The use of genetic engineering in agriculture has been the source of much debate. To date, arguments have focused most strongly on the potential human health risks, the flow of genetic material to related species, and ecological consequences. Little attention appears to have been given to a more fundamental concern, namely, who will be the beneficiaries of this technology?Given the prevalence of chronic hunger and the stark economics of farming, it is arguable that farmers and the hungry should be the main beneficiaries of agricultural research. However, the application of genetic engineering appears unlikely to benefit either of these two groups. This technology is largely controlled by the private sector, and its continued development hinges on its profitability. Thus, the only likely beneficiaries of the application of genetic engineering in agriculture are companies with the capacity to use it.