INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1586, 'New feeds from genetically modified plants: the US approach to safety for animals and the food chain', 'The US regulatory review process for novel crops is accomplished jointly by three federal agencies through a science-based, integrated and multidisciplinary approach. This process assesses safety for inserted genes and recipient plants, potential for allergenicity, integrity for genes, functionality for novel proteins, agronomic characteristics and environmental safety for novel crops, and composition for key nutrients and toxicants for crops and important products. To date, more than 50 crops produced through biotechnology have been approved for commercialization and the vast majority of these have been compositionally comparable to conventional counterparts for nutrient content and known toxicants. Experimental data that are required for the process are clearly defined by a decision-tree approach, and for crops approved to date, feeding studies using livestock have not been required as part of the regulatory process. Further, the United States Food and Drug Administration considers the consumption of DNA to be ''Generally Regarded as Safe.'' Findings from independently conducted studies have indicated no differences for nutrient composition, digestibilities, and animal performance when livestock were fed feedstuffs from conventional and biotech crops. In addition, in independent studies conducted to determine whether transgenic DNA and proteins can be detected in animal products, no transgenic plant-source DNA and proteins have been found in milk, meat, and eggs.', 'en_US'),
(1587, 'Considerations for the assessment of the safety of genetically modified animals used for human food or animal feed', 'Genetically modified food and feed crops have entered the Western market, and genetically modified animals may follow in the near future. The issues that are commonly addressed in the assessment of the safety of genetically modified crops are discussed, as well as the analogous issues that may arise for genetically modified animals. For safety assessment, the degree of substantial equivalence of the novel food- or feed-organism to an appropriate counterpart should be established. Based upon the differences thus found, a further strategy for the safety assessment is chosen. This may, for example, take the testing of a novel food or feed for its potential toxicity and allergenicity. Another issue is that of the possible transfer of genes from the genetically modified organism to others. This would be a concern, for example, if the introduced DNA comprised genes coding for resistance against clinically important antibiotics. Unanticipated long term health effects of the genetically modified food or feed can be monitored by postmarket surveillance. National regulations for food and feed derived from genetically modified organisms may differ, but they are based upon the same underlying principles. The regulatory status of genetically modified animals may differ from that of genetically modified crops, as the foreign gene in some animals will be regarded a veterinary medicine. National regulatory experience with transgenic food animals has been gained in a few cases so far. The FAO/WHO has initiated the harmonization of the food safety evaluation of genetically modified organisms.', 'en_US'),
(1588, 'Point of view on GM organisms and traditional products -- genuineness or innovation?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1589, 'Special issue: GM organisms in the food chain -- animal products', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1590, 'Genetically engineered crops: their potential use for improvement of human nutrition', 'Great success has been achieved in increasing agriculture productivity to fulfill human needs during the second half of the 20th century. However, there will be much greater challenges in the future. Based on the current population growth rate of 1.4% per year, the world''s population is forecast to increase from the current level of approximately six billion to nine to twelve billion in 50 years. In addition to continuously increasing demand for agricultural production, there is an urgent need to improve the nutritional quality of human diets for this rapidly growing human population. Malnutrition is still a worldwide health issue. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in developing countries, and over-consumption of certain nutrients in developed countries (e.g., saturated fatty acids) is associated with high incidence of certain chronic diseases. Furthermore, there will be declining natural resources such as arable land and water, and the challenges to humans must be met without further degrading the environment. Biotechnology offers a valuable tool to help achieve these goals. This review focuses on the most recent advances in biotechnology, which promise to improve human nutrition by enhancing the nutrient density of plant foods. Issues relating to the safety of food products from genetically engineered crops are also discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1591, 'Breeding forage crops for increased nutritional value', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1592, 'Influences of transgenic insect-resistant plants on honeybees', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1593, 'Agricultural and biological diversity in Latin America: implications for development, testing, and commercialization of herbicide-resistant crops', 'Genetically modified, herbicide-resistant crop (HRC) cultivars, which allow for simplified weed control decisions compared with conventional cultivars, have considerable potential in Latin America. The number of herbicide applications can be reduced in HRCs, and otherwise difficult-to-control species, including red rice in rice or herbicide-resistant weeds, can potentially be managed. The American tropics include the centers of origin of several crops, such as corn and potato, and natural or agrestal floras containing wild near relatives of introduced crops, including rice and cotton, for which HRCs could be used. Potential direct impacts of HRC adoption on biodiversity in Latin America include changes in the genetic diversity of crops, increased volunteer crop problems, and invasion by resistant cultivars of natural areas beyond the farm boundary. Additionally, there is a risk associated with the escape of transgenes from HRCs, involving introgression to weedy relatives on a field scale leading to amplification effects of existing weeds or modification of gene pools of crop progenitors in the centers of origin or diversity. Possible indirect effects of HRCs include the potential expansion of agriculture into uncleared wild areas made economically attractive by the more efficient cropping system, and adverse effects on nontarget organisms and ecosystem processes. The occurrence of spontaneous hybrids of crop-weed or near-relative complexes is known in the United States for rice and sunflower, and the development of HRC-weed hybrids would provide a particularly difficult set of weed management problems. For crops in which HRCs are currently in use or under development, the greatest risks in Latin America appear to be with corn, cotton, and potato. However, some of the genetic and geographical barriers reduce the risk of hybridization between these crops and their wild relatives. Furthermore, unlike the case of feral rapeseed on road verges in Europe, there is no known example of a conventionally bred crop or interfertile hybrid with a near relative becoming established outside of cultivation in Latin America. Soybean, the most widely adopted HRC in Latin America to date, is an exotic beyond the range of its wild relatives. With the exception of O. glumaepatula, there appears to be little threat to endemic wild species from HRC rice as strong infertility barriers should prevent transgene flow, but possible transgene movement to the conspecific red rice may become an issue. Beyond the field boundary, a key question concerns the possible persistence of HRC x wild relative hybrids and the manner in which resistance traits affect their overall fitness. Designing practical risk assessment protocols on which to base HRC release approval is a considerable challenge, and it is vital that Latin American states continue to build and maintain functional biosafety regulatory structures.', 'en_US'),
(1594, 'Safety assessment of genetically modified foods', 'The development of novel foods produced through agricultural biotechnology is a complex three-stage process: gene discovery, line selection, and product advancement to commercialization. The safety of genetically modified foods is an integral part of the overall developmental process throughout all of the stages. In the discovery stage, the safety of the gene, its source, and the gene products must be considered. If any questions arise at this stage, these questions must be answered later in the developmental process. During the line selection stage, the genetically modified seed progresses through a variety of greenhouse and field trials. At this stage, the biological and agronomic equivalence of the genetically modified crop to its traditional counterpart must be compared. While the evaluations made during this stage are not specifically directed toward a safety assessment, many potential products with unusual characteristics are eliminated during this stage of development. However, the elimination of products with unusual agronomic or biological characteristics enhances the likelihood that a safe product will be generated. Finally, in the pre-commercialization stage, the genetically modified product undergoes a detailed safety assessment process. This process focuses on the safety of the gene products associated with the introduced gene and any other likely toxicological or anti-nutrient factors associated with the source of the novel gene and the crop to which it was introduced. The safety of the genetically modified product for both food and feed uses is considered. Thus far, all of the genetically modified products brought into the marketplace have been subjected to such an intensive safety assessment. The safety assessment data have been reviewed by regulatory authorities around the world. The current generation of genetically modified products are quite safe for human and feed animal consumption.', 'en_US'),
(1595, 'Survival and fecundity of Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetle adults after consumption of transgenic potato containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1596, 'The case of the monarch butterfly: a verdict is returned', 'A publication reporting the harmful effects on the monarch butterfly of maize genetically modified to express insecticidal -endotoxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) caused much public interest. A series of ecologically based studies were subsequently carried out to evaluate rigorously the impact of pollen from such crops and to quantify the risks. The results demonstrated that the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt-maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population. Further studies also demonstrated that Bt-expressing crops posed little risk to other nontarget insects, including beneficial insects such as pollinators and natural enemies.', 'en_US'),
(1597, 'Transgenic plants in Argentina: present status and implications', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1598, 'Plant gene flow consequences', 'Biosafety research on transgenic plants has become an important issue in ecological risk assessment. We summarize and assess the current status and future prospects of different approaches related to gene flow and its consequences. Firstly, we explain three appropriate components of biosafety research that include (a) characteristics of the target plant species and its crossable relatives, (b) phenotypic characteristics of the transgenic plant, and (c) the range of scientific questions addressed in the study. Secondly, we identify five different types of biosafety research based on studies without the use of genetically modified plants (GMPs) and the scientific methods used for examining GMPs. We did not expect that any one of the recent studies would be able to address all the appropriate components we suggested, but we point out the strengths of representative studies as well as their weaknesses. Finally, we give an outlook on the future of biosafety research in the post-commercialization era. Gene flow alone should be not regarded as an adverse environmental effect of transgenic plants. Because biosafety research is a time- and resource-intensive process, we will have to concentrate on causal-analytic monitoring with adequate baseline controls.', 'en_US'),
(1599, 'Effect of rice lines transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes on the brown planthopper and its predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1600, 'Genetically modified plants and human health risks: can additional research reduce uncertainties and increase public confidence?', 'So long as the risks to human health from transgenic plants remain potential rather than actual, and, in any event, appear lower than those from traditional plant breeding, hazard assessment need not be extensive. However, in view of current public attitudes to transgenic plants, it is necessary that those tests that are required, be based on logic, on sound science, and in accordance with the best scientific methodology. This is particularly the case with testing for food allergenicity. Current testing is largely indirect and based on comparisons with other known food allergens. Development of direct tests that involve interaction between the actual transgenic protein in question and the immune system is essential if confidence in the regulatory system is to be restored.', 'en_US'),
(1601, 'Degradation of transgenic DNA from genetically modified soya and maize in human intestinal simulations', 'The inclusion of genetically modified (GM) foods in the human diet has caused considerable debate. There is concern that the transfer of plant-derived transgenes to the resident intestinal n''ucroflora could have safety implications. For these gene transfer events to occur, the nucleic acid would need to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rate at which transgenes, contained within GM soya and maize, are degraded in gastric and small bowel simulations. The data showed that 80 % of the trans-gene in naked GM soya DNA was degraded in the gastric simulations, while no degradation of the transgenes contained within GM soya and maize were observed in these acidic conditions. In the small intestinal simulations. transgenes in naked. soya DNA were degraded at a similar rate to the material in the soya protein. After incubation for 30 min, the transgenes remaining in soya protein and naked DNA were 52 (SEM 13.1) % and 34 (SEM 17-5) %, respectively, and at the completion of the experiment (3 h) these values were 5 % and 3 %, respectively. In contrast to the soya transgene, the maize nucleic acid was hydrolysed in the small intestinal simulations in a biphasic process in which approximately 85 % was rapidly degraded, while the rest of the DNA was cleaved at a rate similar to that in the soya material. Guar gum and tannic acid, mol-ecules that are known to inhibit digestive enzymes, did not influence the rate of transgene degradation in soya protein. In contrast guar gum reduced the rate of transgene degradation in naked soya DNA in the initial stages, but the polysaccharide did not influence the amount of nucleic acid remaining at the end of the experiment. Tannic acid reduced the rate of DNA degradation throughout the small bowel simulations, with 21 (SEm 5-4) % and 2 (sum 1-8) % of the naked soya DNA remaining in the presence and absence of the phenolic acid, respectively. These data indicate that some transgenes in GM foods may survive passage through the small intestine.', 'en_US'),
(1602, 'Biotechnology regulations and the WTO', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1603, 'Agronomic, Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Commercial Cultivation of Glyphosate Tolerant Soybeans in Ontario', 'Glyphosate tolerant (GT) soybeans appear to be popular among many Ontario farmers. For example, Statistics Canada reports that 23% of the 2001 soybean acreage was planted to GT varieties, up from 18% in 2000. However,  the environmental impact of GT seeds is perceived as controversial in the minds of some members of the public.  This manifests itself in the form of public action on behalf of some activist groups, and a demand for products not containing GT soybeans. The apparent contradiction between producer preferences and public attitudes lies in a general lack of knowledge surrounding the environmental impact of GT soybeans. In this regard, the specific impact  of GT soybeans in Ontario is unknown.Two recent studies investigated the impacts of GT technology on soybean production in the United States. Similar studies have not been conducted that measure the agronomic, economic and environmental impacts of GT soybean technology in Canada. Based on the forgoing, an analogous study measuring these impacts in Ontario agriculture is warranted.  The purpose of this study is to assess the agronomic, economic and environmental impacts of Glyphosate tolerant soybeans in Ontario by conducting similar analyses as Hin et al. and ASA, but using Ontario data. As such, the study will provide a measurement of the agronomic, economic and environmental impacts of GT soybean technology.', 'en_US'),
(1604, 'Seed size variation and predation of seeds produced by wild and crop-wild sunflowers', 'The movement of pollen between crop and wild sunflowers (both Helianthus annuus) has led to concerns about the possible introduction of crop transgenes into wild populations. The persistence of crop traits in wild populations will depend in part on the relative fitness of crop-wild hybrid vs. wild plants. Using seeds from two large experimental field plots, we found that seeds produced by crop-wild plants were twice the size of wild seeds and differed in coloration. Head diameter, date of flowering, identity of mother plant, and levels of predispersal predation explained some variation in mean seed size. We hypothesized that postdispersal vertebrate seed predation would be affected by seed size, with hybrid seeds preferentially eaten. In each of three field trials, significantly more hybrid seeds were eaten (62% of hybrid seed; 42% of wild seed). Within the category of wild seeds, larger seeds were preferentially eaten; however among hybrid seeds, predation was not significantly related to seed size. In this study, differential predation thus reduces hybrid fitness and would presumably slow the spread of transgenes into wild populations.', 'en_US'),
(1605, '40 CFR Parts 152 and 174 Plant-Incorporated Protectants; Final Rules and Proposed Rule', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1606, 'Report of the thirtieth session of the CODEX committee on food labelling', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1607, 'Gene flow between cultivated and wild sunflowers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1608, 'Pollen as a vehicle for the escape of engineered genes?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1609, 'When transgenes wander, should we worry?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1610, 'Structural biology of allergens', 'One of the major challenges of molecular allergy is to predict the allergenic potential of a protein, particularly in novel foods. Two aspects have to be distinguished: immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. Immunogenicity reflects the potential of a protein to induce IgE antibodies, whereas cross-reactivity is the reactivity of (usually preexisting) IgE antibodies with the target protein. In addition to these two issues, the relation between IgE-binding potential and clinical symptoms is of interest. This is influenced by physical properties (eg, stability and size) and immunologic properties (affinity and epitope valence). Discussions on immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of allergens rely on the establishment of structural similarities and differences among allergens and between allergens and nonallergens. For comparisons between the 3-dimensional protein folds, the representation as 2-dimensional proximity plots provides a convenient visual aid. Analysis of approximately 40 allergenic proteins (or parts of these proteins), of which the protein folds are either known or can be predicted on the basis of homology, indicates that most of these can be classified into 4 structural families: (1) antiparallel - beta strands: the immunoglobulin-fold family (grass group 2, mite group 2), serine proteases (mite group 3, 6, and 9), and soybean-type trypsin inhibitor (Ole e 1, grass group 11); (2) antiparallel beta-sheets intimately associated with one or more alpha-helices: tree group 1, lipocalin, profilin, aspartate protease (cockroach group 2); (3) (alpha+beta) structures, in which the alpha- and beta-structural elements are not intimately associated: mite group 1, lysozyme/lactalbumin, vespid group 5; and (4) alpha-helical: nonspecific lipid transfer protein, seed 2S protein, insect hemoglobin, fish parvalbumin, pollen calmodulin, mellitin from bee venom, Fel d 1 chain 1, serum albumin. Allergens with parallel beta-strands (in combination with an alpha-helix linking the two strands, a motif commonly found in, for example, nucleotide-binding proteins) seem to be underrepresented. The conclusion is that allergens have no characteristic structural features other than that they need to be able to reach (and stimulate) immune cells and mast cells. Within this constraint, any antigen may be allergenic, particularly if it avoids activation of TH2-suppressive mechanisms (CD8 cells and TH1 cells).', 'en_US'),
(1611, 'Molecular genetic assessment of the risk of gene escape in strawberry, a model perennial study crop', 'Concerns about genetically engineered crop plants are focused on three potential risks: (1) that transgenic crop plants will become aggressive weeds of agricultural fields or invasive in natural habitats; (2) that their engineered genes will be transferred by pollen to wild relatives whose hybrid offspring will then become more aggressive or invasive; or (3) that the transgenic crops will be a direct hazard to humans or domestic animals. The focus of our work is on the second of these risks, that of gene flow from a genetically engineered crop, strawberry, to a related wild species. Utilizing the molecular marker technology of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and direct studies of the fitness of laboratory produced hybrids, we have documented that hybrids between cultivated and wild F. virginiana occur commonly and that they are highly fit, with the potential to persist and reproduce. In our molecular marker analyses, we have confirmed that F. virginiana populations near strawberry farms in our region contain substantial numbers of hybrid plants displaying DNA markers from cultivars currently grown cultivars no longer grown in our region. Additionally, studies of chloroplast DNAs polymorphism have allowed us to evaluate the contribution of seed dispersal versus pollen dispersal mechanisms for gene escape. Strawberries, unlike many crops, are perennial and clonal, and both these traits increase the risks of hybridization, introgression, and persistence. Our research is measuring the additional effects of these two life-history traits, and should provide guidance on how best to mitigate the risks of transgene escape from strawberries and perhaps from other outcrossing perennials as well.', 'en_US'),
(1612, 'Gene flow and hybrid fitness in the Sorghum bicolor - Sorghum halepense complex', 'The experimental evidence that cultivated plants and their wild relatives regularly exchange genes through pollen transfer under natural conditions is well documented in the literature.However, there has been no consensus regarding long-term ecological or evolutionary consequences of gene flow from cultivated plants into populations of their wild relatives. We review what is known regarding gene flow from crop sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, into populations of its feral congeners, particularly johnsongrass, S. halepense. Descriptions are given of studies conducted on crossability, spontaneous hybridization and fitness of hybrids. The data presented support the hypothesis that crop sorghum commonly contributes alleles to wild/weedy sorghums under field conditions. We focus on the possible consequences of continued gene flow from the crop to wild populations and point out future research needs in this crop/wild complex.', 'en_US'),
(1613, 'Patterns of genetic diversity in sympatric and allopatric populations of maize and its wild relative teosiinte in Mexico: evidence for hybridization', 'Genetic diversity in maize and its wild relative teosinte ( Zea mays ssp. mexicana) in Mexico is important for the sustainability and improvement of the third most important crop in the world. This study examines the genetic diversity of sympatric and allopatric populations of maize and teosinte and evidence for hybridization in Mexico using isozyme electrophoresis. We take a population level approach to the analysis of genetic diversity in standing Mexican populations. Our data provides evidence that hybridization contributes to the genetic similarity between sympatric pairs of maize and teosinte populations compared with allopatric populations of either subspecies. Introgressed populations of teosinte show an increase in diversity relative to isolated populations. To date, introgression from teosinte does not appear to play an important role in the genetic diversity of sympatric maize. Patterns of differentiation among sympatric and allopatric populations of maize and teosinte indicate that introgression occurs more often than previously thought. Additionally, recent introgression between maize and teosinte has resulted in morphological hybrids that often have genetically transgressed allele frequencies compared to adjacent maize and teosinte populations.', 'en_US'),
(1614, 'Gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives: what have we learned, what do we know, what do we need to know?', 'I present a brief history of the science of crop to wild gene flow and a glimpse into its future. Scientists have long recognized that crops can spontaneously mate with their wild relatives. However, for reasons probably associated with the cultures of basic vs. applied science, study of that process was largely neglected. The realization that transgenes could end up unintended in wild plants generated a closer examination of the process of crop-to-wild gene flow and its consequences. I expect that this field will continue to grow, with increased emphasis on using transgenic crops themselves as experimental organisms. However, a sister phenomenon, crop-to-crop transgene flow, and its consequences, may prove to be a more urgent emerging issue to be addressed by specialists in transgene flow.', 'en_US'),
(1615, 'Prevalence and management of herbicide-resistant weeds', 'Transgenic and non-transgenic herbicide resistant crops are increasingly being planted commercially in North America. The widespread use of herbicide resistant crops has the potential to increase or alter the use pattern of the herbicide to which a crop is resistant, which has implications for the further evolution of resistant weed species. Gene flow from the resistant crop to related weeds is another potential impact of adoption of this technology, although the relative importance of this phenomenon to increases in weed resistance is unknown. Weed management in agricultural systems is achieved through a combination of methods that include prevention, eradication, and control (reduction of weed densities to economically acceptable levels). Methods of weed control include biological, chemical, cultural, and mechanical techniques, as well as combinations of these approaches. In many parts of the world, however, chemical control with herbicides is the predominant method of weed management. Currently in the US and worldwide, herbicides outrank insecticides and fungicides in both volume used and total sales. As use of herbicides has increased, increased cases of selection for resistance in weeds have been documented. Since the first reported case of weed resistance in 1970, 258 weed species have evolved resistance to one or more of 18 herbicide classes. One of the most recent cases documented is weed resistance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup©, which has been found in the US and four other countries. To preserve the utility of herbicides in agriculture, active resistance management is essential, using methods such as herbicide rotation, mixing herbicides with different mechanisms of action, and employing combinations of chemical and nonchemical control techniques.', 'en_US'),
