analyses demonstrated that the DNA inserted into the genome is present at a single locus and contains one functional copy of the <i>cry1A.105</i> and the <i>cry2Ab2</i> expression cassettes. Furthermore, no backbone plasmid DNA or <i>nptII</i> sequences were detected in these analyses. The organization of the elements within the insert in MON89034 was confirmed by DNA sequencing analyses. PCR primers were designed to amplify seven overlapping regions of DNA that span the entire length of the insert (9317 bp), and the amplified DNA fragments were subjected to DNA sequencing analyses. The results confirmed that the sequence of the DNA insert in MON89034 matched the designed, corresponding sequences in PV-ZMIR245 with one exception.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">This exception is that the <i>e35S</i> promoter that regulates expression of the <i>cry1A.105</i> gene has been modified and that the Right Border sequence present in PV-ZMIR245 was replaced by a Left Border sequence in MON89034. This molecular rearrangement can be explained by a recombination event which occurred, either prior to or during the process of T-DNA transfer to the plant cell, between the DNA sequences near the 35S promoters in T-DNA I and T-DNA II. Due to this recombination event, the reconstituted <i>e35S</i> promoter in MON89034 no longer has the duplicated enhancer elements compared to the original <i>e35S</i> promoter in PV-ZMIR245. Despite the deletion of the enhance elements, the Cry1A.105 protein expression levels in MON89034 are still sufficiently high under the regulation of the modified <i>e35S</i> promoter to deliver the required efficacy against target insect pests.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of the stability of the integrated DNA demonstrated that the unique Southern blot fingerprint of MON89034 was maintained through seven generations of conventional breeding, thereby confirming the stability of the insert. Additionally, the Southern blo analysis of multiple generations in the MON89034 breeding history indicated that there were no detectable T-DNA II elements other than those which are common to T-DNA I, i.e., 35S promoter, <i>nos</i> 3&acute; end sequence and the Left Border sequence. Furthermore, these generations were shown not to contain any detectable backbone sequence from plasmid PVZMIR245. The stability was further confirmed by the fact that the inheritance of the lepidopteran protection trait in MON89034 follows Mendelian segregation principle.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The expression levels of the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins in different tissues of MON89034 are relatively low. Therefore, it was necessary to produce the proteins in a high-expressing, recombinant microorganism in order to obtain sufficient quantities of the protein for safety studies. Recombinant Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins were produced in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, with the sequences engineered to match the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins produced in MON89034. The equivalence of the physicochemical characteristics and functional activity between the MON89034-produced and <i>E. coli</i>-produced proteins was confirmed by a panel of analytical techniques, including sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western blot analysis, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), glycosylation analysis, and assays of biological activity.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins in various tissues of MON89034 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). To produce the tissues for analysis, MON89034 and conventional maize were planted at five field locations during the 2005 growing season. In tissues harvested throughout the growing season, mean Cry1A.105 protein levels across all sites varied from 72-520 ?g/g dwt in leaf, 11-79 ?g/g dwt in root, 5.9 ?g/g dwt in grain and 42-380 ?g/g dwt in whole plant. In tissues harvested throughout the growing season, mean Cry2Ab2 protein levels across all sites varied from 130-180 ?g/g dwt in leaf, 21-58 ?g/g dwt in root, 1.3 ?g/g dwt in grain and 38-130 ?g/g dwt in whole plant. In general, levels of both proteins declined in vegetative tissues over the growing season.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:55:23'),
(85, 133, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">DNA blot (Southern) analyses were used to characterize the introduced DNA in DP356043 soybean confirming that DP356043 contains one insert with a single, intact copy of the transformation fragment PHP20163A containing the <i>gat4601</i> and <i>gm-hra</i> gene cassettes. Southern blot analysis using a plasmid backbone-specific probe confirmed that plasmid backbone sequences, such as those coding for the hygromycin antibiotic resistance gene, were not present in DP356043.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The inheritance of the new traits present in DP356043 was studied in five generations (T1, F2, F3, BC1F2, and C2F2). From the Chi-square analysis of the trait inheritance data, it was concluded that the inheritance of the integrated insert with the <i>gat4601</i> and the <i>gm-hra</i> genes is consistent with the Mendelian inheritance pattern of a single locus. The stability of the insert in three generations was assessed using Southern analyses of genomic DNA digested with the restriction enzyme <i>Bgl</i>II. There is a single <i>Bgl</i>II site present in the PHP20163A fragment and this generates a unique, event-specific, DNA hybridization pattern. No changes were detected in the hybridization pattern among the tested generations of the DP356043 soybean (the selfed T4 and T5 generations and the traditionally-bred F3 generation). Given the absence of pattern changes, it was concluded that the insertion of the PHP20163A DNA fragment in 356043 soybean was stable.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of the GAT4601 and GM-HRA proteins were assessed in the grain, forage, and root tissue of samples collected from plants grown at six field locations in North America. Three replicated samples per tissue per location were collected for DP356043 and one sample per tissue per location was collected for control soybean. Mean protein levels across six locations for the GAT4601 protein in forage, root, and grain were 1.6, 1.6, and 0.24 nanograms per milligram (ng/mg) of tissue (dry weight), respectively. The mean protein levels for the GM-HRA protein in forage, root, and grain were 27, 3.2, and 0.91 ng/mg of tissue (dry weight), respectively. Neither the GAT4601 nor the GM-HRA proteins were detected in non-transgenic Jack cultivar (control soybean) tissues sampled from the six locations. From this data, it was concluded that expression of the GAT4601 and GM-HRA proteins in 356043 soybean is constitutive. Levels of GAT4601 and GM-HRA proteins in toasted soybean meal and hulls were found to be below the limit of quantitation (LOQ).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 00:57:32'),
(86, 136, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The inserted DNA in event 98140 was characterized via Southern hybridization analysis using hybridization probes derived from plasmid PHP24279. The T-DNA from plasmid PHP24279 contains two expression cassettes: the <i>gat4621</i> cassette comprised of the <i>ubiZM1</i> promoter, <i>ubiZM1</i> intron, the <i>gat4621</i> gene, and the <i>pinII</i> terminator. The <i>zm-hra</i> cassette is comprised of the maize <i>als</i> promoter, <i>zm-hra</i> gene, and <i>pinII</i> terminator. Located between the two cassettes are three copies of the CaMV 35S enhancer element, providing transcription enhancement to both cassettes. Individual plants of the T0S3 generation were analyzed to determine the copy number of each of the genetic elements inserted into event 98140 and to verify that the integrity of the PHP24279 T-DNA was maintained upon integration. The analysis confirmed that event 98140 contained a single, intact, copy of the PHP24279 T-DNA. Southern blot analysis was also used to confirm the absence of plasmid backbone sequences within the event 98140 genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the <i>gat4621</i> and <i>zm-hra</i> genes across four generations of event 98140 maize (T0S3, BC0S2, BC1, and BC1S1) was determined from Southern hybridization analysis of <i>Eco</i>RV digests of genomic DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Chi-square analysis of trait inheritance data from four different generations (BC0S1, BC1S1, BC2 and BC3) was also performed to determine the heritability and stability of the <i>gat4621</i> and <i>zm-hra</i> genes in 98140 maize. In order to confirm the expected segregation ratios, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on leaf punches from seedlings. Qualitative PCR analysis for the <i>gat4621</i> and <i>zm-hra</i> genes was conducted on all plants. The results of this analysis were consistent with the finding of a single locus of insertion of the <i>gat4621</i> and <i>zm-hra</i> genes that segregates in 98140 progeny according to Mendel&rsquo;s laws of genetics. In every case, plants that were positive for the <i>gat4621</i> gene were also positive for the <i>zm-hra</i> gene and vice versa, confirming co-segregation of the two genes as expected.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Concentrations of the GAT4621 and ZM-HRA proteins in event 98140 were measured in tissue samples collected from a replicated field study grown at six field locations in North America in 2006. Tissue samples were collected at various developmental growth stages, including V9 (the stage just after glyphosate application), R1 (pollen shed), R4 (forage harvest stage), and R6 (grain harvest stage). Samples of leaf tissue (V9, R1, R4 and R6), root tissue (R1, R4, and R6), pollen (R1), forage (R4), grain (R6), and whole-plant samples (R1 and R6), were tested for GAT4621 and ZM-HRA proteins using quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Mean concentrations of GAT4621 protein in various tissues of 98140 maize throughout the growing season ranged from 2.6 ng/mg tissue on a dry weight basis (root at the R6 stage) to 51 ng/mg (leaf at the R1 stage). Mean concentrations of ZM-HRA protein in various tissues of 98140 corn throughout the growing season ranged from below the limit of quantification (pollen at the R1 stage) to 6.7 ng/mg on a dry weight basis (leaf at the V9 stage). As expected, all GAT4621 and ZM-HRA protein concentrations were below the limit of quantification in control corn tissues.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:01:03');
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_events_properties` (`id`, `eventId`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(87, 137, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analyses and nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that MIR162 maize contains a single intact T-DNA insert in the nuclear maize genome. Southern blot analyses further demonstrated that the T-DNA insert contains: i) single copies of a <i>vip3Aa</i> gene and a <i>pmi</i> gene; ii) two copies of the ZmUbiInt promoter; iii) one copy of the NOS terminator; and iv) no backbone sequences from transformation plasmid pNOV1300. Nucleotide sequencing of the T-DNA insert in MIR162 maize revealed two codon changes within the <i>vip3Aa</i> coding sequence relative to the intended <i>vip3Aa</i> sequence; one of these was a silent mutation and the other codon change resulted in an amino acid substitution. The <i>vip3Aa</i> gene variant present in MIR162 maize has been designated <i>vip3Aa20</i>. Nucleotide sequencing additionally determined that the MIR162 maize T-DNA insert did not locate within any known <i>Z. mays</i> gene. Further, no novel open reading frames were created that spanned either the 5&rsquo; or 3&rsquo; junctions between the T-DNA and <i>Z. mays</i> genomic sequences. These genetic characterization data demonstrate that, apart from the well-characterized change that resulted in a single altered amino acid in the <i>vip3Aa</i> coding sequence, there were no unintended changes in the MIR162 maize genome as a result of the T-DNA insertion. Observations of <i>vip3Aa20</i> and <i>pmi</i> segregation ratios over several generations of MIR162 maize were consistent with the genes being linked at a single locus in the maize genome, and indicate stable inheritance of the transgenes. These data also indicated that no novel proteins, other than Vip3Aa20 and PMI, would be produced in MIR162 maize.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of expression of the Vip3Aa20 and PMI proteins in maize plants derived from event MIR162 were determined in several plant tissues and whole plants at four growth stages (V9-V12, anthesis, kernel maturity and senescence) in two field maize hybrids that were hemizygous for both transgenes. Kernels from MIR162 maize are the most likely tissue to comprise foodstuffs, either as grain or grain by-products. The average Vip3Aa20 concentration measured in kernels from MIR162 maize (43.56 &micro;g Vip3Aa20/g dry weight at senescence) represents less than 0.004% of the total protein. The average PMI concentration measured in kernels from MIR162 maize (1.93 &micro;g PMI/g dry weight at senescence) represents less than 0.0002% of the total protein (these calculations are based on maize grain or kernels containing 10% total protein by weight). Given the low levels of Vip3Aa20 and PMI in MIR162 kernels, dietary exposure potential can be considered minimal. Since no health hazards were identified for either the Vip3Aa20 or PMI proteins (summarized below), specific dietary exposure estimates are not necessary to support a conclusion regarding the safety of MIR162 maize.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:03:12'),
(88, 139, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Molecular characterization of 305423 soybean to evaluate insert copy number, insert integrity and presence of plasmid backbone sequences was conducted by Southern blot analysis in combination with sequencing of the inserted DNA in 305423 soybean.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Extensive Southern analyses demonstrate that multiple intact and truncated copies of fragment PHP19340A have been inserted into 305423 soybean that contain, in total, eight copies of the <i>KTi3</i> promoter, seven copies of the <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment and five copies of the <i>KTi3</i> terminator. A single intact copy of fragment PHP17752A has been inserted into 305423 soybean. In addition, Southern blot analyses confirm the absence of all functional elements from the plasmid backbone in 305423 soybean, despite the presence of a small nonfunctional fragment of the plasmid backbone DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Sequence characterization of the inserted DNA in 305423 soybean confirms that 305423 soybean contains four insertions that comprise:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Insertion 1:</b> one truncated PHP19340A fragment with a truncated <i>KTi3</i> terminator and intact <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment and intact <i>KTi3</i> promoter, one intact PHP19340A fragment, one intact PHP17752A fragment, one truncated PHP19340A fragment with an intact <i>KTi3</i> promoter and a truncated <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment, and one truncated PHP19340A fragment with a truncated <i>KTi3</i> promoter and truncated <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment.</li>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Insertion 2:</b> one truncated PHP19340A fragment with a truncated <i>KTi3</i> promoter and with intact <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment and intact <i>KTi3</i> terminator.</li>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Insertion 3:</b> one truncated copy of the <i>KTi3</i> promoter with a nonfunctional 495 bp fragment of the plasmid backbone; and</li>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Insertion 4:</b> two truncated PHP19340A fragments in an inverted repeat configuration, both with a truncated <i>KTi3</i> promoter and intact <i>gmfad2-1</i> gene fragment and <i>KTi3</i> terminator.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The genetic material that is inserted in 305423 soybean is genetically linked and segregates following a typical pattern of Mendelian inheritance expected for a single, genetically-linked insertion locus.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The 305423 soybean has been obtained by introducing the <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment and the gm-hra gene into the soybean genome. The <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment is part of the coding region of the soybean omega-6 desaturase gene 1 (<i>FAD2-1</i>) and does not code for a functional protein. Transcription of the <i>gm-fad2-1</i> gene fragment in 305423 soybean seeds acts to suppress transcription of endogenous omega-6 desaturase, resulting in the high oleic phenotype.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>gm-hra</i> gene encodes the GM-HRA protein, an optimized version of the soybean acetolactate synthase (ALS). Expression of the GM-HRA protein in 305423 soybean, used as a selectable marker, confers tolerance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Northern analyses demonstrate that transcription of the endogenous <i>FAD2-1</i> gene is effectively silenced in 305423 soybean seed as intended by the genetic modification.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The GM-HRA protein levels in 305423 soybean were measured in replicated samples of leaf, root, forage and grain tissues using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pioneer reports that the mean GM-HRA protein concentrations in 305423 soybean leaf, root, forage, and grain were 4.0, 0.18, 5.7, and 2.5 nanograms per milligram (ng/mg) tissue dry weight respectively. Pioneer concluded that the above results confirm that the expression of the GM-HRA protein in 305423 soybean is constitutive.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:05:47'),