(1616, 'Fitness and population effects of gene flow from transgenic sunflower to wild Helianthus annuus', 'A widely acknowledged risk associated with transgenic crops is the possibility that hybridization with wild relatives will cause fitness-related transgenes to persist in wild populations. If wild plants acquire transgenes coding for resistance to herbivory, disease, environmental stress, and/or commonly used herbicides, they could become more abundant in their natural habitats or invade previously unsuitable habitat. In addition, wild populations containing transgenes that provide resistance to herbivores or disease may have additional effects on natural insect and pathogen populations. However, little is known about whether these concerns are justified. For example, many weedy species are affected by herbivores, yet the impact of insect damage on population densities and invasiveness has rarely been examined. In order to determine if a transgene poses a risk to wild populations, or to the species with which the wild plant interacts, three questions must be addressed. These are: 1) Are there genetic or geographic barriers to the escape of the transgene from the crop into wild populations? 2) Is the transgene expected to increase in frequency in wild populations? And 3) What are the ecological consequences of escape? We are investigating these questions in the cultivated/wild sunflower system. In answer to the first two questions we have found: few barriers to gene flow between the crop and wild population, and decreased lepidopteran herbivory and increased seed production in wild plants containing a Bt-toxin gene specific to lepidopterans. In answer to the third question, preliminary analyses suggest that increased seed production in individual plants (caused by, for example, a Bt gene) will lead to an increase in the size of wild populations. We are currently doing experimental and modeling work to determine if larger local populations will lead to larger or more persistent metapopulations.', 'en_US'),
(1617, 'Case study: gene flow from commercial transgenic Cucurbita pepo to ''free-living'' C. pepo populations', 'Field observations of natural populations of sexually compatible wild and weedy relatives of crop plants can provide useful data for assessing the risk of gene flow to these relatives, and theconsequences of that gene flow. Surveys conducted and samples collected during the summer and fall of 2000 and 2001 allowed an assessment of the opportunity for gene flow, as well as its potential consequences. The data from these field observations were supplemented by plot experiments to assess the relative impact of virus infection on free-living, nontransgenic andtransgenic genotypes of C. pepo.', 'en_US'),
(1618, 'Monitoring the environmental consequences of gene flow from transgenic sugar beet', 'Gene flow via seed or pollen is a basic biological principle of plant evolution. The genetic and ecological consequences of gene flow depend on the amount and direction of gene flow as well as on the fitness of hybrids. In Europe, wild relatives of cultivated beet are important plant genetic resources; the conservation of wild beet diversity has become an important task inbiosafety research. We have recently shown that a century of gene flow from Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris has not altered the genetic diversity of wild Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima in the Italian sugar beet seed production area. The assessment of potential risks of transgenic plants also has to take into account that conventional crops cross with wild plants. Unintended products of these crosses are weed beets that bolt and flower during their first year of planting. Weed beets cause harvest delays and yield losses. Gene flow is hard to control in wind-pollinated plants. At the same time, wild and weed beet populations undergo evolutionary changes and may expand their geographical distribution areas. The precautionary approach to risk management necessitates monitoring the local wild and weed populations that might be affected by transgene escape. Here, we present the methodology used for monitoring the geographical distribution and diversity of Beta populations in California and Italy. Future research should focus on the evolution of wild beet populations in comparison to baseline data. Two monitoring models are presented showing how endpoints can be measured: 1) ''Prior-After'' crop commercialization against today''s baseline and 2) ''Parallel'' to crop commercialization against GMO-free reference areas/populations. Model 2 has the advantage of taking dynamic changes into account. Model 1 is superior if gene flow is so strong that unaffected areas/populations will not be found. Any assessment should be carried out realistically in comparison to natural variation of plant population parameters.', 'en_US'),
(1619, 'Ecological risk assessment for the release of transgenic rice in Southeastern Arkansas', 'Swarms of hybrids between cultivated rice and its weeds have been known in Taiwan, Thailand, China and India since the 1920''s and appear now to be resident in the state of Arkansas. The USDA is currently funding work to evaluate the rate of pollen movement out of cultivars and into weeds, largely because of its interest in commercializing genetically modified rice. Greenhouse and limited field trials will determine, to some extent, the movement of cultivated genes into naturalized populations, but will provide only a snapshot of their history. Here we propose an approach to investigate the competitive dynamics and degrees of introgression between cultivated and weedy rice to assess the movement of transgenes in cultivation. Competition experiments provide a measure of population growth parameters for rice and red rice, as well as an indication of the commercial impact of transgenic-weed hybrids on rice production. Further, sampling genetic variation in hybrid swarms will provide an integrated, historical assessment of the movement of cultivated genes into weedy rice populations. The results of this work will assist in making decisions regarding the locations, and likely safe cultivars to consider for release as genetically modified organisms.', 'en_US'),
(1620, 'Gene flow and its consequences: Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape) to wild relatives', 'Gene flow from transgenic canola ( Brassica napus) to weedy relatives is an extant risk in implementing biotechnology in agricultural systems. Wild relatives, such as Brassica rapa and Raphanus raphanistrum, have been shown to hybridize with transgenic canola, and future research must characterize the possible ramifications of transgenic phenotypes contained within introgressed weed populations. We have developed a system to track the movement of an insecticidal Bt transgene from genetically modified canola into relatives by a visual marker, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Whole plant fluorescence has been used to track gene flow into B. rapa, and future studies will use these transgenic hybrid lines to test the impact of an insecticidal transgene on agricultural crops through competition studies.', 'en_US'),
(1621, 'Gene flow in forest trees: from empirical estimates to transgenic risk assessment', 'The extent to which transgene flow from plantations can be effectively predicted, managed, and monitored, will be a critical biological and social factor influencing the adoption of transgenic plantations. Studies of historical and contemporary gene flow levels, via genetic structure surveys and parentage analyses, demonstrate that gene flow is generally extensive in both wind- and animal-pollinated forest tree species. Organelle genome studies have shown that pollen is by far the greatest source of gene dispersal, particularly for tree species with limited seed movement.Marker studies, however, give little insight into the extent and consequences of gene flow in actual deployment scenarios. For example, despite the potential for extensive gene flow, there appears to be extremely low levels of ''genetic pollution'' of wild poplar stands by plantations of hybrids. Factors such as dilution by regional seed and pollen clouds, deleterious impacts of genotype backgrounds, engineered sterility genes, and the effects of transgenes on competitiveness in the wild, can greatly influence observed levels. Case-by-case analyses are required for useful predictions.We introduce a spatial simulation model called STEVE that we have used to estimate the levels of future transgene flow from poplar plantations in the United States Pacific Northwest. It synthesizes data from a variety of ecological and genetic processes, and permits virtual experiments that investigate how diverse genetic, ecological, and management factors might influence the magnitude and variance of gene flow over a 50 to 100 year period. Similar approaches could be used elsewhere to help identify priority research needs, suggest means for mitigation where warranted, and to aid in design of monitoring programs for large-scale research and commercial applications.', 'en_US'),
(1622, 'U.S. regulatory oversight for the safe development and commercialization of plant biotechnology', 'Biotechnology is an enabling technology with broad application to many different areas of industry and commerce. Broadly defined, biotechnology ''includes any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific use.'' Products of biotechnology have entered mainstream American commerce in the human health care arena (pharmaceuticals) and now in agriculture. For American agriculture, biotechnology has the potential to increase productivity, enhance the environment, improve food safety and quality, and bolster American agricultural competitiveness. Its incorporation into agriculture and its ability to have a significant beneficial impact on agriculture in the U.S. have been aided by an oversight structure put in place to assure safety and facilitate transfer of the technology.', 'en_US'),
(1623, 'Gene flow in turf and forage grasses (Poaceae)', 'Currently, over 117 species of grasses are used for turf, forage and erosion control, with new species being evaluated every year. Only a relatively few number of these species have been genetically transformed through biotechnology. With DNA biotechnological enhancement being considered for virtually all commercially important plants, the number of field-tests for transgenic plants are increasing exponentially. This trend is also happening with turf and forage grasses, with an increase in the number of new species being tested each year. Currently the following species have permit/notifications through USDA/APHIS to conduct field tests: creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.); Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.); perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.); tall fescue [ Festuca arundinacea Schreber or Lolium arundinaceum (Schreber) Darbyshire]; Bermuda grass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]; Russian wildrye [ Psathrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski]; Bahiagrass ( Paspalum notatum Flügge var. saurae Parodi); Kentucky bluegrass x Texas bluegrass ( Poa pratensis x P. arachnifera Torrey); St. Augustine grass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walters) O. Kuntze]; and velvet bentgrass ( Agrostis canina L.). The significance of gene escape will vary with the biology of the plant donor, the wild recipient, and the introduced gene(s). In regards to the crop donor, primary risks will probably come from crops: 1) that have undergone little domestication because there would be minimal ecological and reproductive divergence from the wild progenitors (Ellstrand and Hoffman 1990); 2) grown sympatric with wild relatives (e.g. centers of origin) or crosscompatible species (or genera); 3) that have biotypes or related taxa that are already aggressive weeds; 4) that can also be weeds themselves; and 5) outcross with some degree of self- incompatibility. Because of the large number of grass species used for turf and forage, and since the potential for gene escape and its consequences will be different for each species or species complex, only those taxa currently in the APHIS Field Test program will be discussed at this time. What is known biologically and systematically about each taxon, and the complexes they form will be presented.', 'en_US'),
(1624, 'Gene flow assessment for plant-incorporated protectants by the Biopesticide and Pollution Prevention Division, U.S. EPA', 'The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act directs the U.S. EPA to examine all potentially adverse environmental impacts, including those which may arise from gene flow of plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) to wild or feral populations of sexually compatible plants. In addition to this mandate, the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act requires the issuance  of a food tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for all pesticidal substances that may enter the food supply whether through seed mixing or cross pollination. To date, three crop species have been registered by the Agency as PIPs and all have received exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance. Maize, cotton and potato were reviewed for their potential to hybridize with wild and feral relatives of sexually compatible plants in the U.S., its territories and possessions. For Zea mays ssp. mays it was concluded that there was no biologically plausible avenue for gene flow to other plants within these geographical boundaries since there are no sexually compatible species present, other than in special plantings ( e.g., herbaria, research plots, demonstration plots). The conclusion for Bt-potato ( Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) was largely the same since the only compatible relatives are found at higher elevations in the southwest and are not found in areas where commercial potato production occurs. Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, does have the potential to hybridize with Hawaiian cotton, G. tomentosum, and feral populations of G. hirsutum in the Florida Keys, and of G. hirsutum / G. barbadense on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. For these reasons, restrictions on field plot experimental use permits and commercial planting of Bt-cotton has been instituted in these areas.', 'en_US'),
(1625, 'The evolution of a biological risk program: gene flow between wehat (Triticum aestivum L.) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host)', 'The development of a biological risk program to determine the potential for gene flow between a cultivated species to a wild species involves a series of steps that lead from determining if there is a problem to developing ways to minimize the potential for undesirable gene flow. In the case of wheat and jointed goatgrass the presence of seed on hybrids between the two species in the field led to the initial studies to determine if there was the potential for gene flow by backcrossing to jointed goatgrass. Greenhouse and field studies confirmed that not only was backcrossing possible but that partial self-fertility could be restored in the second backcross generation. This indicated that gene movement between the two species would be possible in the field with the hybrid acting as a bridge for gene transfer. Once the potential for gene flow was confirmed, studies were then initiated to determining ways to minimize gene movement. In the case of wheat and jointed goatgrass it may be possible to reduce the transfer and retention of wheat genes in a jointed goatgrass background by locating the gene in wheat on a genome not shared with jointed goatgrass, and by using cultural practices to prevent the hybrid or BC1 generation reducing the potential for restoration of self-fertility. These methods may reduce the potential for gene flow but it would still need to be determined if they reduce the risk to ''an acceptable level''.', 'en_US'),
(1626, 'Bt cotton in South Africa: adoption and impact on farm incomes amongst small- and large-scale farmers', 'South Africa is one of few developing countries, and the only one in Africa, that has adopted genetically modified crops for commercial production. Insect resistant cotton has been produced since the 1997/1998 season and insect resistant yellow maize since the 1998/1999 season. For the 2001/2002 season, herbicide tolerant cotton has been made available for commercial production and herbicide tolerant soybeans have been introduced on a small scale. Insect resistant white maize has also been released in limited quantities. In the 2000/2001 season, an estimated 300 large-scale commercial farmers produced 95% of South Africa''s cotton crop. The other 5% were produced by about 3,000 small-scale farmers on the Makhathini Flats (KwaZulu-Natal Province) and another 312 farmers in the Tonga area (Mpumalanga Province). A total of 157,515 bales (200kg each) were produced on 56,692 hectares, with smallholders contributing a total of 7,300 bales.', 'en_US'),
(1627, 'Overwintering of genetically modified sugar beet, Beta vulgaris var. altissima Doll, as a source for dispersal of transgenic pollen', 'The potential impact of transgenic crops on community ecology will depend on the distribution and establishment of the new transgenic traits, on the sexual transfer of their new genes to the environment (Bartsch & Pohl-Orf, 1996) and on the potential ecological impact of the transgenic trait. Flowering and pollen dispersal is important for outcrossing of the genetically engineered trait. For a biennial plant, like the cultivars of Beta vulgaris L., overwintering is normally necessary to become generative and to produce pollen and seeds (Abe et al., 1997), which usually does not happen with sugar beet as a field crop harvested in autumn (Longden 1989). The starting point for the project was a transgenic sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Lange et al., 1998), with rhizomania and herbicide ( Basta®, Liberty®) resistance. Cold tolerance is one of the most important factors for survival of sugar beet in Central- and North-Europe. Among other ways, spreading of transgenic traits into weed beet (Boudry et al., 1993) or wild beet can occur if genetically engineered - biennial - plants survive the winter, flower in spring and spread their pollen. Field experiments were performed with transgenic breeding lines and their hybrids, transgenic and non-transgenic hybrids with Swiss chard and three conventional beet cultivars to evaluate winter survival rates at seven different field sites. We could show that survival of sugar beet - transgenic as well as conventional ones - in Germany and at the Dutch border is possible. Survival rates were well correlated with temperature data and were unexpectedly high. Differences between sugar beet hybrids and breeding lines could be detected but not within different breeding lines or hybrids. There were no differences detectable between transgenic and non-transgenic plants. The data are crucial for the risk assessment of the release of transgenic sugar beet and are the basis for further experiments towards outcrossing and establishment.', 'en_US'),
(1628, 'Lessons we can learn from ecological biosafety research', 'The last decade has seen an increasing number of biosafety related publications focusing on transgenic organisms. Recent extensive field studies suggest that harmful laboratory effects on non-target organisms rarely occur in the environment. Moreover, biosafety studies typically show no difference in hybridisation between genetically modified plants (GMPs) or non-GMPs and related wild species. Since risk is a product of both exposure and hazard, biosafety research should clearly not only target gene flow exposure but specifically concentrate on expected hazards emerging from successful transgene flow to wild relatives of GMPs. Generally, transgenic plants behave in an ecologically similar manner to non-GMPs if the modified trait confers a neutral advantage under environmental or experimental conditions. However, GMPs perform better than non-GMPs if the new phenotype is challenged by conditions ecologically advantageous for the modified trait. Since biosafety research is a laborious process it will have to concentrate resources on thoughtful, thorough experiments, and target ecologically `riskier'' organisms. So far, we have no evidence that the use of GMPs contradicts sustainable agriculture and nature conservation per se.', 'en_US'),
(1629, 'Experience with biosafety research and post-market environmental monitoring in risk management of crops derived from plant biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1630, 'A method to study competitive ability of hybrids between seabeet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) and glyphosate tolerant sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris)', NULL, 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1631, 'Introgression between the cultivated sunflower and a sympatric wild relative, Helianthus petiolaris (Asteraceae)', 'High rates of hybridization and introgression have been reported between the cultivated sunflower and its wild progenitor (both Helianthus annuus), raising concerns that neutral or favorable transgenes might escape and persist in wild H. annuus populations. However, little consideration has been given to the possibility that other wild sunflower species may hybridize with the cultivated sunflower. Here, we estimate the frequency of hybridization and introgression between the cultivated sunflower and Helianthus petiolaris, a closely related wild species whose range almost completely overlaps that of the cultivated sunflower in the central and northern plains and which hybridizes extensively with wild H. annuus. Assays of 21 cultivar-specific AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers in 159 individuals from four sympatric populations of H. petiolaris revealed low rates of introgression, with average marker frequencies per population ranging from 0.006 to 0.026. Twenty-seven individuals had a hybrid ancestry, and all hybrids appeared to represent later-generation backcrosses. There was significant heterogeneity in rates of introgression for different markers, and eight of the 21 markers failed to introgress into any of the four populations. This and other evidence indicate that the H. petiolaris genome may be differentially permeable to introgression. These data indicate that (1) beneficial and neutral transgenes will take much longer to move into H. petiolaris populations than into wild H. annuus; (2) the risk of escape may depend on the genomic location of the transgene; and (3) escape is likely to be sporadic, occurring in some populations and not others and at different times. Thus, risk assessment in wild H. annuus is of more immediate concern than in H. petiolaris.', 'en_US'),
(1632, 'Costs of transgenic herbicide resistance introgressed from Brassica napus into weedy B. rapa', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1633, 'Outcrossing and hybridization in wild and cultivated foxtail millets: consequences for the release of transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1634, 'Natural outcrossing of sorghum and Sudangrass in the Central Great Plains', 'Amount of natural outcrossing in a species is one of the primary determining factors in selection of breeding methods. Existing literature on natural outcrossing of sorghum is dated and limited in geographical reference. Experiments were designed to investigate natural outcrossing in contemporary sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, B- and R-lines, and in sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Four R-lines and four B-lines were seeded in rows in isolation at Mead, NE, and allowed to intercross in each of 2 yr. Bulked seed from each row was planted and proportion of offtypes recorded. Outcrossing ranged from 0.1 to 13% in R-lines, and from 0.5 to 9% in B-lines. Outcrossing among sudangrass plants with white or green midribs transplanted in isolation in each of 2 yr was estimated by utilizing the dominant gene for white midrib as a marker. Panicles from green midrib plants were tagged to indicate approximate date of pollination. At maturity, the panicles were divided into top, middle, and bottom thirds and threshed. Seed from each panicle section was planted and proportion of white midrib plants recorded. Outcrossing ranged from 0 to near 100% on individual sudangrass plants and was highly variable. Harvest of panicles pollinated during the middle of the pollination period should maximize outcrossing in sudangrass, but the use of nuclear male-sterility genes is still recommended for improvement of sudangrass through recurrent selection. For sorghum breeding procedures requiring a high degree of self-pollination, selfing under pollination bags is recommended.', 'en_US'),
(1635, 'Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1636, 'Teosinte distribution in Mexico', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1637, 'The role of communication in ecological assessment of genetically modified crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1638, 'Effect of event 176 transgenic maize on susceptibility and fitness of the European corn borer', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1639, 'Large-scale management of insect resistance to transgenic cotton in Arizona: can transgenic insecticidal crops be sustained?', 'A major challenge for agriculture is management of insect resistance to toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produced by transgenic crops. Here we describe how a large-scale program is being developed in Arizona for management of resistance to Bt cotton in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and other insect pests of cotton. Financial support from growers makes this program possible. Collaboration between the Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, the University of Arizona, and government agencies has led to development of resistance management guidelines, a remedial action plan, and tools for monitoring compliance with the proposed guidelines. Direct participation in development of resistance management policies is a strong incentive for growers to invest in resistance management research. However, more research, regularly updated regulations, and increased collaboration between stakeholders are urgently needed to maintain efficacy of Bt toxins in transgenic crops. ', 'en_US'),
(1640, 'Overwintering cost associated with resistance to transgenic cotton in the pink bollworm', 'Fitness costs associated with resistance to transgenic crops producing toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) may have important effects on the evolution of resistance. We investigated overwintering costs in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gosypiella (Saunders), strains with different degrees of resistance to Bt cotton. Frequency of resistant individuals in a strain was not associated with induction of diapause or emergence from diapause in early winter. Emergence from diapause in the spring was 71% lower in three highly resistant strains than in two heterogeneous strains from which the resistant strains were derived. This underestimates the overwintering cost because the frequency of the resistance allele was relatively high in the heterogeneous strains. Emergence in the spring in hybrid progeny from crosses between the resistant and heterogeneous strains was greater than in resistant strains but did not differ from susceptible strains, showing that the overwintering cost was recessive to some extent. ', 'en_US'),
(1641, 'Assessing stakeholder attitudes to agricultural biotechnology in developing countries', 'The current global system governing biotechnology has largely been shaped by Western hopes and fears and more research is needed into how developing countries view this new technology. This article compares two surveys that took place in the Philippines and Mexico and assesses some of the findings. Such results may be useful in developing integrated global risk and benefit management strategies.', 'en_US'),
(1642, 'Why North Americans think what they do about GM food.', 'In North America concerns about genetically modified crops are concentrated within a minority of the population and are long-standing and consistent. They are rooted in philosophical objections to the manipulation of nature, and in opposition to private control and exploitation of the natural world. In pressing their case, however, the opponents of genetic engineering have adopted other arguments, less philosophical or overtly political in nature. They have had only moderate success.', 'en_US'),
(1643, 'Farmers'' perceptions and expectations of genetic engineering in Zambia.', 'The process of building public awareness about the implications and potential uses of biotechnology is just beginning in Zambia. At the moment there is considerable discussion about whether genetically modified crops can boost the country''s crises ridden agricultural economy. However, as this article shows, the country''s farmers, policy makers and consumers suffer from the consequences of a chronic lack of information.', 'en_US'),
(1644, 'Establishing acceptance: Biosafety regulation in Zambia', 'Despite the pressing need for biosafety regulations, Zambia still does not have any framework in place. Not only have there been problems in building and implementing a national biosafety regulatory structure, Zambian scientists themselves have been slow to sensitize the authorities to the need for legislation. The situation is not helped by the general perception that ''there is no serious biotechnology in Zambia'' and the lukewarm support for efforts to develop a national biosafety framework by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) whose portfolio covers the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).', 'en_US'),
(1645, 'Uncertainty and reluctance: Europe and GM foods.', 'It was not until autumn 1996, when European environmental activists tried to block the first imports of genetically modified (GM) soya, that the USA and European media started getting serious about biotechnology. This article examines how regulatory structures to deal with GM crops have evolved within the European Union (EU) in recent years and describes how public uncertainties about foods containing GM products continue to shape legislation.', 'en_US'),