(89, 141, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Genomic DNA from leaf tissue of GHB614 cotton plants (identity confirmed by PCR) was analysed using Southern blot analysis to determine the insert number, the copy number, the integrity of the inserted 2mepsps gene cassette, and evaluate the presence or absence of plasmid backbone sequences. Isolated genomic DNA samples from GHB614 cotton and conventional cotton were digested with nine different restriction enzymes, separated on agarose gels and then subjected to Southern blot analysis. To determine the insert and copy number of the introduced DNA, the separated DNA fragments were transferred to a membrane and sequentially hybridized with different radioactively labelled probes: four probes containing each single genetic element present in the p-TEM2 vector used for the transformation, and the complete T-DNA probe.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Based on a comparison of the size and pattern of observed fragments with the expected fragment sizes from digestion of genomic DNA, a single and unique site of insertion of the transgenic sequences is present in cotton line GHB614.<br />\nThe organisation of the genetic elements within the insert in GHB614 cotton was further characterised using PCR analysis by amplifying three overlapping regions of DNA spanning the entire length of the insert. The PCR products generated, following PCR of genomic DNA from GHB614 cotton, were all of the expected size.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The PCR products generated from GHB614 cotton genomic DNA were subject to DNA sequencing to further confirm the organisation of genetic elements within the insert, as well as to determine the 5&rsquo; and 3&rsquo; insert-to-genomic DNA junctions, and the complete DNA sequence of the inserted DNA and adjacent genomic DNA regions. The sequence determination indicated that the size of the inserted DNA in GHB614 cotton is 3978 base pairs (bp) and the arrangement of the genetic elements within the insert is identical to the corresponding transformation vector, pTEM2. In addition to the insert sequence, 214 bp of Right Border flanking sequence (3&rsquo; end of insert) and 738 bp of Left Border flanking sequence (5&rsquo; end of insert) were found to be completely identical to the cotton genomic sequences present at the integration site before transformation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Stability and Inheritance</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">For breeding purposes and further evaluation of inheritance, various backcrosses were performed and evaluated in the greenhouse for segregation and glyphosate resistance. Mendelian inheritance for a single gene locus would predict one resistant plant for every one susceptible plant within BC2F1 progenies. Furthermore, BC2F2 progeny would be expected to show three resistant plants for every one susceptible plant. For the segregation analysis, data from a Chi-square test of inheritance were used to determine the heritability and stability of the new trait. All Chi-square values indicate no significant differences between observed and expected genetic ratios across all tested generations of GHB614 cotton. These results are consistent with a single site of insertion for the 2mepsps gene expression cassette.<br />\nTo determine the stability of the inserted DNA, Southern blot analyses were done using genomic DNA isolated from multiple generations of GHB614 cotton (T3, T4, T5 and T6). For these analyses, DNA samples from leaf tissue representing each generation were digested and probed to detect two integration fragments corresponding to ~4850 bp and ~9100 bp. In all tested samples, the expected 5&rsquo; and 3&rsquo; integration fragments were present. These results are consistent with bands detected in other Southern analyses of GHB614 cotton and confirm the stability of the insert across multiple generations of breeding.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Concentrations of 2mEPSPS protein were determined in samples of fuzzy cottonseed collected from nine field trial locations in the southern United States. At each site, six plots were planted with transgenic cotton and three plots planted with the non-transgenic control. Three of the transgenic plots were sprayed three times with glyphosate herbicide at the level of 840 g/hectare, and three transgenic plots were untreated. Because the cottonseed (fuzzy seed) had been ginned but not delinted, it could not be ground into a homogeneous material. A procedure was developed to effectively remove the lint and the associated seed coat. This created two fractions, which were designated &lsquo;kernel&rsquo; and &lsquo;lint coat&rsquo;. These fractions were analysed separately for 2mEPSPS protein and total extractable protein and the respective values added to give values for the fuzzy seed as received from the field.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The 2mEPSPS protein was found in all fractions of transgenic fuzzy seed (kernel and lint coat). As expected, more than 99.5% of the novel protein was found in the kernel samples. The lint coat generally contained less than 0.5% of the 2mEPSPS protein, and some samples were below the limit of detection. The levels of 2mEPSPS protein varied between different trial sites and between treatments with glyphosate. On a fresh weight basis, the 2mEPSPS protein content in fuzzy seed of GHB614 cotton, not sprayed with glyphosate, ranged from about 15.8 &micro;g/g to 25.5 &micro;g/g fresh weight, with an overall average value of 19.2 &plusmn;3.1 &micro;g/g. On a fresh weight basis, the fuzzy seed from GHB614 cotton plants, sprayed with a conventional herbicide regime, contained 2mEPSPS protein in the range 16.2 &micro;g/g to 30.5 &micro;g/g, with an overall average value of 21.2 &plusmn; 4.0 &micro;g/g. Using the average values for the amount of novel protein in unsprayed and sprayed fuzzy seed relative to the amount of crude protein, the 2mEPSPS protein comprised an average of 0.0093% &plusmn; 0.0018% and 0.0100% &plusmn; 0.0019% of the total crude protein respectively.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:11:07'),
(90, 142, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot hybridization analysis was used to confirm the insertion of a single copy of the T-DNA region from plasmid pBI121fs and to confirm the integrity of the <i>prsv-cp</i> gene. Southern analysis also confirmed the lack of any plasmid backbone sequences within the X17-2 genome. The 5&#39; and 3&#39; genomic flanking sequences were cloned and sequenced, as was the T-DNA insert (less approx. 336 bp). The expected and observed nucleotide sequence of the T-DNA insert (from R5 generation) was 99.7% identical, with the differences occurring where the <i>prsv-cp</i> gene was ligated into the T-DNA. These differences appeared to have no consequence, however, the thymidine base originally incorporated into the leader sequence for the CP gene to create a frame-shift mutation was missing. Consequently, the <i>prsv-cp</i> gene is translatable and not non-translatable as intended, and western analyses indicated that the gene was expressed.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Stability and Inheritance</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The insert in line X17-2 has persisted as a single copy through six generations of progeny following the initial transformation and segregation analysis using kanamycin treatment of seedlings indicated that the inserted T-DNA segregated as a single locus in a Mendelian fashion.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression of the PRSV CP in papaya line X17-2 was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal anti-PRSV serum, and by western immunoblotting. The 35 kDa size of the expressed PRSV CP in line X17-2 was the same as predicted from the nucleotide sequence of PRSV RNA, although the natural CP is one of at least seven proteins that are post-translationally cleaved from the expressed poly-protein of PRSV in infected plants.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:12:02'),
(91, 85, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Southern Blot Analysis</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Southern blot analysis confirmed in the combined trait corn product MON89034 &times; TC1507 &times; MON88017 &times; DAS-59122-7 the presence of sequences identical to sequences derived from MON 89034 and MON 88017. Hybridization patterns for the combined trait product were identical to those of the parental lines with <i>cry1F, cry34Ab1, cry35Ab1</i>, and the <i>pat</i> gene probes indicating that the TC1507 and DAS-59122-7 insertions were unaffected by combining with MON89034 and MON88017 through conventional breeding.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Protein Expression Levels</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 is a combined trait corn that produces lepidopteran-active and coleopteran-active <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) proteins, as well as the 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from <i>Agrobacterium</i> sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) to confer tolerance to glyphosate herbicides and PAT to confer tolerance to glufosinate herbicides. The levels of the lepidopteran-active Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry3Bb1 proteins and the CP4 EPSPS protein were determined in tissues from MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 plants grown at five U.S. field sites in 2006. The test also included a conventional corn as a negative control and MON89034 and MON88017 corns as positive controls. Leaf, root, and whole plant samples were collected over the growing season, as well as pollen and grain samples at the appropriate times. The samples were extracted and analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry3Bb1, and CP4 EPSPS proteins in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 corn were comparable to those in the appropriate MON88017 or MON89034 positive control.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The levels of the coleopteran-active <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) proteins Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and Cry1F, and the PAT protein were determined in tissues from MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 plants grown at five U.S. field sites in 2006. The test also included a conventional corn as a negative control and TC1507 and DAS-59122-7 parental event corn as positive controls. Leaf, root, and whole plant samples were collected over the growing season, as well as pollen and grain samples at the appropriate times. The samples were extracted and analyzed using ELISA. The results indicate that the levels of Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and Cry1F in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS- 59122-7 were comparable to the levels produced in the appropriate TC1507 or DAS-59122-7 control corn. The level of PAT in MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x DAS-59122-7 was higher in the combined trait products compared to TC1507 and DAS-59122-7, likely due to the presence of multiple copies of the <i>pat</i> gene in the stacks (one from each of the DAS parent lines).</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-29 23:56:08'),
(92, 144, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The <i>Pvu</i>II fragment derived from plasmid pAC321 was integrated at a single locus and as one single copy in the soybean genome. The complete CV127 insert sequence is 4758 bp in length.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">No DNA sequences other than those derived from the <i>Pvu</i>II transformation fragment were integrated into the CV127 genome. Southern blot analyses clearly indicated that no elements derived from the backbone of the plasmid pAC321 either linked or unlinked to the insert were detected in the genome of CV127. The insert in CV127 comprises a single functional copy of the <i>csr1-2</i> gene as revealed by Southern blot analyses of and by cloning and sequencing of the insert, as well as genomic flanking DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">DNA sequence analysis revealed that the <i>csr1-2</i> gene cassette contains three point mutations relative to the <i>Pvu</i>II linear DNA fragment of pAC321. One of the point mutations is a G to A mutation at position 272 in the <i>csr1-2</i> gene, which results in an amino acid change from arginine to lysine. This is a conservative amino acid substitution and has no impact on the herbicide tolerance or enzymatic properties of the AtAHAS protein. The other two mutations are genetically silent.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Sequence analysis revealed that parts of the <i>Pvu</i>II transformation fragment are not contained within the transgene insert in CV127. Deletions of unannotated Arabidopsis genomic DNA occurred both at the 5&rsquo; end and 3&rsquo; end during insertion into the soybean genome.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Stability and Inheritance:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The integration of one single insert into the nuclear soybean genome was confirmed by segregation data of the <i>csr1-2</i> gene which showed that tolerance to the herbicide is conferred by a single gene and that this trait is inherited according to classical Mendelian genetics.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Protein Expression Levels:</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Expression levels of the AHAS protein in different tissues of CV127 soybean plants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using AHAS-specific antibodies. Generally, expression levels of the AtAHASL protein in CV127 soybean are extremely low, especially at later stages of plant growth and development. AHAS enzyme activity is highest in young and growing plant tissues (leaves and whole plants at the V2 growth stage) where the need for branched chain and other amino acids is greatest due to the higher level of de novo protein synthesis and declines as tissues mature. Expression of AHAS decreased with age of the plant and AHAS was only barely detectable or undetectable in roots, older leaves, and grain.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:16:00'),
(93, 146, '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Introduced DNA</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">EH92-527-1 contains a single insert. DNA sequences towards the left border region of the T-DNA were deleted and the entire T-DNA insert, including the flanking region, was duplicated in reverse orientation. The insert includes the 5&#39; untranslated region of the nopaline synthase gene (Pnos), the <i>nptII</i> coding sequence, the 3&#39; untranslated part of the nopaline synthase gene, the potato <i>gbss</i> promoter fragment, and a truncated <i>gbss </i>coding region in antisense orientation without the terminator. The insert, together with the potato flanking region, was duplicated in a tail-to-tail arrangement with the two right border regions as junctions to the potato chromosomal DNA. Southern blot analyses indicated that no vector backbone sequences were inserted into potato EH92-527-1. No other unknown DNA sequences have been recombined into the inserted T-DNA.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Genetic Stability of the Introduced Trait</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The stability of the inserted DNA in potato EH92-527-1 was assessed over several cycles of vegetative propagation via cuttings and tubers. The inserted trait was found to be stable over multiple generations based on compositional analyses of tuber starch from EH92-527-1. Southern blot analyses demonstrated that genomic DNA isolated in 1998 and 2005 had similar hybridization patterns with four different restriction enzyme combinations.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Expressed Material</b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The antisense orientation of the introduced gbss gene relative to the <i>gbss</i> promoter leads to a decrease in amylose content and an associated increase in amylopectin content. In conventional potato starch, the GBSS protein represents approximately 80% of the extractable protein; in EH92-527-1, the GBSS protein was not detectable.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">NPTII protein expression was analyzed in leaves, tubers, pulp and starch. NPTII levels were 0.00082% of the soluble protein in pulp (8.2 ng/mg total protein; 55 ng/g fresh weight) and 0.0006% in tubers (6.82 ng/mg protein; 31 ng/g fresh weight). NPTII was much lower in leaves and undetectable in starch.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-30 01:16:48'),
(109, 98, '', 'Enabled', '2013-08-23 12:52:24', '2013-09-03 13:10:52'),
(106, 166, '<p><b style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">Molecular Characterization:</b><br style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;" /><br><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">Detailed Southern blot analysis of 4114 maize genomic DNA confirmed that the introduced DNA (T-DNA) was incorporated intact into a single site within the maize genome, without truncation or deletion of nucleotide sequences within any of the gene expression cassettes. Based on a combination of genotypic and phenotypic testing, it was determined that the introduced&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">cry1F, cry34Ab1, cry35Ab1</i><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">, and&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">pat</i><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;genes were stably inherited across multiple generations, and segregated as a single genetic locus in 4114 maize according to Mendelian rules of inheritance.&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;" /><br><b style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">Expressed Material:</b><br><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, ''Sans Serif''; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: justify;">The Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and PAT proteins present in 4114 maize are predicted, based on the method of genetic modification and nucleotide sequencing of the introduced DNA, to have the same amino acid sequence as the corresponding proteins in events 1507 and 59122, and by extension, the conventional breeding stack of 1507 x 59122 maize. Protein equivalence was further demonstrated via western immunoblot analysis comparing the molecular weight and immunoreactivity of the Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and PAT proteins produced either in 4114 maize or in 1507 x 59122 maize. Therefore, previous safety assessments of the Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and PAT proteins conducted during the reviews of 1507 and 59122 maize are also applicable for 4114 maize. In most cases, the concentrations of Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, and PAT proteins in 4114 maize tissue samples were similar to, or lower than, corresponding concentrations of these proteins in tissue samples from 1507 x 59122 maize. Thus, evaluations of potential environmental exposure to Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, and Cry35Ab1 proteins conducted during the previous assessments of 1507 and 59122 maize are also informative for 4114 maize. Additionally, it is unlikely that any of the differences in the concentrations of Cry1F, Cry34Ab1, or Cry35Ab1 proteins between 4114 and 1507 x 59122 maize are biologically meaningful with respect to potential impact on non-target organisms.</span></p><br>', 'Enabled', '2013-08-09 12:49:40', '2013-08-23 00:19:19'),
(110, 99, '', 'Enabled', '2013-08-29 19:05:09', '2013-08-29 19:05:09'),
(111, 107, '', 'Enabled', '2013-08-30 16:46:53', '2013-08-30 16:46:53'),
(112, 108, '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-02 13:10:02', '2013-09-02 13:13:42'),
(113, 119, '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-02 13:41:41', '2013-09-02 13:41:41'),
(114, 11, '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-03 11:25:26', '2013-09-03 11:25:26'),
(116, 169, '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-26 12:43:36', '2013-09-26 12:43:36');



-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_hosts` (`id`, `code`, `latin`, `common`, `biology`, `origin`, `diversity`, `toxins`, `allergens`, `about`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(1, 'ZMAYS', 'Zea mays', 'Maize', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><big>General Description</big></b></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Maize is a tall, monoecious, annual grass varying in height from 1 to 4 meters (Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). The main stem is made up of clearly defined nodes and internodes. Internodes are wide at the base and gradually taper to the terminal inflorescence at the top of the plant. Leaf blades are found in an alternating pattern along the stem. Maize is a unique grass as both male and female flowers are borne on the same plant but are located separately. The tassels or staminate (male) inflorescence form large spreading terminal panicles that resemble spike-like racemes. Pollen is shed from the tassel and is viable for approximately 10 to 30 minutes as it is rapidly desiccated in the air (Kiesselbach 1980). Maize plants shed pollen for up to 14 days. The reproductive phase begins when one or two auxiliary buds, present in the leaf axils, develop and form the pistillate inflorescence or female flower (Purseglove 1972). The auxiliary bud starts the transformation to form a long &lsquo;cob&rsquo; on which the flowers will be borne. From each flower a style begins to elongate towards the tip of the cob in preparation for fertilization. These styles form long threads, known as silks. The base of the silk is unique, as it elongates continuously until fertilization occurs (Purseglove 1972). Styles may reach a length of 30 cm, the longest known in the plant kingdom. Individual maize kernels, or fruit, are unique in that mature seed is not covered by floral bracts (glumes, lemmas, and paleas) as in most other grasses, but rather the entire structure is enclosed and protected by large modified leaf bracts, collectively referred to as the ear (Hitchcock and Chase 1951). The mature female flowers will remain ready for fertilization for up to two weeks, at which point if fertilization has not occurred, the nucleus will de-organize and fertilization will no longer be possible (Hitchcock &amp; Chase 1951). The pollen of maize, a protandrous plant, matures before the female flower is receptive (Purseglove 1972). This may have been an ancient mechanism to ensure cross-pollination, but is no longer considered conducive to modern agricultural practices. However, decades of conventional selection and improvement have produced many maize varieties with similar maturities for both male and female flowers, to ensure seed set for agricultural proposes.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Reproduction</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Under natural conditions, maize reproduces only by seed production. Pollination occurs with the transfer of pollen from the tassels to the silks of the ear. About 95% of the ovules are cross-pollinated and about 5% are self-pollinated (Poehlman 1959), although plants are completely self-compatible. Maize, as a thoroughly domesticated plant, has lost all ability to disseminate its seeds and relies entirely on the aid of man for its distribution (Stoskopf 1985). The kernels are tightly held on the cobs and if ears fall to the ground, so many competing seedlings emerge that the likelihood that any will grow to maturity is extremely low. Maize cannot reproduce asexually by natural means. It is possible to reproduce maize using tissue culture techniques, however, it has proven extremely difficult with a low rate of success (Hoisington <i>et al</i>. 1998).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Classification and Phylogeny of Maize</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Zea is a genus belonging to the grass family, Poaceae, in the Andropogoneae tribe, but is commonly cited in literature to belong to the tribe Maydeae. Zea (zeia) was derived from an old Greek name for a food grass. The genus Zea consists of four species of which only <i>Zea mays</i> ssp. mays L. is economically important. The other Zea species, referred to as teosintes, are largely wild grasses native to Mexico and Central America (Doebley 1990). The number of chromosomes in <i>Zea mays</i> is 2n=20, 21, 22, 24 (FAO 2000c). The tribe Maydeae consists of seven genera: two of American origin, Zea and Tripsacum; and five of Eastern origin which extend from India through Southeastern Asia to Australia and include Coix, Sclerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne and Trilobachne (Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). It is generally agreed that maize phylogeny was largely determined by the American genera Zea and Tripsacum, however it is accepted that the genus Coix contributed to the phylogenetic development of the species <i>Z. mays</i> (Radu <i>et al</i>. 1997). The genus Manisuris, from the tribe Andropogoneae, may also have contributed to the evolution of <i>Zea mays</i> (Eubanks 1997a; Radu <i>et al</i>. 1997).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Center of Origin and Progenitors of Maize</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The center of origin for <i>Zea mays</i> ssp. mays has been established as the Mesoamerican region, now Mexico and Central America (Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). The exact period of domestication and the ancestors from which maize arose are unclear. Archaeological records suggest that domestication of maize began at least 6000 years ago, occurring independently in regions of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (Mangelsdorf 1974). The origins of domesticated maize have been difficult to trace as hybridization events in its evolution are thought to have involved a now extinct wild maize ancestor of which little evidence has been found (Eubanks 1997a).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Germplasm Diversity</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">A study in 1992 concluded that maize landraces occupied 42% of the land under production in less developed countries (M&eacute;xico 1994). Mexico and Central America are the only regions where ancient maize lines, such as pod corn, are found (Mink &amp; Dorosh 1985). The survival of maize landraces has been attributed to the integral role maize sustains in small communities where it has very specific uses for food and other special functions. These landraces have been well characterized in Latin America, and germplasm not yet evaluated is known to be present in the region. There is a growing trend in developing countries to adopt improved maize varieties, primarily to meet market demand. In Mexico, only 20% of the corn varieties grown 50 years ago remain in cultivation (World Watch Institute 2000). The narrowing of genetic diversity in modern maize varieties emphasizes the importance of conserving genetic traits for future plant breeding. Leading the way in preserving maize germplasm is CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre), which has the world&rsquo;s largest collection of maize accessions, with over 17,000 lines (CIMMYT 2000). Collections of distant maize relatives native to Asia have been recommended by conservation experts to ensure their preservation for future research (Sharma 1998).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Relatives of Maize </b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The closest wild relatives of maize are the teosintes which all belong to the genus Zea. The teosintes are wild grasses native to Mexico and Central America and have limited distribution (Mangelsdorf <i>et al</i>. 1981). Teosinte species show little tendency to spread beyond their natural range and distribution is restricted to North, Central and South America (Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). The nearest teosinte relative to <i>Z. mays</i> ssp. mays is <i>Z. mays</i> ssp. mexicana (Schrader) Iltis (previously classified as Euchlaena mexicana, Zea mexicana) (2n = 20). This Central Mexican annual teosinte is a large flowered, mostly weedy grass with a broad distribution across the central highlands of Mexico. It does not spread readily. It has limited use as a forage and green fodder crop, but can be problematic due to weedy tendencies (Doebley 1990, Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). The closest wild relatives to maize outside the Zea genus are from the genus Tripsacum. The genus Tripsacum is comprised of about 12 species that are mostly native to Mexico and Guatemala but are widely distributed throughout warm regions in the USA and South America, with some species present in Asia and Southeast Asia (Watson &amp; Dallwitz 1992). All species are perennial, warm season grasses.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Outcrossing</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Gene flow from maize can occur by two means: pollen transfer and seed dispersal. Seed dispersal can be readily controlled in maize as domestication has all but eliminated any seed dispersal mechanisms that ancestral maize may have previously used (Purseglove 1972). The kernels are held tightly on the cobs and if the ear falls to the ground, competing seedlings limit growth to maturity (Gould 1968). Pollen movement is the only effective means of gene escape from maize plants. Pollen is released from the tassels at the top of the plant and transported by wind to the female flowers located on the stalk. Pollen shed occurs over a 14 day period, with a peak during the first 5 days of shed (Sears 2000). The stigmas are receptive for a large part of this two week interval (Kiesselbach 1980). Insects, such as bees, have been observed to collect pollen from maize tassels, but they do not play a significant role in cross-pollination as there is no incentive to visit the female flowers (Rayor <i>et al</i>. 1972).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Wind speed and direction affect pollen distribution</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Differences in flowering dates among commercial maize varieties are small. Cross-pollination between varieties may occur if grown in adjacent fields. The limited viability of maize pollen reduces the risk of cross-pollination, as a receptive host must be found within the 30 minutes that the pollen remains biologically active. Cross-pollination is also affected by the concentration of maize pollen released; pollen produced by a maize crop will successfully compete with foreign pollen sources when present in higher concentrations (Rayor <i>et al</i>. 1972). The isolation of crops using separation distances and physical barriers are common techniques for restricting gene flow and ensuring seed purity for maize seed production. Cross-pollination is controlled in seed lots by separating different lines. The OECD standards require a minimum 200 m (660 ft) isolation distance for maize seed production. This distance has been estimated to maintain inbred lines at 99.9% purity. Physical barriers, such as trees or barrier rows, are also effective in reducing cross-pollination. Detasseling or bagging the tassel effectively prevents pollen movement and limits gene flow.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Intraspecific hybidization</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">All forms of <i>Zea mays</i> spp mays, such as dent, sweet, and pop corn, freely cross pollinate forming fertile hybrids (Pursglove 1972).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Interspecific hybridization</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">All teosintes can be crossed to maize and form fertile hybrids, except for the tetraploid <i>Z. perennis</i>. Maize-teosinte hybrids exhibit low fitness and have little impact on gene introgression in subsequent generations (Galinat 1988). The tendency to form natural hybrids differs among teosintes: <i>Z. luxurians</i> rarely hybridizes with maize, whereas <i>Z. mays</i> ssp. mexicana frequently forms hybrids (Wilkes 1977). Molecular data confirms that there is gene flow between maize and teosinte and suggests that introgression of maize and teosinte occurs in both directions but at low levels (Doebley 1990).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Intergeneric hybridization</b></big> Tripsacum species (<i>T. dactyloides</i>, <i>T. floridanum</i>, <i>T. lanceolatum</i>, and <i>T. pilosum</i>) have been successfully hand crossed with maize to form hybrids. The hybrids generally have 28 chromosomes, 10 from maize and 18 from Tripsacum, and are pollen sterile with limited female fertility (Mangelsdorf &amp; Reeves 1939, Mangelsdorf 1974). This infertility is common in such wide crosses because of differences in chromosome number and lack of pairing between chromosomes (Eubanks 1997b). Maize readily crosses with hexaploid wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) with high frequencies of fertilization and embryo formation (plant breeders use maize pollen to develop double haploids of hexaploid wheat). However, maize chromosomes are eliminated from the genome during the initial stages of meiosis and result in haploid embryos (Laurie &amp; Bennett 1986). There is little evidence to suggest fertile hybrids between maize and hexaploid wheat could be produced in nature. There have been unsubstantiated reports of hybridization between maize and sugar cane (<i>Saccaharum</i> sp.).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Biology References</b></big></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) (2000). CGIAR Research, Areas of Research: Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) http://www.cgiar.org/areas/maize.htm</li>\n	<li>Doebley, J. F. (1990). Molecular Evidence for Gene Flow among Zea species. <i>BioScience</i> <b>40</b>, 443- 448.</li>\n	<li>Eubanks, M.W. (1997a). Further evidence for two progenitors in the origin of maize. <i>Maize Newsletter</i> <b>71</b>, 35-35.</li>\n	<li>FAO (2000c). Species Description. <i>Zea mays</i> L. http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/agricult/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/data/pf000342.htm</li>\n	<li>Galinat, W.C. (1988). The origin of corn. In: Corn and Corn Improvement. Agronomy Monographs No.18. American Society of Agronomy, G.F Sprague and J.W. Dudley, (eds.). Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 1-31.</li>\n	<li>Gould, F.W. (1968). Grass Systematics. McGraw Hill, N.Y., USA.</li>\n	<li>Hitchcock, A.S. &amp; A. Chase. (1951). Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Volume 2). Dover Publications: N.Y. p. 790-796.</li>\n	<li>Hoisington, D., Listman, G.M. &amp; Morris, M.L. (1998). Varietal development: applied biotechnology. In: Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. M. L. Morris (ed). Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 77-102.</li>\n	<li>Kiesselbach, T.A. (1980). The structure and reproduction of corn. Reprint of: Research Bulletin No. 161. 1949. Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press. p. 93.</li>\n	<li>Laurie, D.A. &amp; Bennett, M.D. (1986). Wheat x maize hybridization. <i>Can. J. Genet. Cytol</i>. <b>28</b>, 313-316.</li>\n	<li>Mangelsdorf, P. C. &amp; Reeves, R.G. (1939). The origin of Indian corn and its relatives. Texas Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 574.</li>\n	<li>Mangelsdorf, P. C. (1974). Corn: its Origin, Evolution and Improvement. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.</li>\n	<li>Mangelsdorf, P. C., Roberts, L.M. &amp; Rogers, J.S. (1981). The probable origin of annual teosintes. Bussey Inst., Harvard Univ. Publ. 10, 1- 69.</li>\n	<li>M&eacute;xico, D.F. (1994). Maize seed industries revisited: emerging roles of the public and private sectors. World Maize Facts and Trends1993/94. CIMMYT.</li>\n	<li>Mink, S. D. &amp; Dorosh, P.A. (1987). An overview of corn production. In: The Corn Economy of Indonesia. Cornell University Press, London.</li>\n	<li>Poehlman, J.M. (1959). Breeding Field Crops. Holt, New York, USA.</li>\n	<li>Purseglove, J.W. (1972). Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons 1. Longman Group Limited., London.</li>\n	<li>Radu, A, Urechean, V., Naidin, C. &amp; Motorga, V. (1997). The theoretical significance of a mutant in the phylogeny of the species <i>Zea mays</i> L. <i>Maize Newsletter</i> <b>71</b>, 77-78.</li>\n	<li>Rayor, G.S., Ogden, E.C. &amp; Hayes, J.V. (1972). Dispersion and deposition of corn pollen from experimental sources. <i>Agronomy Journal</i> <b>64</b>, 420-427.</li>\n	<li>Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E. &amp; Matilla, H.R. (2000). Ecological impact of Bt corn pollen on Monarch butterfly in Ontario. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (http://www.cfia-acia.agr.ca/english/ plaveg/pbo/btmone.shtml)</li>\n	<li>Sharma, A.B. (1998). Experts for conservation of wild crop varieties. The Financial Express. Indian Express Group.</li>\n	<li>Stoskopf, N.C. (1985). Cereal Grain Crops. Reston, Virginia: Reston Publishing Company, Inc., Prentice-Hall Company.</li>\n	<li>Watson, L. &amp; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References. Version:18th August 1999. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta</li>\n	<li>World Watch Institute (2000). Crop gene diversity declining. <i>Trends in Plant Science</i> <b>5</b>, 7.</li>\n	<li>Wilkes, H.G. (1977). Hybridization of maize and teosinte, in Mexico and Guatemala and the improvement of maize. <i>Economic Botany</i> <b>31</b>, 254-293.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<div class="dbStatus">LAST UPDATED: SEPTEMBER 2002</div>\n', '<p>Mesoamerican region, now Mexico and Central America</p>\n', '<p style="text-align: justify;">Cross-pollination via wind-borne pollen is limited, pollen viability is about 30 minutes. Hybridization reported with teosinte species and rarely with members of the genus Tripsacum.</p>\n', '<p>No endogenous toxins or significant levels of antinutritional factors.</p>\n', '<p>Although some reported cases of maize allergy, protein(s) responsible have not been identified.</p>\n', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 14:53:31'),