(1646, 'Regulations, negotiations and campaigns: introducing biotechnology into India.', 'This article focuses on the regulatory structures that have provided the context for the debate surrounding the introduction of gene technology into Indian agriculture and shows how protests against its introduction have influenced and been influenced by the evolution of international negotiations, national regulatory procedures and local interests.', 'en_US'),
(1647, 'Ethics: the key to public acceptance of biotechnology?', 'In academic circles and the no-nonsense boardrooms of transnational companies, it is acknowledged that bioethical issues are central to the societal controversy generated by recent developments in biotechnology. Human dignity, ownership of life, indigenous rights, animal welfare, the intrinsic value of the environment are all issues that divide society, and link biotechnology to ethics. The question is why has bioethics become so prominent in current public debate?', 'en_US'),
(1648, 'Psychological aspects of food allergy', 'Food allergies may impact the emotions of patients through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include the effects on the central nervous system from biologic mediators released during an allergic reaction to food. Indirect mechanisms include the stress of coping with a food allergy--for example, food preparation and avoidance--as well as managing the fear of the potential consequences of ingesting the food. Indirect effects may also be mediated through family members--for example, the impact of a parent''s stress on the child. These relationships are difficult to study, in part because many patients who report food allergy symptoms do not have objective symptoms when challenged with the offending food. Symptoms may be misinterpreted as food allergy more often by patients with certain psychological profiles. In this paper, relevant literature is reviewed, and clinical treatment designed to minimize the emotional suffering of patients and their families is presented through the description of a case vignette.', 'en_US'),
(1649, 'Tree nut allergy', 'Tree nuts are clinically associated with severe immunoglobulin E-mediated systemic allergic reactions independent of pollen allergy and with reactions that are usually confined to the oral mucosa in patients with immunoglobulin E directed toward cross-reacting pollen allergens. The latter reactions can progress to severe and life-threatening episodes in some patients. Many patients with severe tree nut allergy are co-sensitized to peanut. Clinical studies on cross-reactivity between the tree nuts are few in number, but based on reports to date, avoidance of the other tree nuts once sensitivity is diagnosed appears prudent unless specific challenges are performed to ensure clinical tolerance. Even then, great care must be taken to avoid cross-contamination. As with other severe food allergies, a recurrent problem in clinical management is the failure of physicians to prescribe self-injectable epinephrine to patients who are at risk of anaphylaxis.', 'en_US'),
(1650, 'Adverse reactions to food additives', 'There are thousands of additives used by the food industry for a variety of purposes in the foods we eat. However, only a small number have been implicated in causing adverse reactions in humans. Although there are reported cases of individuals who have reactions to single additives, most of the medical literature involves patients with asthma or chronic idiopathic urticaria/angioedema whose conditions are exacerbated after ingestion of food additives. Many of these reports are characterized by poorly controlled challenge procedures. Recent studies performed under properly controlled conditions imply that sensitivity to food additives in patients with chronic urticaria/angioedema is very uncommon.', 'en_US'),
(1651, 'Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context', 'So far, genetic engineering of plants in the context of insect pest control has involved insertion of genes that code for toxins, and may be characterized as the incorporation of biopesticides into classical plant breeding. In the context of pesticide usage in pest control, natural enemies of herbivores have received increasing attention, because carnivorous arthropods are an important component of insect pest control.  However, in plant breeding programmes, natural enemies of herbivores have largely been ignored, although there are many examples that show that plant breeding affects the effectiveness of biological control. Negative infuences of modifed plant characteristics on carnivorous arthropods may induce population growth of new, even more harmful pest species that had no pest status prior to the pesticide treatment. Sustainable pest management will only be possible when negative effects on non-target, benefcial arthropods are minimized. In this review, we summarize the effects of insect-resistant crops and insect-resistant transgenic crops, especially Bt crops, from a food web perspective. As food web components, we distinguish target herbivores, non-target herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids and predators. Below-ground organisms such as Collembola, nematodes and earthworms should also be included in risk assessment studies, but have received little attention. The toxins produced in Bt plants retain their toxicity when bound to the soil, so accumulation of these toxins is likely to occur.Earthworms ingest the bound toxins but are not affected by them. However, earthworms may function as intermediaries through which the toxins are passed on to other trophic levels. In studies where effects of insect-resistant (Bt) plants on natural enemies were considered, positive, negative and no effects have been found. So far, most studies have concentrated on natural enemies of target herbivores. However, Bt toxins are structurally rearranged when they bind to midgut receptors, so that they are likely to lose their toxicity inside target herbivores. What happens to the toxins in non-target herbivores, and whether these herbivores may act as intermediaries through which the toxins may be passed on to the natural enemies, remains to be studied.', 'en_US'),
(1652, 'The release of genetically modified crops into the environment - Part II.  Overview of ecological risk assessment.', 'Despite numerous future promises, there is a multitude of concerns about the impact of GM crops on the environment. Key issues in the environmental assessment of GM crops are putative invasiveness, vertical or horizontal gene flow, other ecological impacts, effects on biodiversity and the impact of presence of GM material in other products. These are all highly interdisciplinary and complex issues. A crucial component for a proper assessment is defining the appropriate baseline for comparison and decision. For GM crops, the best and most appropriately defined reference point is the impact of plants developed by traditional breeding. The latter is an integral and accepted part of agriculture. In many instances, the putative impacts identified for GM crops are very similar to the impacts of new cultivars derived from traditional breeding. When assessing GM crops relative to existing cultivars, the increased knowledge base underpinning the development of GM crops will provide greater confidence in the assurances plant science can give on the risks of releasing such crops.', 'en_US'),
(1653, 'Transgenic crop, biotechnology and ownership rights: what scientists need to know', 'Ownership of intellectual and tangible property (IP/TP) rights in agricultural biotechnology (ag-biotech) and transgenic plants has become critically important. For scientists in all institutions, whether industrialized or developing country, public or private sector, an understanding of IP/TP rights is fundamental in both research and development. Transgenic plants and ag-biotech products embody numerous components and processes, each of which may have IP/TP rights attached. To identify these rights, a transgenic plant or ag-biotech product must be dissected into its essential components and processes, with each `piece'' analysed under the IP/TP `microscope''. This product deconstruction is an integral step in product clearance (PC) analysis leading to freedom to operate (FTO). To facilitate a PC analysis, the following points are important: (1) knowing what one has and where it''s from, (2) organizing material transfer agreements and licences, (3) researching scientiÆc and patent databases and relevant literature, (4) instituting a laboratory notebook policy, (5) keeping track of ownership of germplasm and plant genetic resources, and (6) promoting ongoing IP/TP management, awareness and training. However, a FTO opinion does not solve the IP/TP issues of releasing a transgenic plant or ag-biotech product; rather, it is a management tool for assessing the risks of litigation. When transferring transgenic plants or ag-biotech to developing nations, scientists from industrialized countries have the heightened responsibility of verifying that IP/TP issues are fully addressed and documented. Successful technology transfer goes beyond research, development and licensing; it is an holistic package leading to long-term partnerships in international development. Managing IP/TP requires capacity-building in scientists and technology transfer ofÆces, in both industrialized and developing countries.', 'en_US'),
(1654, 'The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. - Part I.  Overview of current status and regulations.', 'In the past 6 years, the global area of commercially grown, genetically modified (GM) crops has increased more than 30-fold to over 52 million hectares. The number of countries involved has more than doubled. Especially in developing countries, the GM crop area is anticipated to increase rapidly in the coming years. Despite this high adoption rate and future promises, there is a multitude of concerns about the impact of GM crops on the environment. Regulatory approaches in Europe and North America are essentially different. In the EU, it is based on the process of making GM crops; in the US, on the characteristics of the GM product. Many other countries are in the process of establishing regulation based on either system or a mixture. Despite these differences, the information required for risk assessment tends to be similar. Each risk assessment considers the possibility, probability and consequence of harm on a case-by-case basis. For GM crops, the impact of non-use should be added to this evaluation. It is important that the regulation of risk should not turn into the risk of regulation. The best and most appropriate baseline for comparison when performing risk assessment on GM crops is the impact of plants developed by traditional breeding. The latter is an integral and accepted part of agriculture.', 'en_US'),
(1655, 'Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1656, 'Five years of Bt cotton in China - the benefits continue', 'Bt cotton is spreading very rapidly in China, in response to demand from farmers for technology that will reduce both the cost of pesticide applications and exposure to pesticides, and will free up time for other tasks. Based on surveys of hundreds of farmers in the Yellow River cotton-growing region in northern China in 1999, 2000 and 2001, over 4 million smallholders have been able to increase yield per hectare, and reduce pesticide costs, time spent spraying dangerous pesticides, and illnesses due to pesticide poisoning. The expansion of this cost-saving technology is increasing the supply of cotton and pushing down the price, but prices are still sufÆciently high for adopters of Bt cotton to make substantial gains in net income.', 'en_US'),
(1657, 'Introduction to the special issues on plant GM technology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1658, 'Exploring the links between science, risk, uncertainty, and ethics in regulatory controversies about genetically modified crops', 'Just as a stream of genetically modified crops looked set to be approved for commercial production in the European Union, the approval procedure appears to have become bogged down once again by disagreements among and within member states. Old controversies have resurfaced in new forms. The intractability of the issues suggests that the regulatory procedure has had too narrow a focus, leaving outside its boundary many of the more fundamental aspects that cause people in the European Union most concern. Regulators have come under considerable pressure to ensure their risk assessment decisions are soundly science-based. Ethical issues have been deemed to lie beyond the scope of the regulatory procedure, as a matter to be considered separately by professional ethicists. Yet it has been suggested that all environmental controversies at root involve disputes about fundamental ethical principles. This paper examines how the ethical issues are currently suppressed or sidelined. It discusses how an appreciation of systems thinking and a check on the values that underpin decisions, using boundary testing questions, might contribute to a more constructive regulatory dialogue, with ethical issues considered as integral in a way that takes better account of people''s concerns.', 'en_US'),
(1659, 'A framework for the ethical analysis of novel foods: the ethical matrix', 'The paper addresses the issue of how in democratic societies a procedure might be formulated to facilitate ethical judgements on modern biotechnologies used in food production. A framework for rational ethical analysis, the Ethical Matrix, is proposed. The Matrix adapts the principles described by Beauchamp and Childress for application to medical issues, to interest groups (e.g., producers, consumers, and the biotic environment) affected by these technologies. The use of the Matrix is illustrated by applying it to an example of a ``novel food,'''' viz., a form of genetically modified maize.', 'en_US'),
(1660, 'Environmental risks of pesticides versus genetic engineering for agricultural pest control', 'Despite the application of 2.5 million tons of pesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potential food production is lost to insect, weed, and plant pathogen pests prior to harvest. After harvest, an additional 20% of food is lost to another group of pests. The use of pesticides for pest control results in an estimated 26 million human poisonings, with 220,000 fatalities, annually worldwide. In the United States, the environmental and public health costs for the recommended use of pesticides total approximately $9 billion/yr. Thus, there is a need for alternative non-chemical pest controls, and genetic engineering (biotechnology) might help with this need. Disease and insect pest resistance to various pests has been slowly bred into crops for the past 12,000 years; current techniques in biotechnology now offer opportunities to further and more rapidly improve the non-chemical control of disease and insect pests of crops. However, relying on a single factor, like the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin that has been inserted into corn and a few other crops for insect control, leads to various environmental problems, including insect resistance and, in some cases, a threat to beneficial biological control insects and endangered insect species. A major environmental and economic cost associated with genetic engineering applications in agriculture relates to the use of herbicide resistant crops (HRC). In general, HRC technology results in increased herbicide use but no increase in crop yields. The heavy use of herbicides in HRC technology pollutes the environment and can lead to weed control costs for farmers that may be 2-fold greater than standard weed control costs. Therefore, pest control with both pesticides and biotechnology can be improved for effective, safe, economical pest control.', 'en_US'),
(1661, 'Beyond substantial equivalence: ethical equivalence', 'The concept of substantial equivalence, introduced for the risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) food, is a reducing concept because it ignores the context in which these products have been produced and brought to the consumer at the end of the food chain. Food quality cannot be restricted to mere substance and food acts on human beings not only at the level of nutrition but also through their relationship to environment and society. To make this context explicit, I will introduce an ``equivalence scale'''' for the evaluation of food chains (GM or not GM). By contrast with substantial equivalence, which involves mainly quantitative, analytical methods of evaluation, ``qualitative equivalence'''' refers to ``less'''' or non-substantial factors that require new methods of evaluation based on qualitative principles. ``Ethical equivalence'''' refers to factors that show the moral value contained in food products. To analyze the different levels at which ethics is needed in food chains, I will use the French principles: ``Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,'''' or freedom, equality, solidarity, and add a fourth principle: sustainability. Sustainability, solidarity, and freedom can be applied to the evaluation of environmental, socio-economic, and socio-cultural ethical equivalence, respectively. Equality refers to justice and should operate so as to guarantee that sustainability, solidarity, and freedom are satisfied. I suggest that ethics can provide a basis for a renewal of the food chain concept. Besides Quality Assurance, it is now essential to develop an ``Ethical Assurance'''' and this equivalence scale could provide a basis to set up ``Ethical Assurance Standards'''' (EAS) for food chains.', 'en_US'),
(1662, 'Genetic engineering in agriculture: who stands to benefit?', 'The use of genetic engineering in agriculture has been the source of much debate. To date, arguments have focused most strongly on the potential human health risks, the flow of genetic material to related species, and ecological consequences. Little attention appears to have been given to a more fundamental concern, namely, who will be the beneficiaries of this technology?Given the prevalence of chronic hunger and the stark economics of farming, it is arguable that farmers and the hungry should be the main beneficiaries of agricultural research. However, the application of genetic engineering appears unlikely to benefit either of these two groups. This technology is largely controlled by the private sector, and its continued development hinges on its profitability. Thus, the only likely beneficiaries of the application of genetic engineering in agriculture are companies with the capacity to use it.', 'en_US'),
(1663, 'Agricultural biotechnology and the future benefits argument', 'In the face of criticisms about the current generation of agricultural biotechnology products, some proponents of agricultural biotechnology offer a ``future benefits argument'''' (FBA), which is a utilitarian ethical argument that attempts to justify continued R&D. This paper analyzes several logical implications of the FBA. Among these are that acceptance of the FBA implies (1) acceptance of a precautionary approach to risk, (2) the need for a more proportional and equitable distribution of the benefits of agricultural biotechnology, and most important, (3) the need to reorient and restructure biotechnology R&D institutions (and the agricultural biotechnology community''s values and attitudes) so that future benefits are indeed achieved through agricultural biotechnology.', 'en_US'),
(1664, 'What''s the moral of the GM food story?', 'This paper is an attempt to examine issues and problems raised by agricultural biotechnology by drawing on the richness of contemporary ideas in ethical theory and thereby contribute to the project of establishing new approaches to these problems. The fundamental argument is that many of the negative aspects of agricultural biotechnology are generated at the level of the underlying conceptual frameworks that shape the technology''s internal modes of organization, rather than the unintended effects of the application of an inherently benevolent set of techniques. If ``food ethics'''' is to address the adverse impacts of agricultural biotechnology, it must ultimately challenge these conceptual frames, which, I argue, emerge from Enlightenment, liberal, political, and economic theory. The translation of traditional bioethics (focusing on principles such as autonomy and rights, justice, and well being) into food ethics does not produce the critical tools that are able adequately to challenge the harmful legacy of Enlightenment thinking. What is needed are reorientations of ethics that are capable of formulating concepts and approaches that to some extent break with the presuppositions that underpin biotechnology at its foundation. This paper suggests that narrative and feminist critiques of medical bioethics are a good place to start in this project.', 'en_US'),
(1665, 'The harm principle and genetically modified food', 'It is suggested that the Harm Principle can be viewed as the moral basis on which genetically modified (GM) food is currently regulated. It is then argued (a) that the concept of harm cannot be specified in such a manner as to render the Harm Principle a plausible political principle, so this principle cannot be used to justify existing regulation; and (b) that even if the Harm Principle were a plausible political principle, it could not be used alone in the regulation of GM food, since it does not express a concern for the expected benefits of such food.', 'en_US'),
(1666, 'Ethical considerations at the various stages in the development, production, and consumption of GM crops', 'The aim of this paper is to clarify the ethical issues surrounding GM crops by examining the various stages or levels in their development, production, and consumption. Previous work about the acceptability or non-acceptability of GM crops has tended to conflate these various levels, partly as a result of which GM crops are all-too-often simply said to be ``good'''' or ``bad.'''' There are, though, various problems with such a binary categorization. I look in particular at the duties of scientists, companies, regulatory systems, farmers, retailers, and consumers.', 'en_US'),
(1667, 'Food safety and ethics: the interplay between science and values', 'The general public in Europe seems to have lost its confidence in food safety. The remedy for this, as proposed by the Commission of the EU, is a scientific rearmament. The question, however, is whether more science will be able to overturn the public distrust. Present experience seems to suggest the contrary, because there is widespread distrust in the science-based governmental control systems. The answer to this problem is the creation of an independent scientific Food Authority. However, we argue that independent scientific advice alone is unlikely to re-establish public confidence. It is much more important to make the scientific advice transparent, i.e., to state explicitly the factual and normative premises on which it is based. Risk assessments are based on a rather narrow, but well-defined notion of risk. However, the public is concerned with a broader value context that comprises both benefits and risks. Transparency and understanding of the public''s perception of food risks is a necessary first step in establishing the urgently required public dialogue about the complex value questions involved in food production.', 'en_US'),
(1668, 'Ranking genetically modified plants according to familiarity', 'In public debate GMPs are often referred to as being unnatural or a violation of nature. Some people have serious moral concerns about departures from what is natural. Others are concerned about potential risks to the environment arising from the combination of hereditary material moving across natural boundaries and the limits of scientific foresight of long-term consequences. To address some of these concerns we propose that an additional element in risk assessment based on the concept of familiarity should be introduced. The objective is to facilitate transparency about uncertainties inherent in the risk assessment of the GMP. Familiarity conventionally involves data and experience relating to the plant species and the ecosystem in question. We would like to extend this concept to the molecular level of plant breeding and suggest that GMP characteristics should be compared to a reference baseline determined by conventional breeding techniques. Three GMPs are ranked according to familiarity at the plant and ecosystem level and the molecular level. The approach may help to integrate discussion of the scientific arguments and moral questions raised in the debate about GMOs by providing an operational scheme within which moral concerns are brought within the framework of science-based risk assessment.', 'en_US'),
(1669, 'A social contract for biotechnology: shared visions for risky technologies?', 'Future technological developments concerning food, agriculture, and the environment face a gulf of social legitimation from a skeptical public and media, in the wake of the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot and mouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Key ethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry, regulators, and the Government, leaving a legacy of distrust. The paper examines agricultural biotechnology in terms of a social contract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled to gain acceptance of novel applications. Various current and future GM applications are evaluated against these conditions. Success would depend critically on how far a shared vision can be found with the public. To re-establish trust, significant changes are identified in the planning and pursuit of biotechnology.', 'en_US'),
(1670, 'The food debate: ethical versus substantial equivalence', 'Substantial equivalence (SE) has been introduced to assess novel foods, including genetically modified (GM) food, by means of comparison with traditional food. Besides a number of objections concerning its scientific validity for risk assessment, the main difficulty with SE is that it implies that food can be qualified on a purely substantial basis. SE embodies the assumption that only reductive scientific arguments are legitimate for decision-making in public policy due to the emphasis on legal issues. However, the surge of the food debate clearly shows that this technocratic model is not accepted anymore. Food is more than physico-chemical substance and encompasses values such as quality and ethics. These values are legitimate in their own right and require that new democratic processes are set up for transverse, transdisciplinary assessment in partnership with society. The notion of equivalence can provide a reference scale in which to examine the various legitimate factors involved: substance (SE), quality (Qualitative Equivalence: QE), and ethics (Ethical Equivalence: EE). QE requires that new qualitative methods of evaluation that are not based on reductive principles are developed. EE can provide a basis for the development of an Ethical Assurance as a counterpart of Quality Assurance in the food sector. In France, a second circle of expertise is being set up to address the social issues in food public policy beside classical risk assessment by the first circle of expertise. Since ethics is likely to become an organizing principle of the second circle, the equivalence ethical framework can prove instrumental in this context.', 'en_US'),
(1671, 'Safety assurance of foods: risk management depends on good science but it is not a scientific activity', 'We make many decisions in our lives and we weigh the benefits against the drawbacks. Our decisions are based on what benefits are most important to us and what drawbacks we are willing to accept. Decisions about what we eat are made in the same way; but when it comes to safety, our decisions are usually made more carefully. Food contains natural chemicals and it can come into contact with many natural and artificial substances during harvest, production, processing, and preparation. They include microorganisms, chemicals, either naturally present or produced by cooking, environmental contaminants, and pesticides. Since the chance of being harmed by these potential hazards is called risk, risk analysis might be better termed as the science of safety, because risk management is an essential part of it. It would, however, be difficult and shortsighted to maintain that questions about risk and safety can have no moral dimension. Risk and safety become matters of moral concern when they raise further questions about responsibility, accountability, and justifiability. The question of risk cannot be ignored in any ethical investigation of genetic engineering, novel foods, animal welfare, and individual choices. However, food is more than metabolic fuel. It has physiological, psychological, social, cultural, and aesthetic associations that merge to form a gestalt that people endanger and maintain. The contribution of any food towards an individual''s well being is as complex as the individual himself. In this context, the benefits of consuming food that contains hazards may outweigh the risk.', 'en_US'),