(2, 'TRITA', 'Triticum aestivum', 'Wheat', NULL, 'Asia Minor, Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin of the Middle East, as well as the regions of southern Caucasus and Crimea.', 'Primarily self-pollinated (autogamous).  Some outcrossing by wind-pollination of less than 10%.   Seed does not display dormancy.', 'Phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, lectins. Gliadins responsible for celiac enteropathy.', 'Glutenins and gliadins (<i>e.g.</i>, the IgE-inducing alpha-gliadin).', NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(3, 'BNAP', 'Brassica napus', 'Argentine Canola', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(4, 'LINUS', 'Linum usitatissimum', 'Flax, Linseed', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(5, 'STUB', 'Solanum tuberosum', 'Potato', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>General Description</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">This description has been adapted from a biology document published by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA 1996). The potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) belongs to the Solanaceae family. This family includes, among 2000 other species, the tomato (<i>Lycopersicum esculentum</i>), sweet pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>), eggplant (<i>Solanum Melongena</i> var. esculentum), tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>), and petunia (<i>Petunia hybrida</i>). The genus Solanum is a polymorphous and largely tropical and subtropical genus containing more than 1000 species (Fernald 1970). The potato is one of the world&#39;s most important crops, following wheat, maize, and rice. It has weak stems that grow to a maximum of three feet, long pinnate leaves, ovate leaflets with smaller ones disposed along the midrib. The flowers are white, purple, pinkish, or bluish, in clusters, usually with a five parted corolla and exserted stamens with very short filaments. Some varieties are male sterile, suffer from abscission of flowers, and rarely produce fruits. The fruits are yellowish or green, globose, less than one inch in diameter, some lack seeds, but others may contain several hundred. The fruits are inedible to humans, due to the presence of toxins (Hortus Third 1976). Solanum species have an initial chromosome number of 12, but polyploidy is prevalent in both wild and cultivated potatoes. In North America, the crop is grown primarily for human consumption and for seed. In some areas, starch is manufactured from surplus production and cullage. Starch manufactured from potatoes has a wide range of end uses. The most extensive use is for sizing and coating in the paper industry. In the food industry, starch may be used in the preparation of instant puddings, in the manufacture of ice cream, as an additive to breads and biscuits, as a thickener in soups and a variety of other preparations in home cooking. Potatoes utilized for food may be fresh or processed; the cultivars grown for processing are also acceptable for fresh consumption or table stock, while some table stock cultivars are not suitable for processing and are limited to the fresh market. Fresh potatoes are usually prepackaged in consumer packs or may be sold at retail in open displays. The single most important processed product is frozen french fried potatoes and there is a significant production of potato chips. The processed potato products are usually preserved by freezing, canning and dehydrating and are prepared in a variety of consumer products. Tubers used as livestock feed are usually cullage from fresh pack operations, surplus production or waste from processing plants.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Reproduction</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The cultivated potato is an annual and may be reproduced by seed although the commercial crop is propagated from tuber &laquo;seed&raquo; pieces (Rowe 1993). In the context of true seed production, the degree to which flowering occurs, the duration of flowering and the response of flowering behaviour to environmental conditions is greatly influenced by cultivar (Burton 1989). The environmental conditions that influence flower initiation and development include light intensity, quality and duration (day length), temperature, water supply and available soil nutrients. Flower development does not ensure fruit set. Pollen sterility is frequently encountered, in which case pollinating insects may not be attracted due to poor nectar production, and ovule sterility is also occasionally experienced. True seed production is practised in breeding programs, and under greenhouse conditions. It requires skilled manipulation of variables to be successful. True seed production in the natural environment varies with cultivars and weather conditions. Many varieties do not produce any seed, while some varieties are either self-pollinated or cross-pollinated and do produce seeds. <big><b>Center of Origin</b></big> The potato originates from regions of high elevation of South America. The area of first domestication is reasoned to be the area where wild diploids are still found and where the greatest diversity of cultivated forms can still be found, and is identified as the high plateau of Bolivia and Peru, in the general region of Lake Titicaca (Hoopes &amp; Plaisted 1987). Many authors have traced the origin and distribution of the potato (Burton 1989; Dodds 1965; Hawkes 1967; Howard 1970; Salaman 1949; Simmonds 1976). These authors essentially agree that the significant species considered to be the progenitors of the cultivated potato are from South America. Simmonds (1976) indicates these may be found to 45S latitude in South America and to 40N in North America.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Outcrossing</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Less than a tenth of the Solanum species are tuber-forming and, so far as is known, these occur only in the Americas, between mid-USA to the north and southern Chile and Argentina to the south (Burton 1989). <i>Solanum fendleri</i> and <i>S. jamesii</i>, found in the southern part of the United States, can produce hybrids with <i>S. tuberosum</i> plants under controlled laboratory conditions (Adiwilaga &amp; Brown 1991). These species occupy dry forest at high altitudes, and therefore are quite unlikely to cross with cultivated potato plants under natural conditions due to geographical separation. As a general rule, <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> can only hybridize naturally with Solanum species that form tubers (Dale <i>et al</i>. 1992; Evenhuis &amp; Zadoks 1991), none of which are present in Canada (Love &amp; Pavek 1994). Gene introgression to related native species through hybridization is therefore not possible (Love &amp; Pavek 1994 and other authors cited previously).</p>\n\n<p><big><b>References</b></big></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Adiwilaga, K. D. &amp; C. R. Brown (1991) Use of 2n pollen-producing triploid hybrids to introduce tetraploid Mexican wild species germplasm to cultivated tetraploid potato gene pool. <i>Theor. Appl. Genet.</i> <b>81</b>: 645-652.</li>\n	<li>Burton, W. G. (1989) The potato - 3rd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc. New York. 742 pp.</li>\n	<li>CFIA (1996). Regulatory Directive T-1-09-96 : The Biology of <i>Solanum tubersum</i> (L.) (Potato). The Canadian Food Inspection Agency ( http://www.cfia-acia.agr.ca/english/plaveg/pbo/t10996e.shtml )</li>\n	<li>Dale, P. J., H. C. McPartlan, R. Parkinson, G. R. MacKay and J. A. Scheffler (1992) Gene dispersal from transgenic crops by pollen. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on the biosafety results of field tests of genetically modified plants and microorganisms. Goslar Germany, 1992. pp 73-77.</li>\n	<li>Dodds, K. S. (1965) The history and relationships of cultivated potatoes. In: J. B. Hutchinson, ed., Essays in crop plant evolution, London, pp.123-41.</li>\n	<li>Evenhuis, A. &amp; J. C. Zadoks (1991) Possible hazards to wild plants of growing transgenic plants. A contribution to risk analysis. <i>Euphytica</i> <b>55</b>: 81-84.</li>\n	<li>Fernald, M. L. (1970) Gray&#39;s manual of botany. A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co. p.1252.</li>\n	<li>Hawkes, J. G. (1967) The history of the potato. F. Roy. hort. Soc.: 92; 207-24; 249-62; 288-302; 364-65.</li>\n	<li>Hoopes, R. W. and R. L. Plaisted (1987) Potato. In: Principles of cultivar development. Volume 2. Crop species. W. R. Fehr, E. L. Fehr, H. J. Jessen, eds. Macmillan Publishing Company, N.Y. pp. 385-436.</li>\n	<li>Hortus Third (1976) A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, Cornell University pp.903-04; 1054.</li>\n	<li>Howard, H. W. (1970) Genetics of the potato: Solanum tuberosum. Logos Publishing, London. 126 pp.</li>\n	<li>Love, S. L. &amp; J. J. Pavek (1994) Ecological risk of growing transgenic potatoes in the United States and Canada: potential for vegetative escape or gene introgression into indigenous species. <i>Am. Potato J.</i> <b>71(10)</b>: 647-58.</li>\n	<li>Rowe, R. C. (1993) Potato Health Management. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, Minnesota, USA, pp. 4.</li>\n	<li>Salaman, R. N. (1949) The history and social influence of the potato. University Press. Cambridge. 685 pp.</li>\n	<li>Simmonds, N. W. (1976) Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman, London and New York. 339 pp. Weed Seed Order (1986) Canada Seeds Act.</li>\n</ol>\n', '<p>South America, particularly the high plateau region of Bolivia and Peru</p>\n', '<p>Only hybridizes with tuber forming Solanum species, which tend to be geographically separated from regions of potato cultivation</p>\n', '<p>The glycoalkaloids, solanine and chaconine, are only known natural toxicants</p>\n', '<p>No significant, reported allergens</p>\n', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 14:55:57'),
(6, 'BRAP', 'Brassica rapa', 'Polish Canola', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(7, 'GOSH', 'Gossypium hirsutum', 'Cotton', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Cotton as a Crop</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Four species of the genus Gossypium are known as cotton, which is grown primarily for the seed hairs that are made into textiles. Cotton is predominant as a textile fiber because the mature dry hairs twist in such a way that fine, strong threads can be spun from them. Other products, such as cottonseed oil, cake, and cotton linters are byproducts of fiber production. Cotton, a perennial plant cultivated as an annual, is grown in the United States mostly in areas from Virginia southward and westward to California, in an area often referred to as the Cotton Belt (McGregor 1976).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Taxonomy of Cotton</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The genus Gossypium, a member of the Malvaceae, consists of 39 species, four of which are generally cultivated (Fryxell, 1984). The most commonly cultivated species, <i>G. hirsutum</i> L., is the subject of this EA. Other cultivated species are <i>G. arboreum</i> L., <i>G. barbadense</i> L., and <i>G. herbaceum</i> L. Four species of Gossypium occur in the United States (Fryxell 1979; Kartesz and Kartesz 1980). <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> is the primary cultivated cotton. Gossypium barbadense is also cultivated. The other two species, <i>G. thurberi</i> Todaro and <i>G. tomentosum</i> Nuttall ex Seemann, are wild plants of Arizona and Hawaii, respectively. <i>Gossypium tomentosum</i> is known from a few strand locations very close to the ocean.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Genetics of Cotton</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">At least seven genomes, designated A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, are found in the genus (Endrizzi 1984). Diploid species (2n=26) are found on all continents, and a few are of some agricultural importance. The A genome is restricted in diploids to two species (<i>G. arboreum</i>, and <i>G. herbaceum</i>) of the Old World. The D genome is restricted in diploids to some species of the New World, such as <i>G. thurberi</i>. By far, the most important agricultural cottons are <i>G. hirsutum</i> and <i>G. barbadense</i>. These are both allotetraploids of New World origin, and presumably of ancient cross between Old World A genomes and New World D genomes. How and when the original crosses occurred have been subject to much speculation. Euploids of these plants have 52 somatic chromosomes, and are frequently designated as AADD. Four additional New World allotetraploids occur in the genus, including <i>G. tomentosum</i>, the native of Hawaii. <i>Gossypium tomentosum</i> has been crossed with <i>G. hirsutum</i> in breeding programs. The New World allotetraploids are peculiar in the genus, because the species, at least in their wild forms, grow near the ocean, as invaders in the constantly disturbed habitats of strand and associated environs. It is from these &quot;weedy&quot; or invader species that the cultivated cottons developed (Fryxell 1979).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Pollination of Cotton</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> is generally self-pollinating, but in the presence of suitable insect pollinators can exhibit cross pollination. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.), Melissodes bees, and honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are the primary pollinators (McGregor 1976). Concentration of suitable pollinators varies from location to location and by season, and is considerably suppressed by insecticide use. If suitable bee pollinators are present, distribution of pollen decreases considerably with increasing distance. McGregor (1976) reported results from an experiment in which a cotton field was surrounded by a large number of honey bee colonies, and movement of pollen was traced by means of fluorescent particles. At 150 to 200 feet, 1.6 percent of the flowers showed the presence of the particles. The isolation distance for Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed in 7 CFR Part 201 is 1320 feet, 1320 feet, and 660 feet, respectively. Research in Mississippi shows that pollen movement decreases rapidly after 40 feet (12 meters). Umbeck <i>et al</i>. (1991) studied pollen and successful gene movement of cotton in Mississippi test plots. Around a central transgenic test plot of 98,800 plants with rows running north-south, they planted 23 one-meter border rows of nontransgenic cotton to the east and to the west, and 25 meters of non transgenic cotton border rows to the north and to the south, each divided into two 12.5 meter long plots. The border rows to the north and south were continuous with the transgenic rows. They took 32,187 seed samples from all border rows at bottom, middle, and top plant position (representing seasonal variation) and used a kanamycin resistance marker gene to test for seeds resulting from pollen movement out of the central transgenic plot. To the east and west, gene movement at the first row was 0.057 and 0.050, and dropped rapidly to row 8, and was not detected in subsequent rows to the east, and detected occasionally at &lt;0.01 in rows to the west. Combined data for east and west border rows beyond row 9 gave total outcrossing of 0.0012. To the north and south, detections were totaled for each 12.5 meter block and gave figures of 0.0053 and 0.0047 for north and south inner block and 0.0015 and 0.0021 for north and south outer block. <i>Gossypium tomentosum</i> seems to be pollinated by lepidopterans, presumably moths (Fryxell 1979). The stigma in <i>G. tomentosum</i> is elongated, and the plant seems incapable of self-pollination until acted upon by an insect pollinator. The flowers are unusual too, because they stay open at night; most Gossypium flowers are ephemeral: they open in the morning and wither at the end of the same day.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Weediness of Cotton</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Although the New World allotetraploids show some tendencies to &quot;weediness&quot; (Fryxell 1979), the genus shows no particular weedy aggressive tendencies.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Modes of Gene Escape in Cotton</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Genetic material of <i>G. hirsutum</i> may escape from a test area by vegetative material, by seed, or by pollen. Propagation by vegetative material is not a common method of reproduction of cotton. Physical safeguards that inhibit the movement of vegetative material from the area should be adequate to prevent gene movement by this means. Movement of seed from the test area can likewise be inhibited by adequate physical safeguards. Movement of genetic material by pollen is possible only to those plants with the proper chromosomal type, in this instance only to those allotetraploids with AADD genomes. In the United States, this would only include <i>G. hirsutum</i>, <i>G. barbadense</i>, and <i>G. tomentosum</i>. <i>Gossypium thurberi</i>, the native diploid from Arizona with a DD genome, is not a suitable recipient. Movement to <i>G. hirsutum</i> and <i>G. barbadense</i> is possible if suitable insect pollinators are present, and if there is a short distance from transgenic plants to recipient plants. Physical barriers, intermediate pollinator-attractive plants, and other temporal or biological impediments would reduce the potential for pollen movement. Movement of genetic material to <i>G. tomentosum</i> is more unknown. The plants are chromosomally compatible with <i>G. hirsutum</i>, but there is some doubt as to the possibility for pollination. The flowers of <i>G. tomentosum</i> seem to be pollinated by moths, not bees. And they are receptive at night, not in the day. Both these factors would seem to minimize the possibility of cross-pollination. However, Fryxell (1979) reports that <i>G. tomentosum</i> may be losing its genetic identity from introgression hybridization of cultivated cottons by unknown means.</p>\n\n<p><big><b>Literature Cited</b></big></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Endrizzi, J. E., Turcotte, E. L., and Kohel, R. J. 1984. Qualitative Genetics, Cytology, and Cytogenetics. pp. 82-129. In Kohel, R. J. and Lewis, C. F., Editors. Cotton. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. 605 pp.</li>\n	<li>Fryxell, P. A. 1979. The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe (Malvaceae, Tribe Gossypieae). Texas A&amp;M University Press. College Station and London. 245 pp.</li>\n	<li>Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Taxonomy and Germplasm Resources. pp. 27-57. In Kohel, R. J. and Lewis, C. F., Editors. Cotton. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. 605 pp.</li>\n	<li>Umbeck, P. F., Barton, K. A., Nordheim, E, V., McCarty, J. C, Parrott, W. L., and Jenkins, J. N. 1991. Degree of Pollen Dispersal by Insects from a Field Test of Genetically Engineered Cotton. <i>J. Econ. Entomology</i> <b>84</b>:1943-1991.</li>\n	<li>Kartesz, J. T., and Kartesz, R. 1980. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill.</li>\n	<li>McGregor, S. E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. Agriculture Handbook No. 496. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><big><b>Credits</b></big></p>\n\n<p>James Lackey, Ph.D. Botanist USDA, APHIS, BBEP BIOTECHNOLOGY PERMITS email: <a class="main" href=" mailto:jlackey@aphis.usda.gov">jlackey@aphis.usda.gov</a></p>\n', '<p>Believed to originate in Meso-America (Peruvian-Ecuadorian-Bolivian region).</p>\n', '<p>Generally self-pollinating, but can be cross-pollinating in the presence of suitable insect pollinators (bees). In the U.S., compatible species include <i>G. hirsutum, G. barbadense</i>, and <i>G. tomentosum</i>.</p>\n', '<p>Gossypol in cottonseed meal.</p>\n', '', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 14:56:56');