(1672, 'Global trade in GM food and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: consequences for China', 'The UN Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety adopted in Montreal, 29 January, 2000 and opened for signature in Nairobi, 15?26 May, 2000 will exert a profound effect on international trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products. In this paper, the potential effects of various articles of the Protocol on international trade in GMOs are analyzed. Based on the present status of imports of GMOs and domestic research and development of biotechnology in China, likely trends in imports of foreign GM food and related products after China accedes to WTO is explored. Also, China''s potential countermeasures to control and regulate imports of GMOs in line with implementation of the Protocol are discussed. China, in recent times, has increased its food and agricultural imports substantially from USA and Canada. China imported soybean 10.42 mill. tons in 2000 and about 15 mill tons in 2001, of which majority are from USA where GM soybean accounts for 60%. The plantation of US Monsanto''s transgenic Bt cotton was increased to more than 1 million ha in China in 2001. Though China has paid great attention to develop biotechnology, it appears to have little scope to export GMOs and GM products. So China may consider a range of administrative measures to implement the Cartagena Protocol and to regulate its import of GMOs and GM agricultural products. Consequently, the Regulation on Safety of Agri-GMOs was issued on June, 2001 and followed three detailed rules issued in Jan. of 2002, with a priority to limit foreign GMOs importing by safety certification and labeling system. These were outlined taking into account policies adopted in Western countries such as green barriers to international trade.', 'en_US'),
(1673, 'Ethics of sustainable development - a study of Swedish regulations for genetically modified organisms', 'In spite of stricter provisions in the new EU directive on deliberate release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), critics still advocate a moratorium on permits for cultivation of GMOs. However, in an attempt to meet concerns raised by the public, the directive explicitly gives Member States the possibility to take into consideration ethical aspects of GMOs in the decision-making. This article investigates the potential effects of such formulation by means of an empirical analysis of experiences gained the last years from similar Swedish regulations for GMOs, aiming at promoting sustainable development. The faulty implementation shown in the Swedish case indicates that legal stipulations for ethics as such have limited importance. It is suggested that public participation is an important factor for successful implementation of the ethics of sustainable development.', 'en_US'),
(1674, 'Renewable resources and the idea of nature - what has biotechnology got to do with it?', 'The notion that the idea of nature is not quite the unbiased rule to design sustainable futures is obvious. But, nevertheless, questions about nature, how it functions and what it might aim at, is leading the controversial debates about both sustainability and biotechnology. These two research areas hardly have the same theory background. Whereas in the first concept, the idea of eternal cyclical processes is basic, the latter focuses on optimization. However, both concepts can work together, but only under a narrow range of public acceptance in Europe. The plausibility of arguments for using biotechnology within sustainable technologies varies according to the assumed part nature itself plays for reaching optimized states. The culture related vision of nature''s functions has impact on agricultural biotechnology, dealing not only with food crops but also with non-food plants like renewable resources that are used for energy or fiber production. These plants are grown to reach sustainable development. However, there is a fundamental difference between regarding biofuels as ``renewable'''' and ``regenerative,'''' due to the tension between the concepts of ``the natural'''' and ``the sustainable.'''' Arguments of optimization, efficiency, and efficacy are critically discussed in order to take the present need for sustainable technologies for serious.', 'en_US'),
(1675, 'The precautionary principle and ecological hazards of genetically modified organisms', 'This paper makes three points relevant to the application of the precautionary principle to the regulation of GMOs. i) The unavoidable arbitrariness in the application of the precautionary principle reflects deeper epistemological problem affecting scientific analyses of sustainability. This requires understanding the difference between the concepts of ''risk'', ''uncertainty'' and ''ignorance''. ii) When dealing with evolutionary processes it is impossible to ban uncertainty and ignorance from scientific models. Hence, traditional risk analysis (probability distributions and exact numerical models) becomes powerless. Other forms of scientific knowledge (general principles or metaphors) may be useful alternatives. iii) The existence of ecological hazards per se should not be used as a reason to stop innovations altogether. However, the precautionary principle entails that scientists move away from the concept of ''substantive rationality'' (trying to indicate to society optimal solutions) to that of ''procedural rationality'' (trying to help society to find ''satisficing'' solutions).', 'en_US'),
(1676, 'A functional antigen in a practical crop: LT-B producing maize protects mice against Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT)', 'We have produced a functional heat labile enterotoxin (LT-) B subunit of Escherichia coli in maize. LT-B is a multimeric protein that presents an ideal model for an edible vaccine, displaying stability in the gut and inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses. Transgenic maize was engineered to synthesize the LT-B polypeptides, which assembled into oligomeric structures with affinity for GM1 gangliosides. We orally immunized BALB/c mice by feeding transgenic maize meal expressing LT-B or non-transgenic maize meal spiked with bacterial LT-B. Both treatments stimulated elevated IgA and IgG antibodies against LT-B and the closely related cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in serum, and elevated IgA in fecal pellets. The transgenic maize induced a higher anti-LT-B and anti-CT-B mucosal and serum IgA response compared to the equivalent amount of bacterial LT-B spiked into maize. Following challenge by oral administration of the diarrhea inducing toxins LT and CT, transgenic maize-fed mice displayed reduced fluid accumulation in the gut compared to non-immunized mice. Moreover, the gut to carcass ratio of immunized mice was not significantly different from the PBS (non-toxin) challenged control group. We concluded that maize-synthesized LT-B had features of the native bacterial LT-B such as molecular weight, GM1 binding ability, and induction of serum and mucosal immunity. We have demonstrated that maize, a major food and feed ingredient, can be efficiently transformed to produce, accumulate, and store a fully assembled and functional candidate vaccine antigen.', 'en_US'),
(1677, 'Expression of cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic tomato plants', 'Cholera toxin, secreted by Vibrio cholerae, consists of A and B subunits. The latter binds to GM1-ganglioside receptors as a pentamer (~55 kDa). Tomato plants were transformed with the gene encoding cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB) along with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (SEKDEL) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR and Southern analysis confirmed the presence of the ctxB gene in transformed tomato plants. Northern analysis showed the presence of the ctxB-specific transcript. Immunoblot assays of the plant-derived protein extract showed the presence of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) with mobility similar to purified CTB from V. cholerae. Both tomato leaves and fruits expressed CTB at levels up to 0.02 and 0.04% of total soluble protein, respectively. The GM1-ELISA showed that the plant-derived CTB bound specifically to GM1-ganglioside receptor, suggesting that it retained its native pentameric form. This study forms a basis for exploring the utility of CTB to develop tomato-based edible vaccines against cholera.', 'en_US'),
(1678, 'Field assessment of outcrossing from transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants', 'The frequency of outcrossing from a transgenic line of peas into three cultivars (''Carneval'', ''Montana'', ''Tipu'') was studied in the field in 1997 and 1999. Two dominant traits, normal leaf form and a highly-expressed â-glucuronidase (gusA) gene, were used as markers of pollen transfer. Because of heterogeneity in the commercial seed sources, leaf form alone was unreliable for assessing pollen migration into ''trap'' plants. Of approximately 9000 offspring tested, only five plants scored positive for the presence of both markers. All five were located in ''trap'' plots situated near the transgenic line. This represents a mean outcrossing rate of 0.07%.', 'en_US'),
(1679, 'Pear biotechnology: recent progresses and future breeding applications', 'The contribution of in vitro methods and molecular tools to pear genetic studies and breeding has advanced considerably during the last decade. Haploidization via in situ parthenogenesis induced by irradiated pollen and in vitro rescue of the haploid plantlets has been developed for pear. Techniques of adventitious bud regeneration from in vitro leaves have been developed for several genotypes of European and Asian pear and for quince. So far, applications of these techniques for the induction of somaclonal variation have been very limited. Increased tolerance to fire blight has been obtained in somaclonal variants of the cultivar Durondeau, and selection of quince rootstocks tolerant to iron deficiency has been achieved with adventious regeneration followed by in vitro selection. A major evolution of pear biotechnology is the recent development of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Since the first report in 1996, several teams have succeeded to transform about ten different genotypes of varieties and rootstocks. Projects have started in several countries to express various trangenes in pear (lytic peptides, rolC and SAMase genes). Molecular markers developed on pear now include isozymes, RAPDs and RFLPs. They have been used mostly for varietal identification of european as well as asian pears. Markers have been developed recently for a few genes of interest, such as a black-spot resistance gene and an ACC synthase gene. But no genetic map of pear is yet available. Finally, about 20 genes have already been cloned in pear, most of them from P. pyrifolia. They are mostly involved in fruit ripening or quality and self-incompatibility.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1680, 'Can we develop self-fertile fruit trees through genetic engineering?', 'Fruit production in many fruit tree species is dependent on cross-pollination between varieties. This is caused by the existence of a self-incompatibility mechanism that prevents fertilisation if pollen and style bear the same S-locus specificity. In some species, such as sweet cherry and apricot, self-fertile varieties have been produced by mutagenesis and breeding. The aim of this long-term study was to investigate if the knock-out of one of the pistil S-alleles through genetic engineering results in self-fertility. Plants of the strongly self-incompatible apple cultivar Elstar were transformed with different S-allele knockout constructs. During two subsequent years controlled pollination tests were carried out on the different transgenic lines to determine the strength of their self-incompatibility system. Here we show the results of six transgenic lines bearing an antisense knockout construct. In three lines, the self/cross fruit set ratio was approximately 1, which indicates that the self-incompatibility mechanism in these lines is switched off. Besides these completely self-fertile lines, also a moderately self-fertile line, characterised by intermediate levels of self-fertilisation, was obtained. These results indicate that different levels of self-fertility may be obtained through genetic engineering.', 'en_US'),
(1681, 'Gene flow by pollen to `Lemon Bergomot'' pear cultivar using isozyme markers', 'Study of gene flow using pollen provides genetic knowledge to orchardists, and could help determine the suitable pollinizer to improve fruit set, seed set and fruit shape on the receptive cultivar. A series of experiments were conducted in a pear orchard located in Adelaide''s hills (South Australia) to understand which pollinizer had more gene flow to ''Lemon Bergomot''. Testing of probable genetic selection during abscission of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits was another aim of this study. Two pollinizers were used in this study namely; ''Josephine'' and ''Packham''s Triumph''. Frequency of seed number was used to understand the rate of cross pollination in both retained and abscised fruits of ''Lemon Bergomot''. Two isozyme phenotype markers in GPI and ADH systems applied to distinguish the traces of pollen parents in the random seeds of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits. Result of this work indicated 60% percentage of total abscised fruits had 4 or less seeds while more than 70% of retained fruits averaged 4 to 7 seed per fruit. Results of isozyme analysis showed pollen of ''Packham''s Triumph'' had quite more gene flow to ''Lemon Bergomot'' in comparison with ''Josephine''. Furthermore, results of isozyme seed analysis for both the groups seeds of retained and abscised fruits showed a similar phenotypic isozyme pattern. This indicated that there was no genetic selection during abscission of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits.', 'en_US'),
(1682, 'Transgenic pear clonal rootstocks resistant to herbicide ''Basta''', 'Herbicides are widely used in nurseries and orchards. Herbicide-resistant rootstock for fruit production is a new way to confer selectivity and enhance fruit crop safety and production. The bar gene cloned in ''Bioengineering Center'' RAS has been used in our research for obtaining phosphinotricine (PPT)-resistant pear clonal rootstocks. This gene encodes a phosphinotricine acetyl transferase (PAT) which converts PPT into the non-toxic acetylated form and prevents the toxicity accumulation in plant tissues. Nontransformed and transgenic lines with nptII and gus genes of clonal pear rootstock GP217 were used in our research. Based on development transformation protocols, 17 transgenic PPT-resistant clones were obtained. The transformation frequency was 0.9-5.1%. PPT was inefficient as a selective agent because of the high frequency of escapes. Most transgenic lines without damage proliferated on medium with 250 mg/L PPT, control plants died on 2 mg/L. The bar integration into plant genomes was confirmed by PCR analysis. The transgenic plants expressing various levels of PAT were resistant for commercial herbicide ''Basta''.', 'en_US'),
(1683, 'Science for African food security', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1684, 'A chloroplast transgenic approach to hyper-express and purify Human Serum Albumin, a protein highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation', 'Human Serum Albumin (HSA) accounts for 60% of the total protein in blood serum and it is the most widely used intravenous protein in a number of human therapies. HSA, however, is currently extracted only from blood because of a lack of commercially feasible recombinant expression systems. HSA is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation in recombinant systems and is expensive to purify. Expression of HSA in transgenic chloroplasts using Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD), which usually facilitates hyper-expression of transgenes, resulted only in 0.02% HSA in total protein (tp). Modification of HSA regulatory sequences using chloroplast untranslated regions (UTRs) resulted in hyper-expression of HSA (up to 11.1% tp), compensating for excessive proteolytic degradation. This is the highest expression of a pharmaceutical protein in transgenic plants and 500-fold greater than previous reports on HSA expression in transgenic leaves. Electron micrographs of immunogold labelled transgenic chloroplasts revealed HSA inclusion bodies, which provided a simple method for purification from other cellular proteins. HSA inclusion bodies could be readily solubilized to obtain a monomeric form using appropriate reagents. The regulatory elements used in this study should serve as a model system for enhancing expression of foreign proteins that are highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation and provide advantages in purification, when inclusion bodies are formed.', 'en_US'),
(1685, 'Bioengineered ''golden'' indica rice cultivars with beta-carotene metabolism in the endosperm with hygromycin and mannose selection systems', 'Vitamin-A deficiency (VAD) is a major malnutrition problem in South Asia, where indica rice is the staple food. Indica-type rice varieties feed more than 2 billion people. Hence, we introduced a combination of transgenes using the biolistic system of transformation enabling biosynthesis of provitamin A in the endosperm of several indica rice cultivars adapted to diverse ecosystems of different countries. The rice seed-specific glutelin promoter (Gt-1 P) was used to drive the expression of phytoene synthase (psy), while lycopene -cyclase (lcy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI), fused to the transit peptide sequence of the pea-Rubisco small subunit, were driven by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV35S P). Transgenic plants were recovered through selection with either CaMV35S P driven hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene or cestrum yellow leaf curling virus promoter (CMP) driven pmi (phophomannose isomerase) gene. Molecular and biochemical analyses demonstrated stable integration and expression of the transgenes. The yellow colour of the polished rice grain evidenced the carotenoid accumulation in the endosperm. The colour intensity correlated with the estimated carotenoid content by spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis. Carotenoid level in cooked polished seeds was comparable (with minor loss of xanthophylls) to that in non-cooked seeds of the same transgenic line. The variable segregation pattern in T1 selfing generation indicated single to multiple loci insertion of the transgenes in the genome. This is the first report of using nonantibiotic pmi driven by a novel promoter in generating transgenic indica rice for possible future use in human nutrition.', 'en_US'),
(1686, 'Laboratory culture conditions affect stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac in Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae)', 'Populations of Plutella xylostella L. with high (laboratory re-selected) and low levels (unselected) of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) toxin Cry1Ac were maintained under controlled environment conditions in the absence of any further selection pressure. Larvae were maintained either in discrete generations on freshly excised leaves replaced ad lib (standard culture system) or in microcosm cages holding up to 12 potted Chinese cabbage plants, allowing progressively overlapping generations of insects. After 12 generations in the microcosm cages, the LC50 values of both selected and unselected populations were not significantly different from those of a standard susceptible population. Under standard culture conditions, the LC50 value for unselected insects after 12 generations was almost identical to that of unselected insects in the microcosm cages, whereas the LC50 value for selected insects was 1250-fold greater. The fecundity of the selected population was significantly lower compared with that of the same population in the microcosm cages after 12 generations. There was no significant change in the fecundity of the unselected population after 12 generations in the microcosm cages. The results show, that differences in the culture system (microcosm vs. standard) and in the resistance level (re-selected vs. unselected) can have a marked influence on the stability of resistance to a B.t. toxin in an insect population. Possible factors involved in determining the rate at which resistance declines are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1687, 'Ingested particles reduce susceptibility of insect larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis.', 'Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis of mosquito and lepidopteran larvae is affected by feeding behaviour and nutritional value of the available food. Reduced mortality is attributed to feeding inhibition and dilution of the pathogen in the presence of nutritional and inert particles, which limit the amount of ingested toxin. These reasons are, however, not sufficient to explain the data presented here. Values of LC50 (the concentration that kills 50% of exposed population) of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Berliner) against Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae and of B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (Berliner) against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae were about 20-217 and 2.3-44-fold higher, respectively, in the presence of nutritional or biologically inert (non-nutritional) particles than without. The number of B. thuringiensis spores in carcasses of B. thuringiensis -killed A. aegypti and S. littoralis larvae were between 1.9 and 5.6-fold and between 8.5 and 12-fold higher, respectively, in the presence of particles than without. In all cases, non-nutritional particles better protected the exposed larvae than nutritious particles. We propose that another basic mechanism exists, that ingested particles protect midgut epithelial cells by covering their surface and thus preventing availability of the toxin to the gut receptors. Understanding the defence mechanisms of insects against B. thuringiensis toxicity may lead to improved pest management methods.', 'en_US'),
(1688, 'The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops: a review', 'Evaluating environmental impact is more complex than statistical analysis; it requires value judgements about which kinds of environmental impacts are acceptable and which are not. The new EU Directive on the release and commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops (2001-18-EC) includes a requirement for an assessment of indirect effects on the environment of farming practices associated with the introduction of a GM crop. There is also a requirement for post-commercialization monitoring to address impacts of scale and time. Both of these additions to the regulations present challenges in deciding how environmental impacts should be measured, and in judging their acceptability. Impacts can also be socio-economic. These frequently require scientific tools to help to resolve them. The demands by some food sectors for zero GM content in crop produce is likely to prove difficult or impossible to verify by analytical procedures. It will probably be necessary to agree on levels of tolerance of the presence of GM material in ''non-GM'' crop produce. It is important that the future use of biotechnology in agriculture is considered in the context of a broader discussion about our vision for agriculture and the environment over the coming decades.', 'en_US'),
(1689, 'Plant biotechnology in the field -- a snapshot with emphasis on horticultural crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1690, 'Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields', 'There is considerable public and scientific debate for and against genetically modified (GM) crops. One of the first GM crops, Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) is now widely grown in North America, with proposed commercial release into Australia and Europe. Among concerns of opponents to these crops are claims that pollen movement will cause unacceptable levels of gene flow from GM to non-GM crops or to related weedy species, resulting in genetic pollution of the environment. Therefore, quantifying pollen-mediated gene flow is vital for assessing the environmental impact of GM crops. This study quantifies at a landscape level the gene flow that occurs from herbicide-resistant canola crops to nearby crops not containing herbicide resistance genes.', 'en_US'),
(1691, 'Analysis of a backcross population from a multi-copy transgenic Brassica napus line', 'Brassica napus is one of the crops at the forefront of biotechnological development. The procedures used to produce transgenic varieties are all prone to generating plants with multiple transgene copies. There has been considereable interest in the behaviour of such multi-copy lines because gene dosage rarely appears to correlate simply with gene expression. Here we report the analysis of a population of 107 progeny from a B. napus transformant containing multiple copies of a GUS marker gene construct. A total of 12 GUS sequence copies were identified including one that was non-functional. The expression of GUS increased with increasing copy number but this increase only made up a small proportion of the total variation between lines. There was no evidence of interaction between the various GUS copies and they appeared to segregate independently. The variation between progeny lines indicated that the number of gene copies was not a good guide to the expression of the gene product and hence that the expression of the gene in progeny from a multiple-copy parent could not be predicted. The importance of these findings in relation to plant breeding and the risk assessment process is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1692, 'Field evaluation of transgenic and classical sources of wheat streak mosaic virus resistance', 'The development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that are resistant to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), yet competitive in yield under nondiseased conditions, is an objective for breeding programs in the Great Plains. This field study was conducted to compare classical and transgenic sources of resistance to WSMV. Three sets of germplasm were evaluated. These included adapted cultivars with various levels of tolerance, transgenic wheat lines containing viral coat protein or replicase sequences from WSMV that showed resistance in greenhouse trials, and germplasm with resistance to WSMV due to a translocated segment of chromosome 4Ai-2 from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey containing Wsm1. A replicated field trial was conducted at Bozeman, MT, over a two-year period to evaluate the effectiveness of these different sources of resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV. Adapted cultivars differed in their ability to tolerate WSMV with mean reductions in yield over the two years ranging from 41 to 74%. Incorporation of the replicase or coat protein gene from WSMV did not provide field resistance to viral infection and in general, transgenic lines yielded less than their parent cultivar, ''Hi-Line''. Wheat-Thinopyrum lines positive for a DNA marker linked to the Wsm1 gene had significantly reduced yield losses ranging from 5 to 39% compared with yield losses of 57 to 88% in near isogenic lines not having the Wsm1 gene. Yield of lines with Wsm1 in the absence of disease ranged from 11 to 28% less than yield of lines without Wsm1. Our results suggest Wsm1 provides the best source of WSMV resistance but a yield penalty may exist because of the presence of the translocation.', 'en_US'),
(1693, 'Measuring gene flow in the cultivation of transgenic barley', 'Genetic engineering is becoming a useful tool in the improvement of plants and plant-based raw materials. Varieties with value-added traits are developed for nonfood use in industrial and medical production, and different production lines must be kept separate. For good management practices, knowledge of relevant gene flow parameters is required. In the present study, pollen-mediated dispersal of transgenes via cross-fertilization was examined. A transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) line carrying a marker gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) was used as a pollen donor. For maximum resolution, a cytoplasmically male-sterile barley line was utilized as recipient and the flow of nptII transgene was monitored at distances of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 m from the donor plots of 225 and 2000 m2. Male-fertile plots at a distance of 1 m were included to measure the transgene flow in normal barley. The number of seeds obtained from male-sterile heads diminished rapidly with distance and only a few seeds were found at distances of 50 and 100 m. Molecular genetic analysis (polymerase chain reaction-PCR) revealed that all seeds obtained from male-sterile heads at a distance of 1 m were transgenic, as anticipated. However, only 3% of the distant seeds (50 m) actually carried the transgene, whereas most of them resulted from fertilization with nontransgenic background pollen. This background pollen was mainly due to pollen leakage in some male-sterile heads. In normal male-fertile barley, the cross-fertilization frequency with transgenic pollen varied from 0 to 7% at a distance of 1 m, depending on weather conditions on the heading day. We conclude that, because of competing self-produced and nontransgenic background pollen, the possibility of cross-pollination is very low between a transgenic barley field and an adjacent field cultivated with normal barley. However, adequate isolation distances and best management practices are needed for cultivation of transgenic barley.', 'en_US'),