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_hosts` (`id`, `code`, `latin`, `common`, `biology`, `origin`, `diversity`, `toxins`, `allergens`, `about`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(8, 'SOYB', 'Glycine max', 'Soybean', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>General Description</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">This description has been adapted from an OECD consensus document on the biology of <i>Glycine max</i> that is a available from http://www.oecd.org/ehs/ehsmono/Soybean.htm Cultivated soybean, <i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr., is a diploidized tetraploid (2n=40), in the family Leguminosae, the subfamily Papilionoideae, the tribe Phaseoleae, the genus Glycine Willd. and the subgenus Soja (Moench). It is an erect, bushy herbaceous annual that can reach a height of 1.5 metres. Three types of growth habit can be found amongst soybean cultivars: determinate, semi-determinate and indeterminate (Bernard and Weiss 1973). Determinate growth is characterised by the cessation of vegetative activity of the terminal bud when it becomes an inflorescence at both axillary and terminal racemes. Determinate genotypes are primarily grown in the southern USA (Maturity Groups V to X). Indeterminate genotypes continue vegetative activity throughout the flowering period and are grown primarily in central and northern regions of North America (Maturity Groups 000 to IV). Semi-determinate types have indeterminate stems that terminate vegetative growth abruptly after the flowering period. None of the soybean varieties are frost tolerant, and they do not survive freezing winter conditions. The primary leaves are unifoliate, opposite and ovate, the secondary leaves are trifoliolate and alternate, and compound leaves with four or more leaflets are occasionally present. The nodulated root system consists of a taproot from which emerges a lateral root system. The plants of most cultivars are covered with fine trichomes, but glabrous types also exist. The papilionaceous flower consists of a tubular calyx of five sepals, a corolla of five petals (one banner, two wings and two keels), one pistil and nine fused stamens with a single separate posterior stamen. The stamens form a ring at the base of the stigma and elongate one day before pollination, at which time the elevated anthers form a ring around the stigma. The pod is straight or slightly curved, varies in length from two to seven centimetres, and consists of two halves of a single carpel which are joined by a dorsal and ventral suture. The shape of the seed, usually oval, can vary amongst cultivars from almost spherical to elongate and flattened. The Soybean is grown as a commercial crop in over 35 countries. The major producers of soybeans are the USA, China, North and South Korea, Argentina and Brazil. Soybean is grown primarily for the production of seed, has a multitude of uses in the food and industrial sectors, and represents one of the major sources of edible vegetable oil and of proteins for livestock feed use. A major food use in North America and Europe is as purified oil, utilised in margarines, shortenings and cooking and salad oils. It is also used in various food products, including tofu, soya sauce, simulated milk and meat products. Soybean meal is used as a supplement in feed rations for livestock. Industrial use of soybeans ranges from the production of yeasts and antibodies to the manufacture of soaps and disinfectants. Soybean is commonly considered one of the oldest cultivated crops, native to North and Central China (Hymowitz 1970). The first recording of soybeans was in a series of books known as Pen Ts&#39;ao Kong Mu written by the emperor Sheng Nung in the year 2838 B.C., in which the various plants of China are described. Historical and geographical evidence suggests that soybeans were first domesticated in the eastern half of China between the 17th and 11th century B.C. (Hymowitz 1970). Soybeans were first introduced into the United States, now a major producer, in 1765 (Hymowitz and Harlan 1983).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Agronomic Practices</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Soybean is a quantitative short day plant and hence flowers more quickly under short days (Garner and Allard 1920). As a result, photoperiodism and temperature response is important in determining areas of cultivar adaptation. Soybean cultivars are identified based on bands of adaptation that run east-west, determined by latitude and day length. In North America, there are thirteen maturity groups (MG), from MG 000 in the north (45&deg; latitude) to MG X near the equator. Within each maturity group, cultivars are described as early, medium or late maturing. The seed will germinate when the soil temperature reaches 10&deg;C and will emerge in a 5-7 day period under favourable conditions. In new areas of soybean production an inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum is necessary, for optimum efficiency of the nodulated root system. Soybeans do not yield well on acid soils and the addition of limestone may be required. Soybeans are often rotated with such crops as corn, winter wheat, spring cereals, and dry beans.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Centres of Origin</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Glycine max</i> belongs to the subgenus Soja, which also contains <i>G. soja</i> and <i>G. gracilis</i>. <i>Glycine soja</i>, a wild species of soybean, grows in fields, hedgerows, roadsides and riverbanks in many Asian countries. Wild soybean species are endemic in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the former USSR, but do not exist naturally in North America. Cytological, morphological and molecular evidence suggest that <i>G. soja</i> is the ancestor of <i>G. max</i>. <i>Glycine gracilis</i> is considered to be a weedy or semi-wild form of <i>G. max</i>, with some phenotypic characteristics intermediate to those of <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. soja</i>. <i>Glycine gracilis</i> may be an intermediate in the speciation of <i>G. max</i> from <i>G. soja</i> (Fekuda 1933) or a hybrid between <i>G. soja</i> and <i>G. max</i> (Hymowitz 1970).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Reproductive Biology</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The Soybean is considered a self-pollinated species, propogated commercially by seed. Artificial hybridisation is used for cultivar breeding. The soybean flower stigma is receptive to pollen approximately 24 hours before anthesis and remains receptive 48 hours after anthesis. The anthers mature in the bud and directly pollinate the stigma of the same flower. As a result, soybeans exhibit a high percentage of self-fertilisation and cross pollination is usually less than one percent (Caviness 1966). A soybean plant can produce as many as 400 pods, with two to twenty pods at a single node. Each pod contains one to five seeds. Neither the seedpod, nor the seed, has morphological characteristic that would encourage animal transportation.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Tendancy to Weediness</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Cultivated soybean seed rarely displays any dormancy characteristics and only under certain environmental conditions grows as a volunteer in the year following cultivation. If this should occur, volunteers do not compete well with the succeeding crop, and can easily be controlled mechanically or chemically. The soybean plant is not weedy in character. In North America, <i>Glycine max</i> is not found outside of cultivation. In managed ecosystems, soybean does not effectively compete with other cultivated plants or primary colonisers.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Inter-Species/Genus</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">In considering the potential environmental impact following the unconfined release of genetically modified <i>Glycine max</i>, it is important to have an understanding of the possible development of hybrids through interspecific and intergeneric crosses with related species. The development of hybrids could result in the introgression of the novel traits into these related species and result in:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;">the related species becoming more weedy</li>\n	<li style="text-align: justify;">the introduction of a novel trait, with potential for ecosystem disruption, into related species.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">For a trait to become incorporated into a species genome, recurrent backcrossing of plants of that species by hybrid intermediaries, and survival and fertility of the resulting offspring, is necessary. The subgenus Soja, to which <i>G. max</i> belongs, also includes <i>G. soja</i> Sieb. and Zucc. (2n=40) and <i>G. gracilis</i> Skvortz. (2n=40), wild and semi-wild annual soybean relatives from Asia. <i>Glycine soja</i> (2n=40) is a wild viny annual with small and narrow trifoliate leaves, purple flowers and small round brown-black seeds. It grows wild in Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Yangtze Valley, N.E. China and areas around the border of the former USSR. <i>Glycine gracilis</i>, an intermediate in form between <i>G. soja</i> and <i>G. max</i>, has been observed in Northeast China (Skvortzow 1927). Interspecific, fertile hybrids between <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. soja</i> (Sieb and Zucc.) (Ahmad <i>et al</i>. 1977; Hadley and Hymowitz 1973; Broich 1978), and between <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. gracilis</i> (Karasawa 1952) have been easily obtained. In addition to the subgenus Soja, the genus Glycine contains the subgenus Glycine. The subgenus Glycine consists of twelve wild perennial species, including <i>G. clandestina</i> Wendl., <i>G. falcata</i> Benth, <i>G. latifolia</i> Benth., <i>G. latrobeana</i> Meissn. Benth., <i>G. canescens</i> F.J. Herm., <i>G. tabacina</i> Labill. Benth., and <i>G. tomentella</i> Hayata. These species are indigenous to Australia, South Pacific Islands, China, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Taiwan (Hymowitz and Newell 1981; Hermann 1962; Newell and Hymowitz 1978; Grant 1984; Tindale 1984,1986). Hybrids between diploid perennial Glycine species show normal meiosis and are fertile. Early attempts to hybridise annual (subgenus Soja) and perennial (subgenus Glycine) species were unsuccessful. Although pod development was initiated, these eventually aborted and abscised (Palmer 1965; Hood and Allen 1980; Ladizinsky <i>et al</i>. 1979). Intersubgeneric hybrids were later obtained <i>in vitro</i> through embryo rescue, between <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. clandestina</i> Wendl; <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. tomentella</i> Hayata (Singh and Hymowitz 1985; Singh <i>et al</i>. 1987); and <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. canescens</i>, using transplanted endosperm as a nurse layer (Brou&eacute; <i>et al</i>. 1982). In all cases, the progeny of such intersubgeneric hybrids was sterile and obtained with great difficulty.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Introgression into Relatives</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Soybean can only cross with other members of Glycine subgenus Soja. The potential for such gene flow is limited by geographic isolation. Wild soybean species are endemic in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the former USSR. These species are not naturalised in North America, and although they could occasionally be grown in research plots, there are no reports of their escape from such plots to unmanaged habitats.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Summary of Ecology of glycine max</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr., the cultivated soybean, is a summer annual herb that has never been found in the wild (Hymonitz 1970). This domesticate is in fact extremely variable, due primarily to the development of soybean &quot;land races&quot; in East Asia. The subgenus Soja contains, in addition to <i>G. max</i> and <i>G. soja</i>, the form known as <i>G. gracils</i>, a form morphologically intermediate between the two. This is a semi-cultivated or weedy form, and is known only from Northeast China. <i>Glycine soja</i>, considered the ancestor of cultivated soybean, is an annual procumbent or slender twiner that is distributed throughout China, the adjacent areas of the former USSR, Korea, Japan and Taiwan. It grows in fields and hedgerows, along roadsides and riverbanks.</p>\n\n<p><b><b>References</b></b></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Ahmad, Q.N., E.J. Britten and D.E. Byth 1977 Inversion bridges and meiotic behaviour in species hybrids of soybeans. J. Hered. 68: 360-364.</li>\n	<li>Bernard, R.L. and M.G. Weiss 1973 Qualitative Genetics. Soybeans, Production and Uses. B.E. Caldwell (ed.). Agronomy Series, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 117-154.</li>\n	<li>Broich, S.L. 1978 The systematic relationships within the genus Glycine Willd. subgenus Soja (Moench) F.J. Hermann. M.S. thesis. Iowa State University, Ames.</li>\n	<li>Brou&eacute;, P., J. Douglass, J.P. Grace and D.R. Marshall 1982 Interspecific hybridisation of soybeans and perennial Glycine species indigenous to Australia via embryo culture. <i>Euphytica</i> <b>31</b>: 715-724.</li>\n	<li>Caviness, C.E. 1966 Estimates of natural cross-pollination in Jackson soybeans in Arkansas. <i>Crop Sci</i>. <b>6</b>: 211.</li>\n	<li>Fekuda, Y. 1933 Cytological studies on the wild and cultivated Manchurian soybeans (Glycine L.). <i>Jap. J. Bot.</i> <b>6</b>: 489-506.</li>\n	<li>Garner, W. W. and H. A. Allard 1920 Effect of the relative length of day and night and other factors of the environment on growth and reproduction of plants. <i>J. Agric. Res.</i> <b>18</b>: 553-606.</li>\n	<li>Grant, J.E. 1984 Interspecific hybridization in Glycine Willd. Subgenus Glycine (Leguminosae). <i>Aust. J. Bot</i>. <b>32</b>: 655-663.</li>\n	<li>Hadley, H.H. and T. Hymowitz 1973 Speciation and cytogenetics. Soybeans, Production and Uses.</li>\n	<li>B.E. Caldwell (ed.). Agronomy Series, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 97-116.</li>\n	<li>Hermann, F. J. 1962 A revision of the genus Glycine and its immediate allies, USDA Tech. Bull. 1268: 1-79.</li>\n	<li>Hood, M.J. and F.L. Allen. 1980 Interspecific hybridization studies between cultivated soybean, Glycine max and a perennial wild relative, G. falcata. Agron. Abst. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp.58.</li>\n	<li>Hymowitz, T. 1970 On the domestication of the soybean. <i>Econ. Bot</i>. <b>24</b>: 408-421.</li>\n	<li>Hymowitz, T. and C.A. Newell 1981 Taxonomy of the genus Glycine, domestication and uses of soybeans. <i>Econ. Bot.</i> <b>37</b>: 371-379.</li>\n	<li>Hymowitz, T. and J.R. Harlan 1983 Introduction of soybeans to North America by Samuel Bowen in 1765. <i>Econ. Bot.</i> <b>37</b>: 371-379.</li>\n	<li>Karasawa, K. 1952 Crossing Experiments with <i>Glycine soja</i> and <i>G. gracilis</i>. <i>Genetica</i> <b>26</b>:357-358.</li>\n	<li>Ladizinsky G., Newell C.A. and T. Hymowitz 1979 Wild Crosses in soybeans: prospects and limitations. <i>Euphytica</i> <b>28</b>:421-423.</li>\n	<li>Newell, C. A. and T. Hymowitz 1978 A reappraisal of the subgenus Glycine. <i>Am. J. Bot</i>. <b>65</b>: 168-179.</li>\n	<li>Palmer, R.G. 1965 Interspecific hybridization in the genus Glycine. M.S. thesis. Universiy of Illinois, Urbana, IL.</li>\n	<li>Singh, R. J. and T. Hymowitz 1985 An intersubgeneric hybrid between <i>Glycine tomentella</i> Hayata and the soybean, <i>G. max</i>. (L.) Merr. <i>Euphytica</i> <b>34</b>: 187- 192.</li>\n	<li>Singh, R. J., K.P. Kollipara and T. Hymowitz 1987 Intersubgeneric hybridization of soybeans with a wild perennial species, Glycine clandestina Wendl. <i>Theor. Appl. Genet</i>. <b>74</b>: 391-396.</li>\n	<li>Skvortzow, B.V. 1927 The soybean - wild and cultivated in Eastern Asia. Proc. Manchurian Res. Soc. Publ. Ser. A. Natural History. History Sect. No. 22:1-8.</li>\n	<li>Tindale, M.D. 1984 Two eastern Australian species of Glycine Willd. (Fabaceae). <i>Brunonia</i> <b>7</b>: 207-213.</li>\n	<li>Tindale, M.D. 1986 Taxonomic notes in three Australian and Norfolk island species of Glycine Willd. (Fabacea: Phaseolae) including the choice of a neotype of G. clandestine Wendl. <i>Brunonia</i> <b>9</b>: 179-191.</li>\n</ol>\n', '<p>Southeast Asia; wild soybean species endemic in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan</p>\n', '<p>self-polinated; rarely displays any dormancy characteristics; does not compete well with other cultivated plants</p>\n', '', '', '<p>Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) is grown as a commercial crop in over 80 countries with a combined harvest of 162 million metric tonnes. The major producers of soybeans in 2000 were the United States, Brazil, China, Argentina, India, Canada and Paraguay. Soybean is grown primarily for its seed which has many uses in the food and industrial sectors, and represents one of the major sources of edible vegetable oil and of proteins for livestock feed use. A major food use of soybean in North America and Europe is as purified oil, used in margarines, shortenings, and cooking and salad oils. It is also a major ingredient in food products such as tofu, tempeh, soya sauce, simulated milk and meat products, and is a minor ingredient in many processed foods. Soybean meal is used as a supplement in feed rations for livestock.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 14:58:14'),
(9, 'SQSH', 'Cucurbita pepo', 'Squash', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-23 12:32:26'),
(10, 'PAPY', 'Carica papaya', 'Papaya', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>History and Distribution</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The papaya was first described by the Spanish chronicler Oviedo in 1526 from the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia. It was soon grown throughout the tropics, its distribution undoubtedly being aided by an abundance of seed of relatively long viability (up to 3 years under cool, dry conditions). It has become naturalized in many tropical regions, particularly in areas with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Description</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Papayas are giant herbaceous, dicotyledonous plants which may produce fruit for more than 20 years. When cultivated, plants usually have a single trunk, but several branches may develop as the plants become older. Trees growing in fertile, well drained soils with sufficient moisture may reach a height of 30 feet or more. The grayish trunk is marked by characteristic large leaf scars and has soft, pulpy wood. The large, deeply lobed leaves, sometimes reaching 3 feet across, have hollow, soft petioles 2 feet or more in length. The melon-like fruit varies considerably in size and shape, and hangs from short, thick peduncles at the leaf axils. The papaya is a polygamous species. The plants may be classified into three primary sex types: 1) male (staminate), 2) hermaphroditic (bisexual), and 3) female (pistillate). In addition, some plants can produce, at the same time, more than one kind of flower. Also, some produce flowers which are not of these basic forms, but exhibit different degrees of maleness and femaleness. This tendency to change in sexual expression seems to be triggered by climatic factors, such as drought and variable temperatures. The tendency to produce male flowers seems to increase at high temperatures. Since male trees are unfruitful and fruit from bisexual plants is preferred in some markets, it is very important to select seed which will give a maximum number of fruitful trees of the desired type. This cannot be done by simply saving seed from productive open-pollinated plants, but one can predict fairly accurately the progeny by knowing the source of pollen and the kind of flower the fruit came from. Accordingly, the grower must hand pollinate to obtain the desired combination of flower types. This is done by covering an unopened flower, either bisexual or pistillate, with a paper bag until it opens and then transferring the desired pollen onto the receptive pistil. Pollination studies have shown that: 1) pistillate flowers pollinated by staminate flowers give equal numbers of male and female progeny; 2) pistillate flowers pollinated by pollen from bisexual flowers give an equal number of female and bisexual progeny, 3) bisexual flowers either selfed or crossed-pollinated with other bisexuals give a ratio of one female to 2 bisexual, 4) bisexual flowers pollinated by staminate ones produce equal numbers of female, male and bisexual progeny. It is evident that the second and third combinations will produce the maximum number of fruit-bearing plants.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Climate</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The papaya thrives best under warm conditions with abundant rainfall or irrigation. It cannot tolerate strong winds, flooding, or frosts, and it recuperates very slowly if it has sustained considerable leaf or root injury. Temperatures of 30&deg;F or lower usually cause severe damage or death.