(1694, 'In situ transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic (transplastomic) tobacco plants to bacteria', 'Interkingdom gene transfer is limited by a combination of physical, biological, and genetic barriers. The results of greenhouse experiments involving transplastomic plants (genetically engineered chloroplast genomes) cocolonized by pathogenic and opportunistic soil bacteria demonstrated that these barriers could be eliminated. The Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413, which is outfitted with homologous sequences to chloroplastic genes, coinfected a transplastomic tobacco plant with Ralstonia solanacearum and was transformed by the plant''s transgene (aadA) containing resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. However, no transformants were observed when the homologous sequences were omitted from the Acinetobacter sp. strain. Detectable gene transfer from these transgenic plants to bacteria were dependent on gene copy number, bacterial competence, and the presence of homologous sequences. Our data suggest that by selecting plant transgene sequences that are nonhomologous to bacterial sequences, plant biotechnologists could restore the genetic barrier to transgene transfer to bacteria.', 'en_US'),
(1695, 'Laboratory studies on the effects of pollen from Bt-maize on larvae of some butterfly species', 'Three lepidopteran species were tested to determine their susceptibility against the ingestion of pollen from genetically modified maize plants. To prove the existence of dose-response relations between the applied amount of pollen (Bt-maize) and the damages on the tested larvae, a method was developed which makes it possible to feed caterpillars with defined amounts of pollen. If their food plants were contaminated with pollen of a cultivar of the Bt-176 maize-line Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella-larvae fed less, grew more slowly and showed a higher mortality than caterpillars of an untreated control group. The 50% lethality (LD50)-values were calculated for P.xylostella (L4) with 19.2, for P. rapae (L2) with 39.0 and also for P. brassicae (L2) with 139.2 pollen of the transgenic maize Pactol CB. Studies with P. brassicae-caterpillars of different larval stages indicated, that older individuals showed a higher tolerance against pollen from Bt-maize than younger ones. It must be stated on the basis of the present studies, that ingestion of non-transgenic maize pollen has neither a positive nor a negative effect on caterpillars. It becomes clear from the information presented here that it is still difficult to make general statements about the endangering of butterflies, arising from cultivation of genetically modified maize lines. Further investigations on this issue are needed. Initially, the LD50-values concerning the larvae of certain butterfly species have to be determined to anticipate the risks, and in addition the distances between habitats with caterpillar host plants and maize fields, and the abundance of these plants have to be considered.', 'en_US'),
(1696, 'Managing insecticide resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1697, 'Destiny of a transgene escape from Brassica napus into Brassica rapa', 'Transgenic Brassica napus can be easily crossed with wild Brassica rapa. The spread of the transgene to wild species has aroused the general concern about its effect on ecological and agricultural systems. This paper was designated, by means of population genetics, to study the fate of a transgene escape from B. napus to B. rapa. Three models were proposed to survey the change in gene frequency during successive backcross processes by considering selection pressures against aneuploids, against herbicide-susceptible individuals, and by considering A-C intergenomic recombination and the effect of genetic drift. The transmission rate of an A-chromosome gene through an individual to the next generation was 50%, irrespective of the chromosome number; while that of a C-chromosome transgene varied from 8.7% to 39.9%, depending on the chromosome number of the individual used in the backcross. Without spraying herbicide, the frequency of an A-chromosome gene was 50% in the BC1 generation, and decreased by 50% with the advance of each backcross generation; that of a C-chromosome gene was around 39.9% in BC1, 7.7% in BC2, 1.2% in BC3 and 0.1% in the BC4 generation. Under the selection pressure against herbicide-susceptible individuals, the frequency of a transgene reached a stable value of about 5.5% within six generations of successive backcrossings. The effect of genetic drift and intergenomic exchange on gene transmission rate was discussed. It is suggested that the transgene integrated on a C-chromosome (or better on a cytoplasm genome) is safer than that on an A-chromosome. The transgenic cultivars should be cultivated rotationally by year(s) with other non-transgenic varieties in order to reduce the transfer of the transgene to wild B. rapa species.', 'en_US'),
(1698, 'Generating a resistance database in Heliothis virescens populations from areas planted with Bt-transgenic cotton in Mexico', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1699, 'Genetically modified foods: health and safety issues', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1700, 'Yield ranks of glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars are unaffected by herbicide systems', 'Official Cultivar Trials (OCTs) evaluate transgenic, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine]-resistant and nonresistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars with a nonglyphosate herbicide regime. Thus, yields of glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars in OCTs may not reflect cultivar variation in glyphosate resistance or the intended production system because all cultivars are produced under a common herbicide regime. Our objective was to assess in field trials main effects and interaction among glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars and herbicide systems with and without glyphosate for lint yield. Fourteen glyphosate-resistant cultivars were tested in 1998 while 10 were tested in 1999. Herbicide systems were (i) Standard, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides potentially used in OCTs but no glyphosate; (ii) Residual + Glyphosate, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides including a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application; and (iii) Glyphosate Only, a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application followed by an eight-leaf directed spray. We found significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) herbicide system main effects for lint yield but nonsignificant cultivar x herbicide system interactions. Averaged over years and cultivars, the Glyphosate Only herbicide system produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater yields (597 and 839 kg ha-1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) than the Standard herbicide system (419 and 644 kg ha-1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively). The lack of cultivar x herbicide system interactions for yield suggests OCTs determine relative yield potential among glyphosate-resistant cultivars. The lower yield in the Standard system suggests OCTs can impose a yield penalty on glyphosate-resistant cultivars; thus, comparisons with non-glyphosate-resistant cultivars may not be valid.', 'en_US'),
(1701, 'Fitness of backcross six of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)', 'The process of introgression between a transgenic crop modified for better agronomic characters and a wild relative could lead potentially to increased weediness and adaptation to the environment of the wild species. However, the formation of hybrid and hybrid progeny could be associated with functional imbalance and low fitness, which reduces the risk of gene escape and establishment of the wild species in the field. Our work compares the fitness components of parents and different types of backcross in the sixth generation of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) resistant to the herbicide glufosinate and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18). The backcross with oilseed rape cytoplasm (OBC) has a fitness value 100 times lower than that of the backcross with wild radish cytoplasm (RBC). The herbicide-resistant RBC has similar growth to the susceptible RBC, but final male and female fitness values are two times lower. In turn, susceptible RBC exhibit similar fitness to the control wild radishes. The relative fitnesses of the different types are the same whether or not they grow under competitive conditions. The consequence on fitness of the chromosome location of the transgene conferring resistance and the relevance of these results to the impact of gene flow on the environment are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1702, 'Biopharming the SimpliRED HIV diagnostic reagent in barley, potato and tobacco', 'This is the first report of an antibody-fusion protein expressed in transgenic plants for direct use in a medical diagnostic assay. By the use of gene constructs with appropriate promoters, high level expression of an anti-glycophorin single-chain antibody fused to an epitope of the HIV virus was obtained in the leaves and stems of tobacco, tubers of potato and seed of barley. This fusion protein replaces the SimpliRED? diagnostic reagent, used for detecting the presence of HIV-1 antibodies in human blood. The reagent is expensive and laborious to produce by conventional means since chemical modifications to a monoclonal antibody are required. The plant-produced fusion protein was fully functional (by ELISA) in crude extracts and, for tobacco at least, could be used without further purification in the HIV agglutination assay. All three crop species produced sufficient reagent levels to be superior bioreactors to bacteria or mice, however barley grain was the most attractive bioreactor as it expressed the highest level (150 ìg of reagent g-1), is inexpensive to produce and harvest, poses a minuscule gene flow problem in the field, and the activity of the reagent is largely undiminished in stored grain. This work suggests that barley seed will be an ideal factory for the production of antibodies, diagnostic immuno-reagents, vaccines and other pharmaceutical proteins.', 'en_US'),
(1703, 'Assessing the risks associated with new agricultural practices', 'One key challenge for the twenty-first century is how to produce the food we need, yet ensure the landscape we want. Genetically modified crops have focused our attention on how to answer this question for one part of agriculture. The same principles could be applied to assess environmental impacts of future land-use change in a much broader context.', 'en_US'),
(1704, 'Transgenic varieties and productivity of smallholder cotton farmers in China', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1705, 'Who''s afraid of GM feed?', 'The safety assessment of a novel livestock feed or human food looks at the molecular, compositional, toxicological and nutritional characteristics of the novel feed compared with its conventional counterpart. Safety considerations include the animal eating the feed, consumption of the animal product by consumers, worker safety and any other environmental aspects from use of the feed. In addition to the intrinsic properties of the introduced protein, the safety assessment also considers possible unexpected consequences arising from expression of the novel trait (eg, metabolic consequences of expressing a new enzyme, or altering the expression of an endogenous enzyme), or introduction of new genes into the plant genome (so called pleiotropic effects).', 'en_US'),
(1706, 'Report on the potential allergenicity of genetically modified organisms and their products.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1707, 'Transgenic plants expressing HC-Pro show enhanced virus sensitivity while silencing of the transgene results in resistance', 'Nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express sequences of the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV). The sensitivity of the transgenic plants to infection with parental and heterologous viruses was studied. The lines expressing HC-Pro showed enhanced symptoms after infection with the parental CABMV isolate and also after infection with a heterologous potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) and a comovirus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). On the other hand, transgenic lines expressing nontranslatable HC-Pro or translatable HC-Pro with a deletion of the central domain showed wild type symptoms after infection with the parental CABMV isolate and heterologous viruses. These results showed that CABMV HC-Pro is a pathogenicity determinant that conditions enhanced sensitivity to virus infection in plants, and that the central domain of the protein is essential for this. The severe symptoms in CABMV-infected HC-Pro expressing lines were remarkably followed by brief recovery and subsequent re-establishment of infection, possibly indicating counteracting effects of HC-Pro expression and a host defense response. One of the HC-Pro expressing lines (h48) was found to contain low levels of transgenic HC-Pro RNA and to be resistant to CABMV and to recombinant CPMV expressing HC-Pro. This indicated that h48 was (partially) posttranscriptionally silenced for the HC-Pro transgene inspite of the established role of HC-Pro as a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Line h48 was not resistant to PVY, but instead showed enhanced symptoms compared to nontransgenic plants. This may be due to relief of silencing of the HC-Pro transgene by HC-Pro expressed by PVY.', 'en_US'),
(1708, 'Strategies to deal with the concern about marker genes in transgenic plants: some environment-friendly approaches', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1709, 'Biotechnology and the precautionary principle', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1710, 'Quality control in the development of transgenic crop seed products', 'In light of (i) public concern with the safety of genetically modified crops, (ii) the issue of food labeling, and (iii) governmental regulation of transgenic plants, quality control (QC) monitoring of the process of Transgenic Seed Product Development (TSPD) is essential to protecting research investments, maintaining compliance with governmental regulations, and ensuring customer satisfaction. The primary goal of QC monitoring in TSPD is to ensure the authenticity (transgenic event identity and purity) of seed materials used in product testing, in the development of regulatory data packages for governmental review, and to develop seed volumes for commercial release. Monitoring is performed to confirm the presence of the presumed transgenic event(s) and the absence of all others. Sophisticated QC strategies formulated to monitor the product development process and to maintain quality standards in the manufacturing industry can serve as a foundation in devising efficient strategies tailored to meet needs in the seed industry. A number of considerations in the design of an optimized QC monitoring plan for TSPD are discussed, including: costs vs. economic benefits of developing and commercializing nondefective products; effective timing of inspections; joint scheduling of inspections with other genetic analyses; assay methods that maximize screening efficiency, flexibility, and accuracy; sampling vs. 100% assessment of transgenic populations; the ability to bulk samples to minimize data point requirements; and the need to minimize or eliminate inspection errors. An overview of the general process of TSPD and an example QC monitoring strategy for corn (Zea mays L.) are provided.', 'en_US'),
(1711, 'Production of herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng through the introduction of the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene and successful soil transfer', 'Herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng plants were produced by introducing the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene that confers resistance to the herbicide Basta (bialaphos) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation. Embryogenic callus gathered from cotyledon explants of P. ginseng were pre-treated with 0.5 M sucrose or 0.05 M MgSO4 before Agrobacterium infection. This pre-treatment process markedly enhanced the transient expression of the -glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Embryogenic callus was initially cultured on MS medium supplemented with 400 mg/l cefotaxime for 3 weeks and subsequently subcultured five times to a medium containing 25 mg/l kanamycin and 300 mg/l cefotaxime. Somatic embryos formed on the surfaces of kanamycin-resistant callus. Upon development into the cotyledonary stage, these somatic embryos were transferred to a medium containing 50 mg/l kanamycin and 5 mg/l gibberellic acid to induce germination and strong selection. Integration of the transgene into the plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern analyses. Transfer of the transgenic ginseng plantlets to soil was successfully accomplished via acclimatization in autoclaved perlite. Not all of the plantlets survived in soil that had not been autoclaved because of fungal infection, particularly in the region between the roots and leaves. Transgenic plants growing in soil were observed to be strongly resistant to Basta application.', 'en_US'),
(1712, 'Gene silencing in transgenic soybean plants transformed via particle bombardment', 'Transgenes are susceptible to silencing in plants especially when multiple copies of the gene of interest are introduced. Transgenic plants derived by particle bombardment, which is the common method for transforming soybean, have a tendency to have multiple integration events. Three independent transgenic soybean plants obtained via particle bombardment were analyzed for transgene silencing. A GUS transgenic soybean line had at least 100 copies of the GUS gene while there were approximately 60 copies of the transgene in the two soybean lines transformed with a 15-kDa zein storage protein gene from maize. Soybean plants transformed with the GUS gene showed variable GUS expression. The coding region and promoter of the GUS gene in the plants with low expression of GUS were heavily methylated. Variability in GUS expression was observed in the progeny of the high expressors in the T2 and T3 generations as well. Expression level of the 15-kDa zein gene in transgenic soybean plants showed correlation with the level of transgene methylation. The helper component-proteinase from potyviruses is known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing. Transgenic plants were inoculated with the soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV) to test possible effects on transgene silencing in soybean. Infection with SMV did not suppress transgene silencing in these plants and suggests that the silencing in these plants may not be due to post-transcriptional gene silencing.', 'en_US'),
(1713, 'Intraspecific gene flow in bread wheat as affected by reproductive biology and pollination ecology of wheat flowers', 'Gene flow is transfer of genetic information between populations of the same or different species. Gene flow in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occurs via pollen or seed dispersal. Under normal conditions, gene flow between wheat cultivars is negligible due to selfing of flowers. Factors such as reproductive biology and environmental conditions at vegetative and reproductive stages bring variation in the extent of gene flow. Cultivars with open florets during pollination may have increased gene flow. High or low humidity or temperature during anthesis may decrease gene flow. Although pollen movement has been observed 1000 m from the source, substantial outcrossing beyond 30 m was not observed. Rigorous and systematic gene flow studies in wheat are absent from the scientific literature. Gene flow data could establish an appropriate isolation distance between cultivars and genetically modified (GM) plants or hybrids.', 'en_US'),
(1714, 'Genetic uniformity of the U.S. upland cotton crop since the introduction of transgenic cottons', 'Field genetic uniformity is the probability that any two plants selected at random within a region carry alleles that are identical by descent. Genetic uniformity of field crops can occur through breeding with genetically related backgrounds and grower choice of a few related cultivars among other factors. Transgenic cotton cultivars currently dominate the U.S. cottonseed market, comprising approximately 72% of the Year 2000 cotton hectares. All transgenic cotton cultivars were derived through backcross breeding with popular nontransgenic cultivars. The objective of this study was to apply pedigree analysis to estimate field genetic uniformity since transgenic cultivars were introduced into the U.S. cottonseed market in 1996. Coefficients of parentage and proportion of hectares planted to transgenic cultivars were employed to estimate field genetic uniformity for the southeastern, south-central, southwestern, and western production regions. Compared with field genetic uniformity estimated in the Year 1995 preceding introduction of transgenic cultivars, field genetic uniformity did change (0.18 vs. 0.13). The number of cultivars planted on the largest hectarage has not changed, but the percentage of the crop planted to a few cultivars has declined. The proportion of the hectarage planted to the most popular cultivar also has declined. Both of these factors affected field genetic uniformity resulting in a 28% reduction in uniformity across the USA.', 'en_US'),
(1715, 'Stability of gene expression and agronomic performance of a transgenic herbicide-resistant sugarcane line in South Africa', 'Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) cultivar NCo310 was transformed with the pat gene, which confers resistance to the herbicide Buster (glufosinate ammonium; Bayer CropScience, Monheim am Rhein, Germany). The effect of the expression of this gene on the agronomic performance of a successful transgenic line, 22.2, was investigated. Field testing showed that the pat gene was stably expressed during three rounds of vegetative propagation. Morphological and agronomic characters such as stalk height, diameter, population, fiber, disease resistance, and yield, measured in the first ratoon, were not significantly different in the transgenic line and its untransformed counterpart. Of four weed treatments applied to transformed and untransformed plots, there were two scenarios in which significantly higher yields were observed: (i) untransformed cane treated using the conventional (non-Buster) herbicide protocol, widely used for weed control in the South African sugar industry, and (ii) transformed cane treated with a conventional preemergence cocktail, followed by two 5-L ha-1 Buster applications. However, the most economical weed control treatment is dependent on the cost of the herbicide to which resistance has been engineered. Buster currently costs (in South African Rand) ZAR150 (US $14.01) L-1. For Buster treatments to be cost effective for commercial growers, the price would have to be considerably lower. However, since hand-hoeing is deleterious to the cane, small-scale growers currently controlling weeds manually would find herbicide use an advantage. If they were to adopt transgenic sugarcane, Buster costs would need to be reduced only slightly for them to increase their returns.', 'en_US'),
(1716, 'Food allergies', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1717, 'Polymorphism for interspecific hybridisation within a population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) pollinated by oilseed rape (Brassica napus)', 'The within-population polymorphism of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) for interspecific hybridisation with two cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was investigated by hand crossing experiments and fluorescence microscopy. Wide variability among plants was observed in the ability of oilseed rape pollen to germinate on the wild radish stigma; the frequency of pistils showing pollen tubes ranged from 0 to 1, depending on the female plant. The ratio of fertilised ovules to the total number of ovules in ovaries where pollen tubes arrived ranged from 0.02 to 0.51. Overall, the results provide evidence for the presence of different phenotypes. In 40% of the plants, pistils had no or very few pollen tubes and few fertilised ovules. In 23%, the foreign pollen tubes grew through the style towards the ovary, but had low ovule fertilisation efficiency. The remaining 37% showed a large number of pollen tubes in the style and frequent ovule fertilisation, and two plants showed no difference between foreign and conspecific pollen. With regard to post-zygotic barriers, pollen germination and ovule fertilisation represent minor barriers to interspecific hybridisation between oilseed rape and wild radish. It is suggested that the effectiveness of these barriers could be improved through plant breeding; this could reduce the risk of gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to populations of wild relatives.', 'en_US'),
(1718, 'The use of transgenic plants in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with trace elements', 'The use of plants to clean-up soils contaminated with trace elements could provide a cheap and sustainable technology for bioremediation. Field trials suggested that the rate of contaminant removal using conventional plants and growth conditions is insufficient. The introduction of novel traits into high biomass plants in a transgenic approach is a promising strategy for the development of effective phytoremediation technologies. This has been exemplified by generating plants able to convert organic and ionic forms of mercury into the less toxic, volatile, elemental mercury, a trait that occurs naturally only in some bacteria and not at all in plants. The engineering of a phytoremediator plant requires the optimization of a number of processes, including trace element mobilization in the soil, uptake into the root, detoxification and allocation within the plant. A number of transgenic plants have been generated in an attempt to modify the tolerance, uptake or homeostasis of trace elements. The phenotypes of these plants provide important insights for the improvement of engineering strategies. A better understanding, both of micronutrient acquisition and homeostasis, and of the genetic, biochemical and physiological basis of metal hyperaccumulation in plants, will be of key importance for the success of phytoremediation.', 'en_US'),
(1719, 'Fitness of hybrids between weedy and cultivated radish: implications for weed evolution', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1720, 'Validation of real-time PCR analyses for line-specific quantitation of genetically modified maize and soybean using new reference molecules', 'Novel analytical methods based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions by use of new reference molecules were validated in interlaboratory studies for the quantitation of genetically modified (GM) maize and soy. More than 13 laboratories from Japan, Korea, and the United States participated in the studies. The interlaboratory studies included 2 separate stages: (1) measurement tests of coefficient values, the ratio of recombinant DNA (r-DNA) sequence, and endogenous DNA sequence in the seeds of GM maize and GM soy; and (2) blind tests with 6 pairs of maize and soy samples, including different levels of GM maize or GM soy. Test results showed that the methods are applicable to the specific quantitation of the 5 lines of GM maize and one line of GM soy. After statistical treatment to remove outliers, the repeatability and reproducibility of these methods at a level of 5.0% were <13.7 and 15.9%, respectively. The quantitation limits of the methods were 0.50% for Bt11, T25, and MON810, and 0.10% for GA21, Event176, and Roundup Ready soy. The results of blind tests showed that the numerical information obtained from these methods will contribute to practical analyses for labeling systems of GM crops.', 'en_US'),
(1721, 'The use of transgenic systems in pharmaceutical research', 'Those pharmaceutical companies whose goal is to generate novel innovative drugs are faced with the challenge that only a fraction of the compounds tested in clinical trials eventually become a registered drug. This problem of attrition is compounded by the fact that the clinical trial or development stage is by far the most costly phase of bringing a new drug to market, consuming around 80 per cent of the total spend. Transgenic technology represents an attractive approach to reducing the attrition rate of compounds entering clinical trials by increasing the quality of the target and compound combinations making the transition from discovery into development. Transgenic technology can impact at many points in the discovery process, including target identification and target validation, and provides models designed to alert researchers early to potential problems with drug metabolism and toxicity, as well as providing better models for human diseases. In target identification, transgenic animals harbouring large DNA fragments can be used to narrow down genetic regions. Genetic studies often result in the identification of large genomic regions and one way to decrease the region size is to do complementation studies in transgenic animals using, for example, inserts from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. In target validation, transgenic animals can be used for in vivo validation of a specific target. Considerable efforts are being made to establish new, rapid and robust tools with general utility for in vivo validation, but, so far, only transgenic animals work reliably on a wide range of targets. Transgenic animals can also be used to generate better disease models. Predictive animal models to test new compounds and targets will significantly speed up the drug discovery process and, more importantly, increase the quality of the compounds taken further in the research and development process. Humanised transgenic animals harbouring the human target molecule can be used to understand the effect of a compound acting on the human target in vivo. Also, models mimicking human drug metabolism will provide a means of assessing the effect of human-specific metabolites and of understanding the pharmacokinetic properties of potential drugs. In toxicology studies, transgenic animals are providing more predictive models. A good example of this are those models routinely used to look for carcinogenicity associated with new compounds.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1722, 'Taiwan''s GM foods labelling legislation -- a review', 'Genetically engineered food products have several advantages over their conventional counterparts; i.e. improvement of production traits is rapid, and genetic information can be transferred across species. However, introduction of a new gene into food crops may lead to emergence of altered composition and nutritional value, allergenicity and toxicity. To meet the requirements to environmental and food safety, sale of GM foods in Taiwan must comply with regulations, guidelines and labelling of various governmental agencies. Among these agencies, the Department of Health is responsible for the safety and labelling of GM foods, and has promulgated regulations stipulating the labelling of food products containing GM ingredients. Our initial step on the mandatory labelling of GM foods would let consumers to decide to purchase GM products.', 'en_US'),
(1723, 'Genetically engineered crops: U.S. adoption and impacts', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1724, '5''-Nuclease PCR for quantitative event-specific detection of the genetically modified Mon810 MaisGard maize', 'Genetically modified maize is grown extensively in the world today. MaisGard (Monsanto, Yieldgard in the USA) is a genetically modified maize harbouring the Mon810 transformation event. European Community legislation requires that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) be approved before they are placed on the market. Labelling is required when more than 1% of any ingredient of a food originates from a GMO. There is consequently a need for specific, quantitative methods for detection of genetically modified foods. We have determined the DNA sequence of the 5''-flanking region of the Mon810 insert using ligation mediated PCR. A primer probe set overlapping the junction was designed and used in a quantitative, event-specific Taqman 5''-nuclease assay. Mon810 DNA was quantified relative to endogenous maize zein gene DNA. The results were expressed as the percentage of genetically modified Mon810 maize DNA relative to the total content of maize DNA.', 'en_US'),
(1725, 'Bioinformatic methods for allergenicity assessment using a comprehensive allergen database', 'Background: A principal aim of the safety assessment of genetically modified crops is to prevent the introduction of known or clinically cross-reactive allergens. Current bioinformatic tools and a database of allergens and gliadins were tested for the ability to identify potential allergens by analyzing 6 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, 3 common non-allergenic food proteins and 50 randomly selected corn (Zea mays) proteins. Methods: Protein sequences were compared to allergens using the FASTA algorithm and by searching for matches of 6, 7 or 8 contiguous identical amino acids. Results: No significant sequence similarities or matches of 8 contiguous amino acids were found with the B. thuringiensis or food proteins. Surprisingly, 41 of 50 corn proteins matched at least one allergen with 6 contiguous identical amino acids. Only 7 of 50 corn proteins matched an allergen with 8 contiguous identical amino acids. When assessed for overall structural similarity to allergens, these 7 plus 2 additional corn proteins shared ¡Ý35% identity in an overlap of ¡Ý80 amino acids, but only 6 of the 7 were similar across the length of the protein, or shared >50% identity to an allergen. Conclusions: An evaluation of a protein by the FASTA algorithm is the most predictive of a clinically relevant cross-reactive allergen. An additional search for matches of 8 amino acids may provide an added margin of safety when assessing the potential allergenicity of a protein, but a search with a 6-amino-acid window produces many random, irrelevant matches.', 'en_US'),
(1726, 'Virus-induced gene silencing in transgenic plants expressing the minor capsid protein of beet western yellows virus', 'Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing the minor coat protein P74 of the phloem-limited Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) exhibited an unusual spatial pattern of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) when infected with BWYV or related viruses. Following infection, transgenic P74 and its mRNA accumulated to only low levels, 21 to 23 nucleotide RNAs homologous to the transgene appeared, and the transgene DNA underwent methylation. The infecting viral RNA, however, was not subject to significant silencing but multiplied readily and produced P74 in the phloem tissues, although the P74 encoded by the transgene disappeared from the phloem as well as the nonvascular tissues.', 'en_US'),
(1727, 'Sequence-, tissue-, and delivery-specific targeting of RNA during post-transcriptional gene silencing', 'Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing an untranslatable version of the coat protein (CP) gene from the tamarillo mosaic virus (TaMV) were either resistant to TaMV infection or recovered from infection. These phenotypes were the result of a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism that targeted TaMV-CP sequences for degradation. The TaMV-CP sequences were degraded when present in the wild-type TaMV potyvirus, in transgene mRNA, or in chimeric viral vectors based on white clover mosaic virus. The more efficiently targeted region was mapped to a 134-nt segment. Differences were observed in the efficiency of targeting during cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of the chimeric viruses. However, the TaMV-CP sequences do not appear to be targeted for degradation when delivered by biolistics.', 'en_US'),
(1728, 'Effects of transgenic glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the associated herbicide application on eubacterial and Pseudomonas communities in the rhizosphere', 'A containment experiment was carried out in order to evaluate possible shifts in eubacterial and Pseudomonas rhizosphere community structures due to the release of genetically modified Basta-tolerant oilseed rape and the associated herbicide application. Treatments included cultivation of the transgenic plant as well as of the wild-type cultivar in combination with mechanical removal of weeds and the application of the herbicides Basta (active ingredient: glufosinate) and Butisan S (active ingredient: metazachlor). Rhizosphere soil was sampled from early and late flowering plants as well as from senescent plants. A culture-independent approach was chosen to characterize microbial communities based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from rhizosphere DNA using eubacterial and Pseudomonas-specific PCR primers. Dominant pseudomonads in the rhizosphere were analyzed by sequence analysis. Whole community and Pseudomonas electrophoresis fingerprints revealed slightly altered microbial communities in the rhizosphere of transgenic plants; however, effects were minor as compared to the plant developmental stage-dependent shifts. Both herbicides caused transient changes in the eubacterial and Pseudomonas population structure, whereas differences due to the genetic modification were still detected at the senescent growth stage. The observed differences between transgenic and wild-type lines were most likely due to unintentionally modified plant characteristics such as altered root exudation.', 'en_US'),
(1729, 'Expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine', 'A new approach to the production and delivery of vaccine antigens is the use of engineered amino virus-based vectors. A chimeric peptide containing antigenic determinants from rabies virus glycoprotein (G protein) (amino acids 253?275) and nucleoprotein (N protein) (amino acids 404?418) was PCR-amplified and cloned as a translational fusion product with the alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein (CP). This recombinant CP was expressed in two plant virus-based expression systems. The first one utilized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants providing replicative functions in trans for full-length infectious RNA3 of AlMV (NF1-g24). The second one utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants using autonomously replicating tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) lacking native CP (Av/A4-g24). Recombinant virus containing the chimeric rabies virus epitope was isolated from infected transgenic N. tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants and used for parenteral immunization of mice. Mice immunized with recombinant virus were protected against challenge infection. Based on the previously demonstrated efficacy of this plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine when orally administered to mice in virus-infected unprocessed raw spinach leaves, we assessed its efficacy in human volunteers. Three of five volunteers who had previously been immunized against rabies virus with a conventional vaccine specifically responded against the peptide antigen after ingesting spinach leaves infected with the recombinant virus. When rabies virus non-immune individuals were fed the same material, 5/9 demonstrated significant antibody responses to either rabies virus or AlMV. Following a single dose of conventional rabies virus vaccine, three of these individuals showed detectable levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies, whereas none of five controls revealed these antibodies. These findings provide clear indication of the potential of the plant virus-based expression systems as supplementary oral booster for rabies vaccinations.', 'en_US'),
(1730, 'A transformation method for obtaining marker-free plants of a cross-pollinating and vegetatively propagated crop', 'It is generally thought that transformation of plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens occurs at a very low frequency. Therefore, selection marker genes are used to identify the rare plants that have taken up foreign DNA. Genes encoding antibiotic and herbicide resistance are widely used for this purpose in plant transformation. Over the past several years, consumer and environmental groups have expressed concern about the use of antibiotic- and herbicide-resistance genes from an ecological and food safety perspective. Although no scientific basis has been determined for these concerns, generating marker-free plants would certainly contribute to the public acceptance of transgenic crops. Several methods have been reported to create marker gene-free transformed plants, for example co-transformation, transposable elements, site-specific recombination, or intrachromosomal recombination. Not only are most of these systems time-consuming and inefficient, but they are also employed on the assumption that isolation of transformants without a selective marker gene is not feasible. Here we present a method that permits the identification of transgenic plants without the use of selectable markers. This strategy relies on the transformation of tissue explants or cells with a virulent A. tumefaciens strain and selection of transformed cells or shoots after PCR analysis. Incubation of potato explants with A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 resulted in transformed shoots at an efficiency of 1-5% of the harvested shoots, depending on the potato genotype used. Because this system does not require genetic segregation or site-specific DNA-deletion systems to remove marker genes, it may provide a reliable and efficient tool for generating transgenic plants for commercial use, especially in vegetatively propagated species like potato and cassava.', 'en_US'),
(1731, 'Mapping and interpreting societal responses to genetically modified crops and food', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1732, 'People''s concerns about biotechnology: some problems and some solutions', 'Pharmaceuticals and vaccines made by genetic engineering are well accepted all over the world. In contrast, there are many people, particularly in Europe, who are worried that food, made by the same new technology, may harm their health or cause damage to the environment. This is despite the growing evidence that genetically modified crops have the potential to improve world food security and the fact that there have, as yet, been no adverse results of their use in the food chain. Because of these worries and the mechanisms of politics, agricultural biotechnology has become the target of concerns about food safety (BSE, Foot & Mouth Disease), along with globalisation and the power of multinational companies. These concerns will, hopefully, be overcome by a more open and well-informed dialogue between scientists, opinion leaders, educators and the public. If judiciously applied, genetically modified crops will help increase sustainability and the fight against hunger in the world.', 'en_US'),
(1733, 'Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach', 'Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.', 'en_US'),
(1734, 'Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab', 'Crops genetically engineered to produce Bacillus thuringiensis toxins for insect control can reduce use of conventional insecticides, but insect resistance could limit the success of this technology. The first generation of transgenic cotton with B. thuringiensis produces a single toxin, Cry1Ac, that is highly effective against susceptible larvae of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a major cotton pest. To counter potential problems with resistance, second-generation transgenic cotton that produces B. thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab alone or in combination with Cry1Ac has been developed. In greenhouse bioassays, a pink bollworm strain selected in the laboratory for resistance to Cry1Ac survived equally well on transgenic cotton with Cry1Ac and on cotton without Cry1Ac. In contrast, Cry1Ac-resistant pink bollworm had little or no survival on second-generation transgenic cotton with Cry2Ab alone or with Cry1Ac plus Cry2Ab. Artificial diet bioassays showed that resistance to Cry1Ac did not confer strong cross-resistance to Cry2Aa. Strains with >90% larval survival on diet with 10 µg of Cry1Ac per ml showed 0% survival on diet with 3.2 or 10 µg of Cry2Aa per ml. However, the average survival of larvae fed a diet with 1 µg of Cry2Aa per ml was higher for Cry1Ac-resistant strains (2 to 10%) than for susceptible strains (0%). If plants with Cry1Ac plus Cry2Ab are deployed while genes that confer resistance to each of these toxins are rare, and if the inheritance of resistance to both toxins is recessive, the efficacy of transgenic cotton might be greatly extended.', 'en_US'),
(1735, 'Investigating gene introgression from rape to wild turnip', 'Gene introgression from crops to weedy relatives has become an important issue with the development and release of transgenic crops. This study investigates hybridization between rape and a New Zealand population of wild turnip (Makarewa, Southland). The rape used was a rapid cycling non-transgenic line, homozygous for a single dominant mutation conferring resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. Seed from wild turnip plants were harvested following hand pollination in a greenhouse and after natural pollination in field trials that were conducted at two ratios of rape:wild turnip, 1:1 and 1:~400. Interspecific hybrids were identified in the progeny populations by in vitro screening of seedlings for resistance to chlorsulfuron. Their hybrid status was confirmed by DNA content using flow cytometry. As expected, hand pollinations produced 100% hybrid progeny, illustrating a high potential for interspecific hybridization between rape and wild turnip. In contrast, hybrids were very rare under natural field conditions.', 'en_US'),
(1736, 'Impacts of transgenic plants and micro-organisms on soil biota', 'Little is known about the impacts of transgenic plants and micro-organisms on soil biota and processes, despite the large number of field releases of transgenic crops. Recent work has shown that transgenic plants can cause changes in the soil biota (both invertebrates and micro-organisms) associated with these plants. Often the changes are transient but their impact on the soil ecosystem remains unknown. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified (GM) bacteria to indigenous soil bacteria has been demonstrated but movement of genes from transgenic plants, if it occurs at all, has not yet been detected in natural systems. Soil invertebrates appear to play an important role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in soil.', 'en_US'),
(1737, 'Ecological risks and benefits of transgenic plants', 'The spread of commercial growing of transgenic crops has been very rapid, with such crops being grown on 44.2 million ha in 13 countries in 2000. Most currently grown transgenic plants are either herbicide or insect resistant, but research into other possibilities is intense. There are potentially significant environmental effects of this technology, as well as sharply conflicting claims about its overall impact. Among perceived risks, this review concentrates on the possibility of damaging ecosystem services (biological control, pollination, decomposition and soil fertility maintenance) and effects on biodiversity. Among the benefits, lower environmental contamination by fewer pesticide applications, less soil erosion due to less frequent agricultural operations and lower pressure on land resources due to increased yield, are listed. Both potential risks and benefits need careful documentation and validation for an appropriate assessment of the total ecological effects of this technology.', 'en_US'),
(1738, 'Issues relating to the practical use of transgenic crops for insect pest management', 'The implementation of transgenic plants for insect pest management requires a thorough evaluation of the risks, costs and benefits. Currently, all commercialised transgenic crops for insect control contain genes expressing specific Bt toxins. Excluding environmental and human health concerns, the most apparent risk for these Bt-plants is development of resistance to Bt toxins. The high dose/refuge strategy is accepted as most likely to delay or prevent pest resistance development. This strategy is based on the best available information but has several incompletely tested assumptions. The high dose/refuge strategy requires detailed knowledge of the plant-insect system and its implementation involves rigorous crop management. There have been few documented instances of harmful impacts on predators and parasitoids from transgenic plants expressing Bt or other toxins. The costs and benefits of using transgenic plants will depend on several factors including the plant species, its complex of insect pests, environmental conditions and alternative pest management tools and systems such as Integrated Pest Management. Benefits of transgenic plants are most likely to outweigh costs and risks for insects that are difficult to control by any other method and/or require numerous insecticide applications.', 'en_US'),
(1739, 'Broccoli plants with pyramided cry1Ac and cry1C Bt genes control diamondback moths resistant to Cry1A and Cry1C proteins', 'This study was undertaken to determine the effects of pyramiding two Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes in the same plant on the production of Bt proteins and the control of diamondback moths (DBM, Plutella xylostella) resistant to one or the other protein. Broccoli lines carrying both cry1Ac and cry1C Bt genes were produced by sexual crosses of cry1Ac- and cry1C-transgenic plants. Plants containing both genes were selected by tests for resistance to kanamycin and hygromycin, and confirmed by PCR analysis for the Bt genes. Both cry1Ac and cry1C mRNAs were detected in the hybrid lines, and Cry1Ac and Cry1C proteins were stably produced at levels comparable to the parental plants. Plants producing both Cry1Ac and Cry1C proteins caused rapid and complete mortality of DBM larvae resistant to Cry1A or Cry1C, and suffered little or no leaf damage. These plants, in combination with the resistant DBM populations available, will allow greenhouse or field studies of resistance management strategies involving gene pyramiding.', 'en_US'),
(1740, 'Evaluating the behavioural impact of the Australian and New Zealand genetically modified food labelling provisions', 'This paper presents the results of a choice experiment that encompassed the labelling options outlined in the Australian and New Zealand government''s recently finalized mandatory labelling system for genetically modified foods (GMF''s) and foods that contain genetically modified ingredients. The labelling scheme is to be implemented across both countries from December 2001 onwards. Results suggest difficulties ahead for manufacturers and growers of GM labelled product if there is an ample supply of GM-free labelled alternatives. It is also likely that manufacturers and growers of GM-free product will realize greater levels of demand over non-labelled and GM product even when these alternatives are substantially cheaper.', 'en_US'),
(1741, 'Measuring Heliothis resistance to Ingard cotton', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1742, 'High-stearic and high-oleic cottonseed oils produced by hairpin RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing', 'We have genetically modified the fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil using the recently developed technique of hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing to down-regulate the seed expression of two key fatty acid desaturase genes, ghSAD-1-encoding stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein 9-desaturase and ghFAD2-1-encoding oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine 6-desaturase. Hairpin RNA-encoding gene constructs (HP) targeted against either ghSAD-1 or ghFAD2-1 were transformed into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv Coker 315). The resulting down-regulation of the ghSAD-1 gene substantially increased stearic acid from the normal levels of 2% to 3% up to as high as 40%, and silencing of the ghFAD2-1 gene resulted in greatly elevated oleic acid content, up to 77% compared with about 15% in seeds of untransformed plants. In addition, palmitic acid was significantly lowered in both high-stearic and high-oleic lines. Similar fatty acid composition phenotypes were also achieved by transformation with conventional antisense constructs targeted against the same genes, but at much lower frequencies than were achieved with the HP constructs. By intercrossing the high-stearic and high-oleic genotypes, it was possible to simultaneously down-regulate both ghSAD-1 and ghFAD2-1 to the same degree as observed in the individually silenced parental lines, demonstrating for the first time, to our knowledge, that duplex RNA-induced posttranslational gene silencing in independent genes can be stacked without any diminution in the degree of silencing. The silencing of ghSAD-1 and/or ghFAD2-1 to various degrees enables the development of cottonseed oils having novel combinations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic contents that can be used in margarines and deep frying without hydrogenation and also potentially in high-value confectionery applications.', 'en_US'),
(1743, 'Regulating genetically-modified seeds in emerging economies.', 'This article focuses on the implications of biosafety regulation on national seed policy. Biosafety regulation?the policies and procedures adopted to ensure the environmentally safe application of modern biotechnology, in particular, the release of genetically modified organisms?has been extensively discussed at various national and international fora. Much of the discussion has focused on developing guidelines, appropriate legal frameworks, and, at the international level, on developing a legally binding International Biosafety Protocol. A major challenge in emerging economies will be to build the necessary infrastructure and human capacities to implement international and national biosafety guidelines or laws. Biosafety regulation adds a new dimension to national seed policies, which now have to consider their role in the process leading to the commercial release of genetically-modified varieties, including environmental assessments. In addition to biosafety review and approval, GMO crops intended for commercial use also are subject to existing regulations for seed registration, and may involve sanitary and phytosanitary regulations governing import, as well. There is potential for the respective authorities to overlap, which could lead to discord between the agencies and confusion on the part of the proponent. Capacity building to deal with the development of, and trade in genetically-modified seeds presents a challenge to ''emerging economies'' where regulatory agencies are often fragile and vulnerable to political change.', 'en_US'),
(1744, 'Policy response to technological developments: the case of GURTs', 'Technological developments may require a policy response when the potential effects of such technology contribute to unwanted or unpredictable changes. The introduction of genetic modification triggered policy makers to design a framework for risk assessment and release procedures that may be linked to conventional variety release systems (Traynor & Komen, this volume). Often, technological change reaches the policy level only when problems appear after introduction. In some cases, however, discussions can start even before the technology is ready for the market. A good example of the latter is the Genetic Use Restriction Technology (GURT), which triggered a very intense debate because of its possible use in the production of ''sterile seeds.'' This application was dubbed ''terminator technology'' in the popular press. GURT is thus an interesting case to analyse the link between technology and policy development. This paper heavily draws upon a study that was prepared by FAO (Visser et al., 2001). This case illustrates that a wide range of concerns and options are linked with one technological development, and that arguments arise from different policy fields. Analysis thus needs a thorough understanding of the individual opportunities and concerns as well as the linked arguments. GURT has received an extremely bad name in the international public debate. Very few, however, have seriously thought about possible policy responses and the tools that are available to the policy makers to implement their decisions. This paper intends to clarify both the complexity of such technological developments and it gives some suggestions about dealing with different concerns in the GURT''s case.', 'en_US'),
(1745, 'Agricultural biotechnology: farm-level, market, and policy considerations', 'This study provides an overview of the economic costs, benefits, and risks involved with agricultural biotechnology at the farm level, at the market level, and for the farm and food system as a whole. Both advantages and disadvantages of agricul-tural biotechnology are discussed. Among the drivers of U.S. domestic and interna-tional consumer demand for transgenic crop products discussed are environmental and food safety concerns. A comparison is made between a ''science-based'' regula-tory framework and a policy based on the precautionary principle. The authors argue that open dialogue is needed for achieving improved public understanding of agricul-tural biotechnology, and that analyses need to go beyond discussing the scientific merits of biotechnology, to include social scientists, as well as the public at large', 'en_US'),
(1746, 'Biodiversity and optimal policies towards R&D and the growth of genetically modified crops', 'In this paper we provide a simple model illustrating the possible nature of government policy with regards to genetic modification, taking into account its impact on the environment. We show that it is necessary not only to intervene in the growing of crops, but also to intervene in R&D through a tax on the adoption of new GM technology. Without intervention at both levels, both the cultivation of GM crops and the rate of innovation in GM will exceed their socially optimal levels.', 'en_US'),
(1747, 'Refuge strategies for managing pest resistance in transgenic agriculture', 'When the application of pesticides places selective evolutionary pressure on pest populations it can be useful to plant refuge areas: crop areas intended to encourage the breeding of pests susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisen with recent advances in biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops. This paper uses a simple model of evolution of pest population and pest resistance to characterize the socially optimal refuge strategy to manage pest resistance. We show both that the establishment of refuge areas might best be delayed until resistance becomes an important concern, and that the use of refuge areas in the long-run use will not be optimal if the fitness cost of resistance does not exceed the discount rate.', 'en_US'),