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Propagation and Planting</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Vegetative propagation is not practical, although it may be desirable to preserve good selections. Both grafting and rooting of cuttings are easily accomplished but are too laborious to justify their commercial use. In contrast, seeds are produced abundantly and germinate readily (in 10 to 15 days) and uniformly. Under suitable growing conditions fruit can be harvested in 8 to 10 months. Seeds should be obtained from ripe fruit, washed to remove the gelatinous aril, planted in small pots, and germinated under full sunlight. Peat pots are ideally suited for this, since they can be set directly in the field without removing the plants from individual containers. Two to three seeds are sown per pot to compensate for low germinations, damage by insects, and removal of male plants. Planting distance depends on soil fertility, irrigation facilities, and location. The home owner should space his plants 8 to 10 feet apart. The use of machinery in commercial operations requires rows to be 12 to 15 feet apart, but plants should be 6 to 8 feet apart in the row. Seedlings are set in the field when 6 to 8 inches tall. They begin flowering after 5 months, and only one vigorous bisexual or female plant is allowed to grow, in each site all others being removed. In south Florida, if plants are set in the field in February or March, it is possible, with good care, to harvest fruit in October or November. This requires starting seedlings in a greenhouse or under plastic, and protecting them against frosts by heating or sprinkler irrigation. In cooler areas of the state, May and June are better months for field planting, and good yields cannot be expected before the following April or May.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Cultivation</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">To grow papayas successfully, the grower should make sure that the following requirements are met. The seed should preferably come from controlled crosses (female x bisexual or bisexual selfed), or from bisexual trees known to have a high degree of self-pollination under field conditions. The type of seed used is most important since it determines production potential and thus restricts or enhances the value of other cultural methods. The soil should have good drainage. Papayas are very sensitive to even short periods of flooding. If not killed, they lose their vigor and regain it very slowly. Irrigation should be provided during dry spells because a fluctuating water supply may cause growth retardation, flower abortion, and dropping of young fruits. Papayas are fast growing plants which require an abundant supply of nutrients if they are to be highly productive. Supplemental fertilization is particularly important in infertile soils. Nitrogen and phosphorus are especially important. In Florida, young plants should be started with &frac12; lb of a 10-10-10-5 mixture (with 30% of the nitrogen from natural organic sources) at planting time or shortly after. This amount of fertilizer is applied every 2 weeks and should be increased gradually to 1&frac12; lb until the plants are 7 to 8 months old. Thereafter, monthly applications should be sufficient, unless unusually hard rains occur. Fertilizer should be reapplied under these conditions.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Cultivars</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Because of its complex genetic make-up, there are few, if any, true cultivars of papaya which are as uniform in horticultural characters as the cultivars of other herbaceous crops. When seed results from open pollination, it is impossible, in most cases, to obtain selections which are reasonably uniform in flower type and fruit characteristics. Despite the lack of recognized cultivars, growers can maintain satisfactory strains by controlled pollination of selected plants as described under Propagation. Parent plants should be carefully selected for early and heavy fruit production and should have fruit of desirable shape and size. A group of Hawaiian papayas referred to as Solo comes closer to deserving cultivar rank than any other types. Originally from Barbados (W. I.), Solo owes its constancy in character expression to a high degree of natural self pollination of its bisexual flowers. This, in addition to continuous selection of pear-shaped fruit produced by bi-sexual plants, has maintained Solo relatively unchanged over the years. Improved selections, such as Sunrise Solo, have resulted from rigorous breeding work. Unfortunately, the Solo group is not well adapted to Florida conditions.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Insects and Diseases</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">There are three insect pests of papaya which can occasionally be damaging in Florida. In order of importance they are: 1) papaya fruit fly (<i>Toxotrypana curvicauda</i>), the larvae (maggots) feed on the seeds and interior tissues of the fruit. 2) papaya webworm (<i>Homolapalpia dalera</i>), the worms produce a web around the fruit and stem and feed on the tissue under the web. 3) papaya white fly (<i>Trialeuroides variabilis</i>), adults and immature stages of this sucking insect feed on the underside of the younger leaves. Sooty mold, a black mildew, which grows on the excretions of the whitefly, is often associated with infestations. The major fungus diseases in Florida are: 1) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gleosporiodes), together with other fungus rots, may cause considerable spoilage of the fruit, particularly during rainy weather. 2) Powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) is recognized by the whitish mildew growth on leaves and on stems of seedlings and can be troublesome during the winter and spring. For more information and current control recommendations, please contact your local County Agricultural Extension Agent. Nematodes, such as root-knot, can be very damaging to papayas, particularly in sandy soils. Since effective chemical control is difficult and very costly, the homeowner should try preventive measures such as rotating planting sites, or maintaining plants in the most vigorous condition possible. Mulching helps plants withstand nematode attack under some conditions.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Virus Diseases</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">These are, in many areas, the single most important factor limiting papaya production. Papaya ringspot virus is the most damaging in Florida, although mild mosaic and faint mottle ringspot have also been reported. Symptoms are varied but include mottling, distortion, and stunting of leaves and greasy-appearing rings and spots on the fruit. Diseased plants lose vigor and fruit production is reduced. There is no control for virus diseases. The removal of diseased plants is helpful when incidence is low, but it only delays rather than controls the spread of the disease. The grower should learn to live with them by trying to obtain, through cultural methods, the fastest growth and maximum production before plants become infected. Vigorous plants withstand virus infections better and may even produce a fair crop of fruit.</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Credits</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">S. E. Malo and C. W. Campbell This document is Fact Sheet HS-11, a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: April 1994. This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.</p>\n', '<p>Believed to be native to tropical America, possibly southern Mexico or northwestern South America.</p>\n', '<p>Commercial papaya lines are mostly gynodioecious as the hermaphroditic plants are generally self-pollinating. A low rate of out-crossing still occurs since the plants produce copious pollen during most of the year.</p>\n', '<p>Green tissues contain benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which has been linked to incidents of spontaneous abortions in pregnant women and with a higher incidence of prostate cancer in Japanese men over age 70. Ripe fruit has no latex and virtually no BITC.</p>\n', '<p>The latex is either hyperallergenic or an irritant.</p>\n', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 15:08:10'),
(11, 'TOM', 'Lycopersicon esculentum', 'Tomato', '<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>General Description</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">This description has been adapted from a monograph published by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The commercial tomato belongs to a species referred to as <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>. Lycopersicon is a relatively small genus within the large and diverse family Solanaceae, consisting of approximately 90 genera. The genus is currently thought to consist of cultivated tomato, <i>L. esculentum</i>, and eight closely related wild Lycopersicon species (Rick 1976). Lycopersicon species are native to Ecuador, Peru, and the Galapagos Islands; however, most evidence suggests that the site of domestication was Mexico (Taylor 1986).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Outcrossing</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">Tomato can be crossed by hand-pollination to all wild Lycopersicon species with varying degrees of success. The genus has been divided into two subgenera, the one easily crossed with commercial tomato (esculentum complex), and those that cannot be easily crossed (peruvianum complex). Hybridization between these two subgenera usually leads to early embryo breakdown, which results in seed that is not viable. This problem can be circumvented by embryo culture and other laboratory techniques, albeit at great effort. The closest genetic relatives of tomato are in the genus Solanum. Hybrids have been obtained between <i>L. esculentum</i> and <i>S. lycopersicoides</i>, but these hybrids are usually sterile (Stevens &amp; Rick 1986). No other member of the genus, including <i>S. nigrum</i>, a common weed in tomato fields, has yielded viable hybrids (Taylor 1986). All commercial tomato cultivars are exclusively self-compatible and exclusively inbreeding. As is true for most self-pollinating plants, the viability of exposed tomato pollen is limited. The distance required between foundation seed fields is 200 feet which in practical terms is the effective distance tomato pollen can travel under field conditions and remain viable (Anonymous 1971; Rick 1976).</p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><big><b>Other Means of Gene Flow</b></big></p>\n\n<p style="text-align: justify;">The transformed tomato has gained no measurable selective advantage over nontransformed tomato in its ability to be disseminated or to become established in the environment. The risk of horizontal movement of these genes from the genetically engineered tomato plants into the genetic environment is negligible because the genes are incorporated into the plant genome. No mechanism is known to exist in nature capable of transferring the genetic material from the tomato genome to another organism which tomato does not fertilize.</p>\n\n<p><big><b>References</b></big></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Rick, C. M. (1976). Tomato (family Solanaceae). In: Evolution of Crop Plants, pp. 268-273. Simmonds, N. W. (ed.), Longman Publications, New York.</li>\n	<li>Stevens, M. &amp; Rick, C. M. (1986). Genetics and breeding. In: The Tomato Crop. A Scientific Basis for Improvement, pp. 35-109. Atherton, J. and Rudich, G. (eds.), Chapman and Hall, New York.</li>\n	<li>Taylor, I. B. (1986). Biosystematics of the Tomato. In: The Tomato Crop. A Scientific Basis for Improvement, pp. 1-34. Atherton, J. and Rudich, G. (eds.), Chapman and Hall, New York.</li>\n</ol>\n', '<p>The regions of Ecuador, Peru, and the Galapagos Islands.</p>\n', '<p>Almost exclusively self-pollinating; hybridization with related Solanum species (<i>S. lycopersicoides</i> and <i>S. rickii</i>) requires human intervention.</p>\n', '<p>Glycoalkaloids, primarily alpha-tomatine, but also solanine and chaconine. Also, lectins and oxalate.</p>\n', '<p>Although not a major cause of allergic reactions, several glycoproteins from tomatoes are known to be allergenic.</p>\n', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 15:15:15'),
(12, 'BEET', 'Beta vulgaris', 'Sugar Beet', NULL, 'Beta is considered an Old World genus basically confined to the Mediterranean Basin and Middle East.', 'Sugar beet is an outcrossing, largely wind pollinated, plant.  During the reproductive phase, large amounts of pollen are produced which can travel long distances. Sugar beet hybridizes freely with all members of the section Beta (within genus Beta).', 'Saponins (triterpenoid glycosides) are the only known toxicants found in sugar beet and are actively eliminated in sugar processing.', NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(13, 'CHIC', 'Cichorium intybus', 'Chicory', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(14, 'ORY', 'Oryza sativa', 'Rice', NULL, 'Northern India and Southeast Asia, and southern China are believed to be the centre of origin of Asian rice (<i>O. sativa</i>).  Wild progenitors of African cultivated rice (<i>O. glaberrima</i>) are grasses endemic to West Africa.', 'Basically an autogamous plant propagating through seeds produced by self-pollination.  Cross pollination between wild species and <i>O. sativa</i> cultivars has been reported to occur in natural habitats.', 'Antinutrients including phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinins (lectins) are present in the bran fraction.', 'Allergenic proteins, 14-15 kDa range, present in the albumin plus globulin protein fraction from  rice endosperm. Major 16 kDa allergenic protein is a member of the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family of proteins.', NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(15, 'CAR', 'Dianthus caryophyllus', 'Carnation', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(16, 'CANT', 'Cucumis melo', 'Melon', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(17, 'TOB', 'Nicotiana tabacum', 'Tobacco', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(18, 'ALFA', 'Medicago sativa', 'Alfalfa', NULL, 'Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, and Iran', 'Outcrossing, insect-pollinated (bees).  Hybridizes with members of the <i>M. sativa</i> complex; limited hybridization with <i>M. glomerata</i>.  Seed dormancy variable, depending on amount of hard seed.', 'Saponins, such as medicagenic acid, which cause bloat in ruminants; coumestrol and coumestan, phytoestrogens, which can cause reproductive problems in livestock.', 'No known endogenous allergens', NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(19, 'MALUS', 'Malus ssp.', 'Apple', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(20, 'IBA', 'Ipomoea batatas', 'Sweetpotato', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(21, 'SOF', 'Saccharum officinarum', 'Sugarcane', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(22, 'HVU', 'Hordeum vulgare', 'Barley', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(23, 'AST', 'Agrostis stolonifera', 'Creeping Bentgrass', '', '<p>Populations native to North America and Eurasia.</p>\n', '<p>Cross-pollination <i>via</i> wind-borne pollen. Completely outcrossing. Reproduces by seed and also vegetatively by stolons.</p>\n', '<p>No endogenous toxins. An endophytic toxin, corynetoxin, is produced by a nematode-bacteria complex, <i> i.e.</i>, when <i>Clavibacter toxicus</i> is transmitted to the plant via the nematode vector<i> Anguina agrostis</i> (Edgar. 1994).</p>\n', '<p>unknown</p>\n', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-14 14:24:48'),
(24, 'CSA', 'Cucumis sativa', 'Cucumber', '', '<p><span class="cm-editable"><span class="text">The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment </span></span></p>\n', '<p><span class="cm-editable"><span class="text">The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment </span></span></p>\n', '<p><span class="cm-editable"><span class="text">The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment </span></span></p>\n', '<p><span class="cm-editable"><span class="text">The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment </span></span></p>\n', '<p><span class="cm-editable"><span class="text">The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment </span></span></p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-15 16:48:23'),
(25, 'PSA', 'Pisum sativum', 'Pea', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(27, 'PDE', 'Populus deltoides', 'Poplar', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(28, 'PHY', 'Petunia hybrida', 'Petunia', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(29, 'SSE', 'Stenotaphrum secondatum', 'St. Augustine grass', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(30, 'HAN', 'Helianthus annuus', 'Sunflower', NULL, 'North America', 'Primarily self-pollinated.  Some outcrossing <i>via</i> insect-pollination.', 'Antinutritional compounds phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor.', 'In seeds, several IgE binding proteins (10-50 kD) have been identified, including high-methionine 2S albumin.', NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(31, 'LST', 'Lliquidamber styraciflua', 'Sweetgum', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(32, 'EJU', 'Elymus junceus', 'Russian Wildrye', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(33, 'CTI', 'Carthamus tinctorius', 'Safflower', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(34, 'SBI', 'Sorghum bicolor', 'Sorghum', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(35, 'CDA', 'Cynodon dactylon', 'Bermudagrass', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(36, 'MES', 'Manihot esculenta', 'Cassava', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(37, 'FAR', 'Festuca arundinacea', 'Tall fescue', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(38, 'VVI', 'Vitis vinifera', 'Grape', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(39, 'PPR', 'Poa pratensis', 'Kentucky bluegrass', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(40, 'LSA', 'Lactuca sativa', 'Lettuce', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(41, 'COF', 'Calendula officinalis', 'Marigold', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(42, 'AHY', 'Arachis hypogeae', 'Peanut', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(43, 'PEL', 'Pelargonium', 'Geranium', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(44, 'PSY', 'Pinus sylvestris', 'Pine', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(45, 'PAR', 'Poa arachnifera', 'Texas bluegrass', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(46, 'PPX', 'Poa pratensis x Poa arachnifera hybrid', 'Kentucky x Texas bluegrass', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(47, 'EGR', 'Eucalyptus grandis', 'Eucalyptus', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(48, 'BJU', 'Brassica juncea', 'Brown mustard', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(49, 'LCU', 'Lens culinaris', 'Lentil', NULL, 'Near East. Lentil was domesticated in Near East and believed to have spread to Nile, Central Europe, Indian subcontinent and Mediterranean regions  by end of Bronze Age.', 'Mostly self-pollinating; less than 1% outcrossing.', 'Antinutritional compounds phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor.', 'Major allergens in lentil are vicilin (44kDa) and convicilin (63kDa).', NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(50, 'PGL', 'Picea glauca', 'White spruce', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(51, 'PMA', 'Picea mariana', 'Black spruce', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(52, 'PSO', 'Papaver somniferum', 'Oilseed poppy', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(53, 'ACO', 'Ananas comosus', 'Pineapple', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(54, 'FAN', 'Fragaria x ananassa Duch', 'Wild strawberry', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(55, 'CAD', 'Castanea dentata', 'American chestunt', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(56, 'PEN', 'Persea nubigena', 'Avocado', '', '', '', '', '', '', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-09-02 15:23:23'),