(1748, 'Managing the risk of European corn borer resistance to Bt corn', 'New pesticidal crops are taking advantage of advances in genetic engineering. For example, corn has been engineered to express Bt proteins that are toxic to the European corn borer. These crops are effective pest management tools for United States growers. However, there is concern that pests will develop resistance to these crops resulting in the increased use of more hazardous pesticides. The purpose of this paper is to develop a stochastic dynamic bioeconomic simulation model to help guide regulatory policy designed to mitigate the threat of resistance to new pesticidal crops. The model is used to evaluate the insect resistance management guidelines mandated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the use of Bt corn in the Midwestern United States.', 'en_US'),
(1749, 'Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part  2: Integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system, food supplement sprays with biological and synthetic insecticides', 'Part 1 of the paper showed that the integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system with supplementary food sprays retained and increased populations of predatory insects in the cotton crop. The strategic use of biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)) reduced the use of synthetic insecticides by 50% without sacrificing cotton yield and profitability. In economic terms, the average gross margin for the IPM plot was A$3255 compared with A$3020 and A$3218 for the plots treated with (1) conventional insecticides on transgenic (Ingard®) cotton and (2) conventional insecticides on non-transgenic cotton. The use of transgenic cotton affected a 25% saving on synthetic insecticide usage. The results clearly indicate that a refined IPM approach could have a distinctive advantages in terms of economic and environmental impacts on cotton production. The success of such an approach lies in a strict adherence to its methodology.', 'en_US'),
(1750, 'Product development strategies for foods in the era of molecular biotechnology', 'Breakthroughs in science and technology are accelerating development of new products that are impacting our regulatory systems. Genetically modified or bioengineering plant varieties have entered the food supply on a global basis, especially in the U.S. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates on the premise of `substantial equivalence'' and has developed premarket notification procedures and voluntary labeling guidelines. Japan''s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare regulates biotechnology products and has imposed biotechnology labeling regulations. However, the EU continues to be in a regulatory gridlock between member states and has proposed strict traceability and labeling guidelines. These requirements are currently restricting imports of bioengineered foods and are creating an international debate. In contrast to bioengineered plant varieties, to our knowledge, there are no strains of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures on the market that contain rDNA. The majority of strains have been improved via selection and mutagenesis. However, conjugation and electroporation have been used to transfer native lactococcal phage resistance plasmids to industrial strains. In addition, plasmids have been introduced to allow for selection of certain characteristics and then been eliminated by curing. The potential benefits of bioengineered foods are far reaching and are one of the most important opportunities of this century. However, bioengineered foods remain an emotional debate that is affecting world trade.', 'en_US'),
(1751, 'Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods for four genetically modified maize varieties and maize DNA content in food', 'Quantitative detection methods are needed for enforcement of the recently introduced labeling threshold for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food ingredients. This labeling threshold, which is set to 1% in the European Union and Switzerland, must be applied to all approved GMOs. Four different varieties of maize are approved in the European Union: the insect-resistant Bt176 maize (Maximizer), Bt11 maize, Mon810 (YieldGard) maize, and the herbicide-tolerant T25 (Liberty LinkTM) maize. Because the labeling must be considered individually for each ingredient, a quantitation system for the endogenous maize content is needed in addition to the GMO-specific detection systems. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detection methods were developed for the 4 approved genetically modified maize varieties and for an endogenous maize (invertase) gene system.', 'en_US'),
(1752, 'Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods by protein- and DNA-based techniques: bridging the methods', 'According to European Commission (EC) Regulation 1139/98, foods and food ingredients that are to be delivered to the final consumer in which either protein or DNA resulting from genetic modification is present, shall be subject to additional specific labeling requirements. Since 1994, genetically altered tomatoes, squash, potatoes, canola, cotton, and soy have been on the market. Recently, insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize varieties have been introduced. Soy and maize are two of the most important vegetable crops in the world. During the past 4 years, both protein- and DNA-based methods have been developed and applied for detection of transgenic soy and maize, and their derivatives. For protein-based detection, specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been developed; for immunochemical detection, Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are the most prominent examples. For detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) at the level of DNA, polymerase chain reaction-based methods are mainly used. For these reactions, highly specific primer sets are needed. This study compares the principally different methods. Specificity of methods and the possible risks of false-positive or false-negative results are considered in relation to sampling, matrix effects, and food processing procedures. In addition, quantitative aspects of protein- and DNA-based GM detection methods are presented and discussed. This is especially relevant as EC regulation 49/2000, which defines a threshold for an unintentional comingling of 1%, came into force on April 10, 2000.', 'en_US'),
(1753, 'DNA methods: critical review of innovative approaches', 'The presence of ingredients derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food products in the market place is subject to a number of European regulations that stipulate which product consisting of or containing GMO-derived ingredients should be labeled as such. In order to maintain these labeling requirements, a variety of different GMO detection methods have been developed to screen for either the presence of DNA or protein derived from (approved) GM varieties. Recent incidents where unapproved GM varieties entered the European market show that more powerful GMO detection and identification methods will be needed to maintain European labeling requirements in an adequate, efficient, and cost-effective way. This report discusses the current state-of-the-art as well as future developments in GMO detection.', 'en_US'),
(1754, 'Detection methods and performance criteria for genetically modified organisms', 'Detection methods for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are necessary for many applications, from seed purity assessment to compliance of food labeling in several countries. Numerous analytical methods are currently used or under development to support these needs. The currently used methods are bioassays and protein- and DNA-based detection protocols. To avoid discrepancy of results between such largely different methods and, for instance, the potential resulting legal actions, compatibility of the methods is urgently needed. Performance criteria of methods allow evaluation against a common standard. The more-common performance criteria for detection methods are precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, which together specifically address other terms used to describe the performance of a method, such as applicability, selectivity, calibration, trueness, precision, recovery, operating range, limit of quantitation, limit of detection, and ruggedness. Performance criteria should provide objective tools to accept or reject specific methods, to validate them, to ensure compatibility between validated methods, and be used on a routine basis to reject data outside an acceptable range of variability. When selecting a method of detection, it is also important to consider its applicability, its field of applications, and its limitations, by including factors such as its ability to detect the target analyte in a given matrix, the duration of the analyses, its cost effectiveness, and the necessary sample sizes for testing. Thus, the current GMO detection methods should be evaluated against a common set of performance criteria.', 'en_US'),
(1755, 'Linear transgene constructs lacking vector backbone sequences generate transgenic rice plants which accumulate higher levels of proteins conferring insect resistance', 'Biolistic transformation was used to introduce genes encoding the insecticidal proteins snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) and cry1Ac Bt toxin (delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis) into elite rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Plant transformation was carried out in parallel experiments simultaneously by using either whole plasmids containing suitable gene constructs, or the corresponding minimal gene cassettes, which were linear DNA fragments lacking vector sequences excised from the plasmids. Both transformation methods generated similar numbers of independent transformation events. Selected R0 clonal plant lines were further characterised for presence and expression of transgenes. Co-transformation of the unselected genes (cry1Ac and gna) with the selectable marker (hpt) was at least as efficient for transformation with minimal gene cassettes as with whole plasmid DNA, and higher levels of accumulation of the insecticidal gene products GNA and cry1Ac were observed in plants resulting from minimal gene cassette transformation. Insect bioassays with major pests of rice showed that transgenic plants expressing gna showed enhanced resistance to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and plants expressing cry1Ac were protected against attack by striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis). Expression of both transgenes gave protection against both pests, but did not increase protection against either pest significantly over the levels observed in plants containing a single insecticidal transgene.', 'en_US'),
(1756, 'Analysis of chloroplast transformed tobacco plants with cry1Ia5 under rice psbA transcriptional elements reveal high level expression of Bt toxin without imposing yield penalty and stable inheritance of transplastome', 'Stable inheritance and sustained-high level expression of foreign genes in the progeny are the most critical factors for successful application of genetic engineering in agriculture. In this study, we have transformed cry1Ia5 into tobacco chloroplasts and studied the expression, inheritance and resistance offered against Helicoverpa armigera over two generations. Under rice chloroplast transcription elements, the Cry1Ia5 protein accumulated up to 3% of total soluble protein in leaf tissue which is ~ 300 fold more when compared to the expression of the same protein in the nuclear transformed plants. Transgenic plants offered complete protection against larvae of H. armigera, irrespective of development stage. Analysis of T0, T1 and T2 generation plants revealed site-specific integration, maternal inheritance and uniform expression of transgenes without imposing any yield penalty. Our results suggest that the overexpression of insecticidal toxin coding genes in chloroplasts would be an effective strategy to delay the emergence of resistance among phytophagous pests.', 'en_US'),
(1757, 'Expression of antibodies and Fab fragments in transgenic potato plants: a case study for bulk production in crop plants', 'To use transgenic potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) for bulk production of recombinant antibodies, constructs were engineered for accumulating full-size IgGs and Fab fragments in the plant cell apoplast or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An in-house transformation protocol was worked out for the efficient co-transformation of potato root explants. Accumulation levels in tubers of up to 0.5% of total soluble protein were found for antibodies targeted to the ER whereas five-fold lower accumulation levels were found for antibodies targeted for secretion. Additionally, different aspects important for the commercial exploitation of potato tubers as a heterologous production system were analysed. Tubers could be stored for up to 6 months without significant loss of antibody amount or activity. Minor variations in antibody accumulation levels were observed in tubers that originated from the same transformant. Most isolated IgGs and Fab fragments bound the antigen and had the correct molecular weight when compared with the hybridoma-derived standard. Processing to greenhouse or field trials, including in vitro propagation of a selected transformant, required only approximately 9 months from the start of transformation, a time frame in which hundreds of kilograms of transgenic potato tubers could easily be obtained. Small-scale purification of IgG was possible by using standard laboratory techniques. Thus, molecular farming in potato tubers can be a viable production system for economic production of clinically or industrially interesting macromolecules, such as antibodies.', 'en_US'),
(1758, 'The real threat to GM crops in poor countries: consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries', 'In most poor countries today, farmers still plant no GM food or feed crops at all. Some are now planting GM cotton, but GM food and feed crops have not yet been grown commercially anywhere in developing Asia or the Middle East, and in only one African country (South Africa). Government authorities in most of these countries have not yet given farmers official permission to plant any GM food or feed crops??superficially in most cases because of precautionary concerns about biological safety. The more fundamental reason is now a fear that consumers in high-income importing regions, such as Europe and Japan, will shun imports from any country that begins planting GM varieties. The new EU regulation calling for strict labelling and traceability on all GM-derived foods and feeds (requiring a costly physical segregation of GM from non-GM all the way up the marketing chain) will further discourage the planting of GM crops in poor countries.', 'en_US'),
(1759, 'Applications of biotechnology for crop improvement: prospects and constraints', 'Recombinant DNA technology has significantly augmented the conventional crop improvement, and has a great promise to assist plant breeders to meet the increased food demand predicted for the 21st century. Dramatic progress has been made over the past two decades in manipulating genes from diverse and exotic sources, and inserting them into microorganisms and crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests and diseases, tolerance to herbicides, drought, soil salinity and aluminum toxicity; improved post-harvest quality; enhanced nutrient uptake and nutritional quality; increased photosynthetic rate, sugar, and starch production; increased effectiveness of biocontrol agents; improved understanding of gene action and metabolic pathways; and production of drugs and vaccines in crop plants. Despite the diverse and widespread beneficial applications of biotechnology products, there remains a critical need to present these benefits to the general public in a real and understandable way that stimulates an unbiased and responsible public debate. The development, testing and release of agricultural products generated through biotechnology-based processes should be continuously optimized based on the most recent experiences. This will require a dynamic and streamlined regulatory structure, clearly supportive of the benefits of biotechnology, but highly sensitive to the well being of humans and environment.', 'en_US'),
(1760, 'The potential for gene flow between cultivated and wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in the United States', 'The transfer of genes from crop plants to their wild relatives via hybridization has emerged as one of the primary risks associated with the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. Although previous studies have revealed relatively high levels of hybridization when crop plants come into contact with their wild relatives, the frequency of such contact across the range of cultivation of any crop taxon is unknown. Here we report the results of a multi-year, range-wide survey of the potential for reproductive contact between cultivated and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The results of this work indicate that the opportunity for crop?wild hybridization exists throughout the range of sunflower cultivation. Approximately two-thirds of all cultivated fields occurred in close proximity to, and flowered coincidentally with, common sunflower populations. In these populations, the phenological overlap was extensive, with 52?96% of all wilds flowering coincidentally with the adjacent cultivar field. Moreover, there was morphological evidence of hybridization in 10?33% of the populations surveyed within a given year. These findings indicate that crop?wild hybridization is likely across the range of sunflower cultivation in the USA.', 'en_US'),
(1761, 'Effect of genetically modified low phytic acid plants on mineral absorption', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1762, 'Impact of feed processing and mixed ruminal culture on the fate of recombinant EPSP synthase and endogenous canola plant DNA', 'The impact of feed processing and in vitro ruminal cultures on the persistence of recombinant and canola-specific endogenous DNA was studied using various canola substrates (whole seed, cracked seed, meal and diet). For both, parental and genetically modified substrates, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene was amplifiable up to varying time points. Persistence of recombinant DNA, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (1363 bp) was detected up to 8 h for meal and 4 h for mixed diet. Upon processing of canola, DNA large enough to contain intact plant genes remains. In an in vitro environment, plant DNA was rapidly degraded upon its release into rumen fluid.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1763, 'Genetically engineered immunity to papaya ringspot virus in Australian papaya cultivars', 'Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), which has recently been identified in Australia, is the major limiting factor in papaya production worldwide. In this paper we report the development of two Australian papaya cultivars that are immune to infection with PRSV. Papaya somatic embryos were transformed via microprojectile bombardment using a construct containing an untranslatable PRSV coat protein coding region. Immunity was demonstrated by repeated inoculation in the glasshouse and eighteen months in the field. The immune lines were shown to have up to five copies of the transgene by Southern hybridisation. Northern hybridisation showed that the coat protein transcript in the immune lines appeared to be degraded; therefore, the mechanism of resistance appears to be post transcriptional gene silencing via RNA degradation. We have taken a proactive approach to control of PRSV in Australia by developing genetically engineered resistance before the Australian papaya industry has been decimated by the inevitable spread of PRSV.', 'en_US'),
(1764, 'The biosafety protocol and international trade in genetically modified organisms', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1765, 'Relationship between papaya ringspot virus coat protein transgene expression levels and age-dependent resistance in transgenic papaya', '''Rainbow'' (RB), a transgenic papaya cultivar hemizygous for the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) coat protein (CP) gene, exhibits early plant susceptibility (>70% of plants infected) to mechanical inoculation with crude preparations of PRSV isolates from Hawaii. However, RB plants become highly resistant by approximately 9 weeks after seeding in the greenhouse (2.5% of plants infected) and by 13 weeks in the field (<16% of plants infected). ''SunUp'' (SU), a transgenic papaya cultivar homozygous for the CP gene, exhibits complete resistance against all isolates of PRSV from Hawaii, but is susceptible to isolates from outside of Hawaii. The current research was conducted to measure PRSV-CP expression levels in RB and SU plants at comparable stages of development, and to determine if transgene expression levels correlate with resistance. In all experiments, older RB and SU plants had lower average CP expression levels than younger seedlings, while RB had higher average CP expression levels than equivalently aged SU. For RB plants, CP expression level at inoculation was positively correlated with subsequent symptom expression in 3 out of 4 greenhouse trials and with percent infection in both field trials. Differences in CP transgene expression levels and early plant susceptibility of RB plants demonstrate that careful attention must be focused on plant development when evaluating transgenic plants for desired characteristics.', 'en_US'),
(1766, 'Biotechnology in aquaculture', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1767, 'Transgenic fruit: development, handling and marketing', 'Transgenic fruit with modified gene traits have led to technological commercial successes (e.g. virus resistant papaya) and some disappointments (tomato softening - antisense polygalacturonase). In order to be successful, the technology needs to take commercial, economic, social and environmental impacts into account. Transgenic commodities that provide producers a cost advantage (e.g. an input character: such as disease resistance) may not be reflected in a lower price for consumers. Similarly, fruit handlers and consumers may not see an advantage of modified handling and ripening characteristics (output characters) and hence they may not be willing to pay a premium. This hesitancy is particularly so for commodities that are available all year around from a single or multiple sources. Hawaii''s papaya industry was in a perilous state from 1992, as papaya ringspot virus rapidly moved through the major production area on the Big Island. ''SunUp'' and ''Rainbow'' (F1-''SunUp'' x ''Kapoho'') were the two transgenic virus resistant cultivars released by the University of Hawaii in 1998 through the Papaya Administrative Committee. The availability of the transgenic seed rescued the industry. Producers saw their family incomes increase and employment improved for the numerous small papaya producers. Hawaii has been successful in marketing transgenic papaya fruit on the US Mainland. There has been some resistance by large corporate distributors. However, transgenic fruit are readily marketed in supermarket chains and small retailers. The return of the industry to full health depends upon access to the Japanese market, and to a lesser extent access to Canada. Both are under petition.', 'en_US'),
(1768, 'Growth promotion in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) by gene transfer of the rainbow trout growth hormone gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1769, 'Is it fair to compare? Issues regarding the testing of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans in university variety performance trials', 'With the introduction of herbicide-tolerant crop varieties, there is concern that university variety performance trials conducted under conventional herbicide programs may be biased in terms of yield potential. Experiments on dryland and irrigated glyphosate-tolerant soybean (Glycine max) varieties conducted at two Arkansas locations in 1998 and 2000 provide evidence there are no differences in plant height or yield potential across herbicide regimes if effective weed control is established. The research compared conventional herbicide programs to various glyphosate products. While the evidence suggests that university trials are an appropriate means of determining the yield potential of glyphosate-tolerant varieties, producers are still advised to evaluate whether effective weed control will be better attained with a glyphosate or conventional herbicide program.', 'en_US'),
(1770, 'Is biotechnology in China''s future?', 'This paper examines the potential of agricultural biotechnology adoption in China in the future. It discusses: the strong government support to agricultural biotechnology research; consumers'' acceptance of agricultural biotechnology; regulations in labelling and safety certification for genetically modified animals and plants entering China for sale, production, processing, or research; and the role of the public and private sector in biotechnology research.', 'en_US'),
(1771, 'Comparison of simplex and duplex real-time PCR for the quantification of GMO in maize and soybean', 'This paper focuses on the determination of the GMO content of maize and soybean samples using real-time PCR, comparing simplex and duplex PCR. The total DNA content of samples was determined by amplifying part of a maize gene encoding a lipid transfer protein, or part of a soybean lectin gene. The transgenic DNA was quantified by amplifying part of the CaMV 35S promoter. The importance of preparation and conservation of standards as well as the relevance of DNA extraction protocol on the variability of results are discussed. For the determination of low GMO content, limitation in the number of copies of the target gene to be amplified is considered. For samples with a theoretical GMO content of 1%, corresponding to the legal threshold for labelling, the value determined by duplex real-time PCR ranged from 0.85% to 1.20%. Both real-time simplex and duplex PCRs allowed identification of GMO free samples without ambiguity.', 'en_US'),
(1772, 'The latest European Union directive on genetically modified organisms. A food policy mediating between public concerns and industry interests', 'The recently published 2001/18/EC Directive on deliberate release into the environment of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) provides a very important legislative framework for regulation of the GMOs issue in the European Union in the forthcoming years. Spreading knowledge of the contents of this Directive and outlining its main points of general interest will indubitably help the debate between consumers and producers, and this is the goal of the present paper.', 'en_US'),
(1773, 'Predicting survival of a genetically engineered microorganism, Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11, in soil and wheat rhizosphere across Canada with linear multiple regression models', 'Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11 survival rates in soil and wheat rhizosphere were measured using intact soil core microcosms representing 23 sites across Canada. Linear multiple regression (LMR) models were developed to predict the survival rate of this genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) as a function of soil parameters measured at the time of microcosm inoculation. LMR models were tested by comparing their predicted survival rates with observed survival rates from environmental introductions of the GEM by Gagliardi et al. (2001) at five field sites across Canada over two years. No soil parameter (e.g., % clay) was highly correlated with GEM survival rates in soil or wheat rhizosphere. Total fungal colony-forming units (CFUs), % soil titanium (positive correlations), and % soil magnesium (negative correlation) were found to be the best LMR predictors of GEM survival rates in soil over two years. Total soil bacterial CFUs, nitrate, % soil potassium (positive correlations), and exchangeable magnesium (negative correlation) were found to be the best LMR predictors of GEM survival rate in wheat rhizosphere over two years. While LMR models were statistically significant, they were unable to reliably predict the survival rate of the GEM in field trial introductions. The results indicate that there can be considerable uncertainty associated with predicting GEM survival for multi-site environmental introductions.', 'en_US'),
(1774, 'Tolerance to Cry1Ac in populations of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): three-year summary', 'Field populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens F. from the eastern one-half of the United States cotton belt were monitored from 1996 to 1998 for tolerance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Spray chamber analyses of H. zea from the Mississippi Delta revealed a slight decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ac during the 3-year period. Areas producing the greatest change in tolerance to Cry1Ac had a greater percentage of their acreage planted in Bt cotton. In general, tolerances of H. virescens populations did not change, with the single exception being the third generation of H. virescens collected from the Mississippi Delta. The small changes in tolerance in H. zea reported herein suggested that even though populations were slightly more tolerant of Cry1Ac, they were not at a level to cause control failures in the field.', 'en_US'),