(57, 'BES', 'Begonia semperflorens', 'Begonia', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(58, 'BOL', 'Brassica oleracea', 'Cabbage', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(59, 'PRD', 'Prunus domestica', 'Plum', NULL, 'Southern Europe or Western Asia around the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea', 'Insect pollinated and generally self-incompatible, with both gametic and sporophytic incompatability systems.', NULL, NULL, NULL, 'Enabled', NULL, NULL);



-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_tims` (`id`, `code`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(1, 'MPROJ', '<p>Microparticle bombardment of plant cells or tissue</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-07-30 14:15:28'),
(2, 'CHEMUT', 'Chemically induced seed mutagenesis', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(3, 'AGRO', '<I>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</I>-mediated plant transformation.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(4, 'INTSPX1', 'Inter-specific cross with transgenic Brassica napus canola line GT73.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(5, 'ELEC', 'Electroporation of immature embryos.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(6, 'SOMA1', 'Selection of somaclonal variants from embryo cultures.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(7, 'DIRT', 'Direct DNA transfer system.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(8, 'SOMA2', 'Selection of somaclonal variants from microspore cultures following chemical mutagenesis.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(9, 'CHPROT', 'Chemically mediated introduction into protoplasts and regeneration.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(10, 'BRDG', 'Traditional plant breeding and selection', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(11, 'CHEMUT2', 'Chemically induced pollen mutagenesis', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(12, 'INTSPX2', 'Inter-specific cross with transgenic<I>Brassica napus</i> canola line T45.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(13, 'MPROJ2', 'Biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(14, 'SELECT1', 'Selection for a naturally occurring mutation.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL);



-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_traits` (`id`, `code`, `shortDesc`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(1, 'GLYPHS', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(2, 'IMID2', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance, specifically Cyanamid AC299 263 (imazamox, active ingredient).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(3, 'IMID3', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance, specifically imazethapyr.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(4, 'OXYN', 'Oxynil', 'Oxynil herbicide tolerance, including bromoxynil and ioxynil.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(5, 'ECBGLY', 'ECB + glyphosate', 'Resistance to European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>); glyphosate herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(6, 'GLUPH', 'Glufosinate', 'Phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(7, 'ECBPPT', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Resistance to European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>); phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(8, 'SULF', 'Sulfonylurea', 'Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance, specifically triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(9, 'ECB', 'ECB', 'Resistance to European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(10, 'CPB', 'CPB', 'Resistance to Colorado potato beetle (<I>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</I>, Say).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(11, 'MSGLU', 'Herbicide tolerance + fertility', 'Male sterility; phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(12, 'LEPID', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to lepidopteran pests including, but not limited to, cotton bollworm, pink bollworm, tobacco budworm.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(13, 'IMID1', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(14, 'CYCL1', 'Cyclohexanone', 'Cyclohexanone herbicide tolerance, specifically sethoxydim.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(15, 'LAU', 'Oil content', 'Modified seed fatty acid content, specifically high laurate levels and myristic acid production.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(16, 'MSRFGLU', 'MS/RF + glufosinate', 'Pollination control system: male sterility; fertility restoration; phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(17, 'VIRUS1', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to viral infection, watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) 2, zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(18, 'VIRUS2', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to viral infection, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(19, 'ECBOXY', 'Lepidopteran pests + oxynil', 'Resistance to lepidopteran insects; oxynil herbicide tolerance, including bromoxynil.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(20, 'VIRUS3', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to viral infection, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) 2, zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(21, 'OLEIC', 'Oil content', 'Modified seed fatty acid content, specifically high oleic acid expression.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(22, 'ACC', 'Delayed ripening', 'Increased shelf-life (delayed ripening) due to reduced ethylene accumulation through introduction of truncated aminocyclopropane cyclase (ACC) synthase gene.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(23, 'CPBLR', 'CPB + virus resistant', 'Resistance to Colorado potato beetle (<I>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</I>, Say); resistance to potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(24, 'CPBY', 'CPB + virus resistant', 'Resistance to Colorado potato beetle (<I>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</I>, Say); resistance to potato virus Y (PVY).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(25, 'SAMH', 'Delayed ripening', 'Delayed ripening by introduction of a gene that results in degradation of a precursor of the plant hormone, ethylene.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(26, 'ACCD', 'Delayed ripening', 'Delayed ripening by introduction of a gene that results in degradation of a precursor of the plant hormone, ethylene.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(27, 'PG', 'Delayed ripening', 'Delayed softening through suppression of polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme activity.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(28, 'ACCSULF', 'Delayed ripening', 'Increased shelf-life due to reduced ethylene accumulation through introduction of truncated aminocyclopropane cyclase (ACC) synthase gene; Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance, specifically triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(29, 'FCSULF', 'Flower colour', 'Modified flower colour; Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance, specifically triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(30, 'OLEIC2', 'Oil content', 'Modified seed fatty acid content, specifically high oleic acid, low linolenic acid content.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(31, 'LINOLEN', 'Oil content', 'Modified seed fatty acid content, specifically low linolenic acid', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(32, 'ECBPPT2', 'ECB + glufosinate', 'Resistance to European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>) plus black cutworm and fall armyworm; phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(33, 'CRW1', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to corn root worm (Coleopteran, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(34, 'PQ0001', 'Plant quality', 'Leaf senescence altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(35, 'AP0001', 'Agronomic performance', 'Yield increased.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(36, 'HTIR01', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and resistance to corn root worm (Coleoptera, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(37, 'HTHT01', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Stacked tolerance to glyphosate and isoxazole herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(38, 'HTIR0002', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium, and resistance to corn root worm (Coleoptera, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(39, 'IR0002', 'Insect resistance', '<p>Resistance to lepidopteran pests</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-08-23 12:24:50'),
(40, 'HTPQ0001', 'Herbicide tolerance + plant quality', 'Tolerance to imidazolinone containing herbicides and altered starch metabolism.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(41, 'PQ0002', 'Plant quality', 'Starch metabolism altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(42, 'PQ0003', 'Plant quality', 'Lysine level altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(43, 'PQ0004', 'Plant quality', 'Enhanced lysine level.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(44, 'PQ0005', 'Plant quality', 'Polyphenol oxidase levels altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(45, 'AP0002', 'Agronomic performance', 'Abiotic stress.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(46, 'PQ0006', 'Plant quality', 'Amino acid composition altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(47, 'HTIR03', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium, and resistance to lepidopteran insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(48, 'VR0001', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to viral infection, sweetpotato feathery mottle geminivirus (SPFMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(49, 'MG0001', 'Marker gene', 'Expression of a selectable marker.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(50, 'PQ0007', 'Plant quality', 'Seed composition altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(51, 'HTIR04', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Stacked tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and resistance to lepidopteran insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(52, 'FR0001', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to fungal pathogens through the production of phytoalexins, specifically resveratrol.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(53, 'AP0003', 'Agronomic performance', 'Flowering time altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(54, 'FR0002', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to fungal pathogens by the introduction of ABC type trans-membrane transporters.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(55, 'PQ0008', 'Plant quality', 'Storage protein altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(56, 'FR0003', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to fungal pathogens.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(57, 'OO0001', 'Other proteins', 'Recombinase produced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(58, 'HT0001', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(59, 'HT0002', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Glufosinate ammonium herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(60, 'PQ0009', 'Plant quality', 'Fatty acid profile altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(61, 'MG0002', 'Marker gene', 'Transposable element mutator tag.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(62, 'MG0003', 'Marker gene', 'Green fluorescent protein visual marker.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(63, 'OO0002', 'Other proteins', 'Gene expression altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(64, 'AP0004', 'Agronomic performance', 'Maturity altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(65, 'OO0003', 'Other proteins', 'Leaf epidermal cell differentiation', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(66, 'MG0004', 'Marker gene', 'GUS protein visual marker.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(67, 'AP0005', 'Agronomic performance', 'Gene expression altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(68, 'OO0004', 'Other proteins', 'Cell division activity altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(69, 'HTIRFR1', 'Herbicide tolerance + pest resistance', 'Stacked fungal resistance, herbicide tolerance and insect resistance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(70, 'HT0003', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Non-disclosed herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(71, 'HTAP01', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance and yield increased.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(72, 'OO0005', 'Industrial enzyme', 'Laccase mediated degradation of phenolic compounds.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(73, 'OO0006', 'Other proteins', 'Unknown novel protein.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(74, 'PQ0010', 'Plant quality', 'Taste and sensory alteration.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(75, 'PQ0011', 'Plant quality', 'Animal feed quality improved.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(76, 'AP0006', 'Agronomic performance', 'Fertility altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(77, 'IR0001', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(78, 'OO0007', 'Biopharmaceutical', 'Biopharmaceutical protein produced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(79, 'HTHT02', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Stacked tolerance to phosphinothricin (glufosinate ammonium) and isoxazole herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(80, 'PQ0012', 'Plant quality', 'Digestibility altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(81, 'VR0002', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to viral infection, beet necrotic yellow vein virus.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(82, 'HTHT03', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Stacked tolerance to phosphinothricin and isoxaflutole herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(83, 'HTPQ02', 'Herbicide tolerance + plant quality', 'Tolerance to phosphinothricin containing herbicides (glufosinate ammonium) and altered starch (carbohydrate) metabolism.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(84, 'PQ0013', 'Plant quality', 'Nitrogen metabolism altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(85, 'FR0004', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to rhizoctonia.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(86, 'HTAP02', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and yield increased.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(87, 'PQ0014', 'Plant quality', 'Fibre quality altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(88, 'FR0005', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to sclerotinia.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(89, 'HTFR01', 'Herbicide tolerance + fungal resistance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and resistance to sclerotinia.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(90, 'FR0006', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to fusarium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(91, 'PQ0015', 'Plant quality', 'Flower colour altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(92, 'HTPQ03', 'Herbicide tolerance + plant quality', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and altered flower colour.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(93, 'AP0007', 'Agronomic performance', 'Development altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(94, 'IR0003', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to coleopteran pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(95, 'PQ0016', 'Plant quality', 'Steroidal glycoalkaloids reduced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(96, 'VR0003', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(97, 'VR0004', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to potato virus A potyvirus.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(98, 'VR0005', 'Virus resistant', 'Multiple virus resistance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(99, 'VR0006', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to potato virus Y potyvirus.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(100, 'IRVR01', 'Insect resistance + virus resistant', 'Resistance to coleopteran pests and potato virus Y.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(101, 'PQ0017', 'Plant quality', 'Bruising reduced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(102, 'FR0007', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to phytophthora infestans.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(103, 'PQ0018', 'Plant quality', 'Erucic acid contented altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(104, 'HTAP03', 'Herbicide tolerance + fertility', 'Glufosinate ammonium herbicide tolerance and male sterility', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(105, 'HTIR05', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and resistance to lepidopteran insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(106, 'HTFR02', 'Herbicide tolerance + fungal resistance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance and resistance to sclerotinia.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(107, 'VR0007', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to bean pod mottle virus (BPMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(108, 'HT0004', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Cyanamide herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(109, 'HTAP04', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and altered growth rate.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(110, 'HT0005', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Sulfometuron herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(111, 'IR0004', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to insect pests, aphids and Mexican rice borer.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(112, 'VR0008', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to sorghum mosaic potyvirus (SrMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(113, 'FRIR01', 'Fungal resistance + insect resistance', 'Resistance to sclerotinia and resistance to lepidopteran insects.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(114, 'PQ0019', 'Plant quality', 'Alkaloid content altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(115, 'AP0008', 'Agronomic performance', 'Growth rate altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(116, 'HT0006', 'Herbicide tolerance', '2,4-D tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(117, 'PQ0020', 'Plant quality', 'Nicotine reduced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(118, 'VR0009', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(119, 'PQ0021', 'Plant quality', 'Ripening altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(120, 'PQ0022', 'Plant quality', 'Chlling injury altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(121, 'HTAP05', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Glyphosate herbicide tolerance and altered fruit set (parthenocarpy).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(122, 'BR0001', 'Bacterial resistance', 'Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(123, 'AP0009', 'Agronomic performance', 'Fruit set altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(124, 'VR0010', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(125, 'BR0002', 'Bacterial resistance', 'Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(126, 'HTIR06', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Isoxazole herbicide tolerance and resistance to lepidopteran insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(127, 'PQ0023', 'Plant quality', 'Sugar alcohol levels increased.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(128, 'PQ0024', 'Plant quality', 'Lignin levels altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(129, 'FR0008', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to botrytis cinerea.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(130, 'PQ0025', 'Plant quality', 'Dietary mineral levels altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(131, 'FR0009', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to multiple fungal pathogens.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(132, 'IR0005', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to leafhoppers.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(133, 'VR0011', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(134, 'VR0012', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to beet yellows mosaic virus (BYMV) and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(135, 'VR0013', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(136, 'VR0014', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(137, 'PQ0026', 'Plant quality', 'Altered growth-regulating steroid and altered pigment.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(138, 'HTFR03', 'Herbicide tolerance + fungal resistance', 'Non-disclosed herbicide tolerance and fungal resistance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(139, 'PQ0027', 'Plant quality', 'Tannin biosynthesis altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(140, 'AP0010', 'Agronomic performance', 'Reduced pod shattering.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(141, 'HTAP06', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Glufosinate ammonium herbicide tolerance and reduced pod shattering.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(142, 'HTAP07', 'Herbicide tolerance + fertility', 'Glufosinate ammonium herbicide tolerance and fertility restored.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(143, 'HT0007', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Imidazolinone herbicide tolerance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(144, 'PQ0028', 'Plant quality', 'Nutritional composition altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(145, 'HTPQ04', 'Herbicide tolerance + plant quality', 'Unspecified herbicide tolerance and altered nutritional composition.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(146, 'HTAP08', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Unspecified herbicide tolerance and increased yield.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(147, 'IR0006', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to corn root worm (Coleopteran, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(148, 'HTIR07', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Unspecified herbicide tolerance and resistance to insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(149, 'HTAP09', 'Herbicide tolerance + agronomic performance', 'Unspecified herbicide tolerance and abiotic stress.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(150, 'AP0011', 'Agronomic performance', 'Reduced pathogen resistance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(151, 'AP0012', 'Agronomic performance', 'Flowering time altered and tissue discoloration altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(152, 'APPQ01', 'Agronomic performance + plant quality', 'Flowering time and fruit set altered, and sugar composition altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(153, 'PQ0029', 'Plant quality', 'Plant pigments altered.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(154, 'FR0010', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to apple scab (Venturia inequalis).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(155, 'HT0008', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Tolerance to dalapon herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(156, 'AP0013', 'Agronomic performance', 'Bioremediation of soils contaminated with chloroacetanilide herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(157, 'HTPQ05', 'Herbicide tolerance + plant quality', 'Tolerance to phosphinothricin containing herbicides (glufosinate ammonium) and altered amino acid composition.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(158, 'HTIR08', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Unspecified herbicide tolerance and resistance to corn root worm (Coleoptera, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(159, 'HTIR09', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Multiple herbicide tolerance and resistance to lepidopteran insect pests.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(160, 'OO0008', 'Other proteins', 'Spider silk proteins produced.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(161, 'BR0003', 'Bacterial resistance', 'Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia spp.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(162, 'FRBR01', 'Fungal resistance + bacterial resistance', 'Unspecified fungal and bacterial resistance.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(163, 'FR0011', 'Fungal resistance', 'Resistance to chestnut blight', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(164, 'IRHT01', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to lepidopteran pests and glyphosate herbicide tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(165, 'CRWECB', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to corn root worm (Coleopteran, <i>Diabrotica sp.</i>) and European corn borer (<I>Ostrinia nubilalis</I>).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(166, 'IRHT02', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to coleopteran pests and glyphosate herbicide tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(167, 'IRHT03', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to coleopteran and lepidopteran pests, and glyphosate herbicide tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(168, 'IRHT04', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to lepidopteran pests and glufosinate ammonium herbicide tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(169, 'IRHT05', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to lepidopteran pests, and stacked tolerance to glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate herbicides', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(170, 'HTIR10', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium, and resistance to corn root worm (Coleoptera, <i>Diabrotica spp.</i>', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(171, 'PQIR01', 'Plant quality + insect resistance', 'Enhanced lysine level and resistance to European corn borer', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(172, 'IRHT06', 'Insect resistance and herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to coleopteran and lepidopteran pests, and glufosinate ammonium tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(173, 'IRHT07', 'Insect resistance and herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to coleopteran and lepidopteran pests, and glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium tolerance', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(174, 'VR0015', 'Virus resistant', 'Resistance to plum pox virus (PPV)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(175, 'PQ0030', 'Plant quality', 'Modified amylase for ethanol production', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(176, 'HT0009', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Tolerance to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(177, 'HTIR11', 'Herbicide tolerance + insect resistance', 'Resistance to a range of lepidopteran insect pests; phosphinothricin (PPT) herbicide tolerance, specifically glufosinate ammonium.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(178, 'IRHT11', 'Insect resistance + herbicide tolerance', 'Resistance to coleopteran pests, particularly corn rootworm pests (<i>Diabrotica</i> spp.) and several lepidopteran pests of corn, including European corn borer (ECB, <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>), corn earworm (CEW, <i>Helicoverpa zea</i>), fall army worm (FAW, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>), and black cutworm (BCW, <i>Agrotis ipsilon</i>); tolerance to glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium containing herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(179, 'HT0010', 'Herbicide tolerance', 'Stacked tolerance to phosphinothricin (glufosinate ammonium) and glyphosate herbicides.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(180, 'PQ0031', 'Plant quality', 'Altered starch composition, increased amylopectin to amylose ratio', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(181, 'AP0014', 'Agronomic performance', 'Water use efficiency.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(182, 'IR0007', 'Insect resistance', 'Resistance to lepidopteran pests of soybean including velvetbean caterpillar (<I>Anticarsia gemmatalis</I>) and soybean looper (<I>Pseudoplusia includens</I>)', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL);



-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_usages` (`id`, `code`, `description`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(1, 'COFOFE', '<p style="text-align: justify;">Production of <i>Z. mays</i> for human consumption (wet mill or dry mill or seed oil), and meal and silage for livestock feed. These materials will not be grown outside the normal production area for corn.</p>\n', 'Enabled', NULL, '2013-06-19 06:09:06'),
(2, 'WHFOFE', 'Production of <I>T. aestivum</I> for human food and livestock feed. This material will not be grown outside the normal production area for wheat.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(3, 'CAFOFE', 'Production for human food (oil) and livestock feed consumption.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(4, 'COFOFE2', 'Production of corn of the yellow dent type for grain and silage. These materials will not be grown outside the normal production area for corn.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(5, 'FLX01', 'For cultivation in soils containing residues of triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl in areas of Canada where flax is usually cultivated. This flax is to be grown for the extraction of linseed oil, and for animal feed (linseed meal).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(6, 'POT1', 'Production of potatoes for human consumption and livestock feed including potato process residue. These materials will not be grown outside the usual production area for potatoes.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(7, 'COT1', 'Production of cotton for fibre, cottonseed and cottonseed meal for livestock feed, and cottonseed oil for human consumption.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(8, 'CAFOFE2', 'Production for human consumption (oil), livestock feed, industrial applications.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(9, 'EXPNT', 'This experimental line will not be commercialized.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(10, 'SOY1', 'Production of soybeans for animal feed (mostly defatted toasted meal and flakes) and human consumption (mostly oil, protein fractions, and dietary fibre).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(11, 'SQSH1', 'Production of squash for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(12, 'PAPY1', 'Production of papaya for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(13, 'SOY2', 'Production of soybeans for human consumption (mostly oil, protein fractions, and dietary fibre).', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(14, 'TOM1', 'Production of tomatoes for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(15, 'BET1', 'Production of sugar beet for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(16, 'CHIC1', 'Production of chicory for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(17, 'RIC1', 'Production of rice for livestock feed, human food, and industrial uses.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(18, 'CAR1', 'Production of carnations for the cut-flower industry.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(19, 'TOB', 'Tobacco leaves will be used in cigarette manufacturing and smoking material and as such will be used by agriculture, tobacco industries and consumers.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(20, 'MELO1', 'Production of melons for human consumption, either fresh or processed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(21, 'MAZ1', 'Production of meal and silage for livestock feed, and products for industrial applications. This material will not be grown outside of the normal production area for maize.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(22, 'ATBT04', 'Production of potatoes for human consumption and livestock feed including potato process residue.  Only lines ATBT04-6, -30 and -36, and line SPBT02-5 were commercialized. The Atlantic lines have since been discontinued.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(23, 'BT6', 'Production of potatoes for human consumption and livestock feed including potato process residue. Except for line BT6, all of these lines have been discontinued.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(24, 'RBMT15', 'Production of potatoes for human consumption and livestock feed including potato process residue. All of these lines were commercialized, but only SEMT15-15 continues beyond 2001.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(25, 'RBMT21', 'Production of potatoes for human consumption and livestock feed including potato process residue. All of these lines were commercialized, but only RBMT21-350 continues beyond 2000.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(26, 'FSAVR', 'Production of tomatoes for human consumption, either fresh or processed.  This transgenic tomato line is no longer commercialized.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(27, 'RIC2', 'Production of rice for livestock feed, human food, and industrial uses.  These lines will be cultivated outside Canada, in the usual rice production regions.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(28, 'BRAP1', 'Production of <I>B. rapa</I> for seed oil for human consumption and seed oil and meal for livestock feed. These materials will not be grown outside the normal production area for canola.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(29, 'OIL1', 'Production of oil for use in human food only.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(30, 'TOB01', 'Production of low-nicotine tobacco for processing into cigarettes.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(31, 'LCU1', 'Production of L. culinaris for human food and livestock feed. This material will not be grown outside the normal production area for lentil.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(32, 'ASTO1', 'Production of turf in golf courses. Incidental usage in livestock feed.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(33, 'FOR1', 'Production of forage (herbage) for livestock feed.  This material will not be grown outside the normal production areas for alfalfa.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(34, 'COFEE', 'Production of maize grain for livestock feed, primarily for poultry and swine.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(35, 'PRUN1', 'Production of fruit for human consumption.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(36, 'COIET', 'Production of maize grain primarily for industrial ethanol.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(37, 'POT2', 'Amylopectin production for use in technical non-food products such as paper. By-products of the starch extraction process (e.g., pulp) will be used for other purposes, including animal feed or for other conventional, non-food purposes.', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL);



-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO `gmcropdatabase_varieties` (`id`, `code`, `name`, `status`, `created`, `updated`) VALUES
(1, 'WES', 'Westar OXY-235', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(2, 'CDC', 'CDC Triffid', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(3, 'ATL', 'Atlantic NewLeaf ™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(4, 'YLGD', 'Yieldgard®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(5, 'RDUP', 'Roundup Ready®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(6, 'LLNK', 'Liberty-Link™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(7, 'IVGR', 'InVigor™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(8, 'BLGD', 'Bollgard®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(9, 'RBNL', 'Russet Burbank NewLeaf®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(10, 'WES2', 'Westar Roundup Ready®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(11, 'NGRD', 'NaturGard™ KnockOut™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(12, 'LLNK2', 'Liberty-Link T14™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(13, 'XTRA', 'Bt Xtra™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(14, 'DKBGR', 'DeKalb GR™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(15, 'RBNLY', 'Russet Burbank NewLeaf® Y', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(16, 'SENLY', 'NewLeaf® Y', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(17, 'RBNLP', 'Russet Burbank NewLeaf® Plus', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(18, 'IND', 'Liberty-Link™ Independence', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(19, 'INN', 'Liberty-Link™ Innovator', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(20, 'PUR', 'Clearfield™ 45A71, 45A72 -- Pursuit, Odyssey', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(21, 'HYSN', 'Hysyn 101 RR Roundup-Ready™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(22, 'ITB', 'ITB 1000 OX', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(23, 'SLNK', 'StarLink™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(24, 'ATLSUP', 'Atlantic and Superior NewLeaf®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(25, 'HERC1', 'Herculex® I', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(26, 'CLFLD1', 'CLEARFIELD™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(27, 'BLGD2', 'Bollgard II®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(28, 'RDUPF', 'Roundup Ready® Flex', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(29, 'WSTRK', 'WideStrike™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(30, 'WSTRK_RDUP', 'WideStrike™/Roundup Ready®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(31, 'LAURICAL', 'Laurical™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(32, 'HERCRW', 'Herculex® RW', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(33, 'HERC_XTRA', 'Herculex® XTRA', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(34, 'WSTRK_RDUPF', 'WideStrike™/Roundup Ready® Flex', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(35, 'RR2Y', 'Roundup RReady2Yield™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(36, 'OPTGAT', 'Optimum™ GAT™', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(37, 'GLYTOL', 'GlyTol™ Cotton', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(38, 'TWLNK', 'TwinLink®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL),
(39, 'AMFL', 'Amflora®', 'Enabled', NULL, NULL);