(1775, 'Characterization of antibody responses induced in rodents by exposure to food proteins: influence of route of exposure', 'There is a growing interest in the development of methods to characterize the allergenic properties of novel proteins, particularly those expressed by transgenic crop plants. Approaches to the direct evaluation of allergenic potential have focused generally on the ability of proteins to induce antibody (particularly IgE antibody) after systemic (intraperitoneal; i.p.) or gavage administration to high IgE responder strain rodents. To date there has been no systematic comparison of the reliability, sensitivity or selectivity of these approaches. We have, therefore, compared antibody (IgG and IgE) responses induced in Brown Norway (BN) rats by daily gavage administration and in BALB/c strain mice following intraperitoneal or gavage exposure to food proteins of varying allergenic potential. Animals were exposed to the allergens peanut agglutinin and ovalbumin (OVA) or to a crude potato protein extract (PPE) containing acid phosphatase activity, a common foodstuff which appears to be of low allergenicity. All test proteins were clearly immunogenic when administered by gavage to BN rats, with measurable, and in some cases very vigorous, IgG antibody responses recorded for all animals. Identical exposure of BALB/c strain mice also stimulated detectable IgG antibody responses, with particularly high titers recorded following treatment with peanut agglutinin and somewhat less vigorous responses induced by OVA and PPE. Despite these high titer IgG antibody responses, however, none of the proteins provoked detectable IgE antibody following gavage administration to BN rats. In contrast, in BALB/c mice oral exposure to peanut agglutinin elicited high titer IgE antibody, although IgE antibody responses to both OVA and PPE were much weaker. Parenteral (i.p.) treatment of BALB/c strain mice with each of the test materials induced relatively high titer IgG antibody and a differential potential to stimulate IgE antibody was observed. High titer IgE responses were provoked by i.p. administration of peanut agglutinin and OVA, whereas PPE stimulated little or no detectable IgE antibody. It would appear, therefore, that while it is possible to elicit robust IgE responses by gavage exposure of BALB/c strain mice to some protein allergens, such as peanut agglutinin, such responses are generally weaker and less consistent than those provoked by i.p. administration. Furthermore, gavage treatment failed to induce detectable IgE responses in the BN rat, suggesting that the ability these animals to mount IgE responses is somewhat variable. Following i.p. administration to BALB/c strain mice, these proteins displayed immunological properties consistent with what is known of their allergenic potential in humans, suggesting that, following further evaluation with a wider range of proteins, this method may provide one approach to the identification of potential protein allergens.', 'en_US'),
(1776, 'Acceptability of genetically modified cheese presented as real product alternative', 'European consumers, in general, have negative attitudes towards the use of gene technology in food production. The objective of this study was to examine whether taste and health benefits influence the acceptability of genetically modified (gm) products when they are presented as real product alternatives. Consumers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden (n=738) assessed two cheeses: one was labelled as genetically modified (preferred in an earlier product test) and the other as conventional (neutral in an earlier product test). A smaller control group received two cheeses with blind codes. Labelling decreased consumers'' intentions to buy the originally preferred gm-labelled cheese, but still the intentions were at the same level with the conventionally labelled option. Participants chose two gm cheeses out of five possible when given the option to take cheese home after tasting. Intentions to buy gm cheese could best be explained by respondents'' attitudes towards gene technology and perceived taste benefits. General health interest was also a reinforcer of intentions for gm cheese with reduced fat content.', 'en_US'),
(1777, 'Protein allergenicity assessment of foods produced through agricultural biotechnology.', 'Foods produced through agricultural biotechnology are reaching the consumer marketplace. These novel foods should be assessed for their safety, including their potential allergenicity. Agricultural biotechnology involves the introduction of novel proteins into the modified foods, and proteins can be allergenic. The potential allergenicity of the introduced proteins can be evaluated by focusing on the source of the gene, the homology of the newly introduced protein to known allergens, the reactivity of the novel protein with IgE antibodies from the serum of individuals with known allergies to the source of the transferred DNA or to materials that are broadly related to the source of the transferred DNA, the resistance of the novel protein to pepsin, and the immunoreactivity of the novel protein in appropriate animal models. Additional factors, such as the level of expression of the novel protein in the modified food and expression in the edible portion of the food, may also yield valuable insights. Applying such criteria provides a reasonable approach to determining whether or not the novel protein is likely to become an allergen.', 'en_US'),
(1778, 'Genetically engineered foods: implications for food allergy', 'The products of agricultural biotechnology, including such common foods as corn and soybeans, are already reaching the consumer marketplace. Consumer exposure to such foods is already fairly significant, particularly in the USA. Thus far, no reports exist regarding allergic reactions to the crops that have been approved for introduction into the food supply. These crops have been modified to only a minor extent by comparison with their traditional counterparts, and the level of expression of new and novel proteins is quite low. Thus, consumer exposure to these novel proteins is very low and unlikely to result in allergic sensitization. Nevertheless, foods produced through agricultural biotechnology must be assessed for safety, including their potential allergenicity, before they may be approved by worldwide regulatory agencies for entry into the food supply. However, the adequacy of the current approach to the assessment of the potential allergenicity of foods produced through agricultural biotechnology has been the subject of considerable scientific and regulatory debate.', 'en_US'),
(1779, 'Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides', 'To meet the demands for food of the expanding world population, there is need of new ways for protecting plant crops against predators and pathogens while avoiding the use of environmentally aggressive chemicals. A milestone in this field was the introduction into crop plants of genes expressing Bacillus thuringiensis entomotoxic proteins. In spite of the success of this new technology, however, there are difficulties for acceptance of these `anti-natural'' products by the consumers and some concerns about its biosafety in mammals. An alternative could be exploring the plant''s own defense mechanisms, by manipulating the expression of their endogenous defense proteins, or introducing an insect control gene derived from another plant. This review deals with the biochemical features and mechanisms of actions of plant proteins supposedly involved in defense mechanisms against insects, including lectins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, enzymes inhibitors, arcelins, chitinases, ureases, and modified storage proteins. The potentialities of genetic engineering of plants with increased resistance to insect predation relying on the repertoire of genes found in plants are also discussed. Several different genes encoding plant entomotoxic proteins have been introduced into crop genomes and many of these insect resistant plants are now being tested in field conditions or awaiting commercialization.', 'en_US'),
(1780, 'Approaches to assessment of the allergenic potential of novel proteins in food from genetically modified crops.', 'The safety assessment of food derived from genetically modified plants continues to attract considerable attention. Among the important issues that need to be considered is whether the products of novel genes introduced into crop plants will have the potential to induce allergic sensitization or to elicit allergic disease. Hierarchical approaches to allergenicity testing have been proposed, and these incorporate evaluation of the structural and sequence homology and serological identity of novel proteins with known allergens, measurement of resistance to proteolytic digestion, and assessment of allergenic potential using animal models. Accounts of these approaches are available elsewhere, and it is not the purpose of this article to provide a detailed critique of specific methods. Our intention is rather to look more broadly at the strategy for assessment of allergenic potential, the challenges such assessments pose for the practicing toxicologist, and how some of these might best be addressed.', 'en_US'),
(1781, 'Precautionary uncertainty: regulating GM crops in Europe', 'Through the precautionary principle, governments acknowledge the limits of science as a basis for policy, while seeking to clarify scientific uncertainty. This tension is exemplified by the European risk regulation of genetically modified (GM) crops. The risk debate has been translated into various precautionary approaches, each with its own cognitive framing of the relevant uncertainties. Early safety claims took for granted intensive agricultural models; normative judgements served to downplay uncertainties which were not readily reducible, thus justifying commercial approval of products. In the late 1990s public protest strengthened broader accounts of uncertainty, for example through more stringent environmental norms and more complex causal pathways of potential harm. Fact-finding methods were debated as a value-laden choice for how best to generate more relevant knowledge.As risk-assessment research challenged assumptions in safety claims, critics cited the results as evidence of greater uncertainty. Invoking the precautionary principle, regulatory procedures delayed or restricted commercial use of GM crops. They not only increased the burden of evidence for safety, but also stimulated and requested knowledge about more complex uncertainties. Criteria for relevant evidence were implicitly linked with different framing visions for agriculture.Such value conflicts made scientific uncertainty more important - rather than vice versa. When risk research methods were challenged, fact/value boundaries were blurred, thus increasing ''uncertainty'' - rather than vice versa. In these ways, the risk controversy was constituted by divergent accounts of the relevant scientific uncertainty. Uncertainty was constitutive, not merely contextual. In general, then, precaution offers a means to justify uncertainty - not simply vice versa.', 'en_US'),
(1782, 'The genetically modified (GM) food labelling controversy: ideological and epistemic crossovers', 'In the debate surrounding genetically modified (GM) food, intense controversies pertain over whether, or how, GM food products ought to be labelled. This paper examines how the GM-supportive and GM-sceptical alliances use arguments regarding labelling so as to strengthen their respective positions. It is an examination of conflicting arguments across social coalitions, corporations and policy-makers, mainly in the USA, but with certain European comparisons. The empirical material consists of written statements by the different groups. The paper suggests that the ideological and epistemological tenets are radically transformed, or even ''crossed over'', between GM proponents and opponents when the focus is moved from GM per se to labelling. Two types of crossovers are identified: (i) the crossover of ideologies, and (ii) the crossover of epistemologies. The paper concludes that, while implementing mandatory GM labelling may have several democratic advantages, it is more urgent that both alliances become more reflexive and communicative concerning inconsistent or eclectic crossovers - both ideological and epistemological.', 'en_US'),
(1783, 'Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments', 'Widespread use of transgenic crops that express an insecticidal endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis increases the risk of evolution of resistance by the European corn borer and other insect pests. To delay resistance evolution, the high-dose/refuge strategy is being implemented for Bt maize and Bt cotton. We develop a general modelling framework to understand the invasion and spread of alleles conferring resistance. We show that at least three processes are involved in explaining the effectiveness of the high-dose/refuge strategy: the intensity of selection, assortative (non-random) mating due to spatial subdivision, and variation in male mating success also due to spatial subdivision. Understanding these processes leads to a greater range of possible resistance management tactics. For example, efforts to encourage adults to leave their natal fields may have the unwanted effect of speeding rather than slowing resistance evolution. Furthermore, when Bt maize causes high mortality to susceptible target pests, spraying insecticides in refuges to reduce pest populations may not greatly disrupt resistance management.', 'en_US'),
(1784, 'The impact of biotechnology on agricultural worker safety and health', 'Biotechnology applications such as the use and production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been widely promoted, adopted, and employed by agricultural producers throughout the world. Yet, little research exists that examines the implications of agricultural biotechnology on the health and safety of workers involved in agricultural production and processing. Regulatory frameworks do exist to examine key issues related to food safety and environmental protection in GMO applications. However, based on the lack of research and regulatory oversight, it would appear that the potential impact on the safety and health of workers is of limited interest. This article examines some of the known worker health and safety implications related to the use and production of GMOs using the host, agent, and environment framework. The characteristics of employers, workers, inputs, production practices, and socio-economic environments in which future agricultural workers perform various tasks is likely to change based on the research summarized here.', 'en_US'),
(1785, 'Food allergy', 'Food allergies affect as many as 6% of young children, most of whom ''outgrow'' the sensitivity, and about 2% of the general population. Although any food may provoke a reaction, relatively few foods are responsible for the vast majority of food allergic reactions: milk, egg, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Many of these food allergens have been characterized at a molecular level, which has increased our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of many responses and may soon lead to novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Food allergic reactions are responsible for a variety of symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract and may be due to IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. A systematic approach including history, laboratory studies, elimination diets, and often food challenges will lead to the correct diagnosis. Currently, management of food allergies consists of educating the patient to avoid ingesting the responsible allergen and to initiate therapy in case of an unintended ingestion.', 'en_US'),
(1786, 'IgE, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils', 'IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils constitute essential elements in allergic inflammation. Allergen-specific IgE, synthesized in response to allergens in the environment and in susceptible individuals, becomes fixed to high-affinity receptors on cellular membranes, especially of mast cells and basophils. If these receptor-bound IgE molecules are aggregated on reexposure to specific allergen, these mast cells and basophils produce mediators that result in the allergic response. Principal among the cells drawn to sites of mediator release is the eosinophil.', 'en_US'),
(1787, 'Animal models to detect allergenicity to foods and genetically modified products: workshop summary', 'Respiratory allergy and allergy to foods continue to be important health issues. There is evidence to indicate that the incidence of food allergy around the world is on the rise. Current estimates indicate that approximately 5% of young children and 1-2% of adults suffer from true food allergy (Kagan 2003). Although a large number of in vivo and in vitro tests exist for the clinical diagnosis of allergy in humans, we lack validated animal models of allergenicity. This deficiency creates serious problems for regulatory agencies and industries that must define the potential allergenicity of foods before marketing. The emergence of several biotechnologically derived foods and industrial proteins, as well as their potential to sensitize genetically predisposed populations to develop allergy, has prompted health officials and regulatory agencies around the world to seek approaches and methodologies to screen novel proteins for allergenicity.', 'en_US'),
(1788, 'Food allergy - an overview', 'Food allergy affects between 5% and 7.5% of children and between 1% and 2% of adults. The greater prevalence of food allergy in children reflects both the increased predisposition of children to develop food allergies and the development of immunologic tolerance to certain foods over time. Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated food allergies can be classified as those that persist indefinitely and those that are predominantly transient. Although there is overlap between the two groups, certain foods are more likely than others to be tolerated in late childhood and adulthood. The diagnosis of food allergy rests with the detection of food-specific IgE in the context of a convincing history of type I hypersensitivity-mediated symptoms after ingestion of the suspected food or by eliciting IgE-mediated symptoms after controlled administration of the suspected food. Presently, the only available treatment of food allergies is dietary vigilance and administration of self-injectable epinephrine.', 'en_US'),
(1789, 'Assessment of the inherent allergenic potential of proteins in mice', 'There is considerable interest in the design of approaches that will permit the accurate identification and characterization of proteins that have the inherent potential to induce sensitization and cause food allergy. Among the methods used currently as part of such assessments are consideration of structural similarity to, or amino acid sequence homology with, known human allergens; whether there exists immunologic cross-reactivity with known allergens; and measurement of resistance to proteolytic digestion in a simulated gastric fluid. Although such approaches provide information that will contribute to a safety assessment, they do not--either individually or collectively--provide a direct evaluation of the ability of a novel protein to cause allergic sensitization. For this reason, work is in progress to design and evaluate suitable animal models that will provide a more holistic assessment of allergenic potential. In this laboratory, the approach we have taken has been to examine the characteristics of immune responses induced in mice following parenteral (intraperitoneal) exposure to test proteins. The basis of this method is to determine simultaneously the overall immunogenic potential of proteins [measured as a function of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody responses] and to compare this with their ability to provoke IgE antibody production, IgE being the antibody that effects allergic sensitization. Although this approach has not yet been evaluated fully, the results available to date suggest that it will be possible to distinguish proteins that have the inherent potential to induce allergic sensitization from those that do not. In this article we summarize progress to date in the context of the scientific background against which such methods are being developed.', 'en_US'),
(1790, 'Assessment of the allergic potential of food protein extracts and proteins on oral application using the brown Norway rat model', 'The need for widely accepted and validated animal models to test the potential allergenicity and potency of novel (biotechnology-derived) proteins has become an important issue for their safety evaluation. In this article, we summarize the results of the development of an oral sensitization protocol for food proteins in the rat. Young Brown Norway rats were exposed to either various purified allergenic proteins (e.g., ovalbumin, partly purified), a whole food (cow''s milk), or total protein extracts (hen''s egg white, peanut) by daily gavage dosing during 42 days without the use of an adjuvant. The results showed that Brown Norway rats can be sensitized orally to the various allergenic food proteins tested, resulting in antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE responses, without the use of adjuvants. Animals orally exposed to cow''s milk or total protein extracts of egg white also developed specific IgE and IgG antibodies that recognized the same proteins compared with antibodies from patients allergic to egg white or cow''s milk. We also studied local and systemic immune-mediated effects. In ovalbumin-sensitized rats, some clinical symptoms of food allergy were studied upon an oral challenge with ovalbumin. The results demonstrated that gut permeability was increased and that in some animals breathing frequency and systolic blood pressure were temporarily decreased. The results obtained show that the Brown Norway rat provides a suitable animal model for food allergy research and for the study of relative allergenicity of existing and novel food proteins.', 'en_US'),
(1791, 'Nonmurine animal models of food allergy', 'Food allergy can present as immediate hypersensitivity [manifestations mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E], delayed-type hypersensitivity (reactions associated with specific T lymphocytes), and inflammatory reactions caused by immune complexes. For reasons of ethics and efficacy, investigations in humans to determine sensitization and allergic responses of IgE production to innocuous food proteins are not feasible. Therefore, animal models are used a) to bypass the innate tendency to develop tolerance to food proteins and induce specific IgE antibody of sufficient avidity/affinity to cause sensitization and upon reexposure to induce an allergic response, b) to predict allergenicity of novel proteins using characteristics of known food allergens, and c) to treat food allergy by using immunotherapeutic strategies to alleviate life-threatening reactions. The predominant hypothesis for IgE-mediated food allergy is that there is an adverse reaction to exogenous food proteins or food protein fragments, which escape lumen hydrolysis, and in a polarized helper T cell subset 2 (Th2) environment, immunoglobulin class switching to allergen-specific IgE is generated in the immune system of the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissues. Traditionally, the immunologic characterization and toxicologic studies of small laboratory animals have provided the basis for development of animal models of food allergy; however, the natural allergic response in large animals, which closely mimic allergic diseases in humans, can also be useful as models for investigations involving food allergy.', 'en_US'),
(1792, 'Identification of antigenic epitopes on human allergens: studies with HLA transgenic mice', 'Environmental factors play an important role in the rise and manifestation of allergic conditions in genetically predisposed subjects. Increased exposure to indoor/outdoor allergens is a significant factor in the development of allergic sensitization and asthma. Recently, strong relationships between the immune response to several highly purified allergens and specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and -DR haplotypes have been reported. The major antigens from clinically important allergens have been cloned and sequenced. However, whether innate structural features of major allergens or peculiar immune recognition of these molecules contribute to the overly robust immune responses is not known. We generated and used transgenic (tg) mice expressing single HLA class II transgene(s) to characterize the allergen epitopes presented by particular HLA class II molecules. Next, we generated in vivo models for asthma in the HLA tg mice by intranasal challenge with allergenic extracts. Furthermore, we used a single epitope to induce an allergic lung inflammation. Our system offers a sophisticated technique for systematically identifying the genetic (individual human class II) and antigenic (individual allergenic epitopes) basis of asthma sensitivity and has important implications for new treatment strategies.', 'en_US'),
(1793, 'A human dendritic cell-based method to identify CD4+ T-cell epitopes in potential protein allergens', 'We developed an assay to determine the location of immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitopes in any protein. The method uses CD4+ T cells from community donors in conjunction with dendritic cells derived in vitro. Synthetic peptides constructed to describe the sequence of the protein of interest are cocultured with dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells, and T-cell proliferation is measured. Data are compiled over a large replicate of human donors to pinpoint immunodominant, usually promiscuous epitope regions. We have applied this technique to a known food allergen, the Brazil nut 2S storage globulin protein, and to two potential food allergens, the Cry1Ab and Cry3Aa proteins. We show epitope data for these three proteins. This assay can be used as a tool to guide the selection and qualification of future potential food transgenes.', 'en_US'),
(1794, 'Detection of Roundup ReadyTM Soybean processed food and vegetable soybean by multiplex polymerase chain reaction', 'The detection of Genetically modified (GM) food is necessary due to food safety regulations, and the labelling of GM-food will be practiced by 2003 in Taiwan. In this study, products such as soyamilk, tofu, dried tofu, yaba, su-ju, soyabean protein, vegetable meat and vegetable soyabean made of Roundup Ready Soyabean (RRS) were screened by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. By this method, the limit of detection for reference samples containing 5% (w/w) RRS of products soyabean, soyamilk, tofu, dried tofu and yaba was determined. This method can be used for detection of su-ji and soyabean protein efficiently but not vegetable meat due to its DNA degradation. We also found that no RRS gene been detected in vegetable soyabean harvested in Taiwan.', 'en_US'),
(1795, 'Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants', 'Oral immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) derived from yeast (purified product) or in transgenic potatoes (uncooked unprocessed sample) was compared. An oral adjuvant, cholera toxin, was used to increase immune responses. Transgenic plant material containing HBsAg was the superior means of both inducing a primary immune response and priming the mice to respond to a subsequent parenteral injection of HBsAg. Electron microscopy of transgenic plant samples revealed evidence that the HBsAg accumulated intracellularly; we conclude that natural bioencapsulation of the antigen may provide protection from degradation in the digestive tract until plant cell degradation occurs near an immune effector site in the gut. The correlate of protection from hepatitis B virus infection is serum antibody titers induced by vaccination; the protective level in humans is 10 milliunits/ml or greater. Mice fed HBsAg-transgenic potatoes produced HBsAg-specific serum antibodies that exceeded the protective level and, on parenteral boosting, generated a strong long-lasting secondary antibody response. We have also shown the effectiveness of oral delivery by using a parenteral prime-oral boost immunization schedule. The demonstrated success of oral immunization for hepatitis B virus with an ''edible vaccine'' provides a strategy for contributing a means to achieve global immunization for hepatitis B prevention and eradication.', 'en_US'),
(1796, 'Field evaluation and agronomic performance of transgenic wheat', 'Seven transgenic lines of wheat have been evaluated under field conditions during 2 agonomic years. Four lines contained the transgenes for -glucuronidase (uidA), herbicide resistance (bar) and for one high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunit, and three lines contained only one transgene for one HMW glutenin subunit and no marker genes. Agronomic traits and yield components were studied in transgenic lines and compared with the non-transgenic parent and null segregant lines. Although phenotypic differences for many traits have been found, only heading date and the number of spikelets per spike showed clear genotypic differences for both field trials. All transgenic lines had a longer heading date than parent lines whereas the number of spikelets per spike in transgenic lines was around that for L88-31 and higher for L88-6 than the corresponding parent lines. No differences were found between lines constitutively expressing the uidA and bar genes from those which only expressed the HMW genes. We conclude that differences between transgenic lines and their parents are small, and could be eliminated by backcrossing transgenic lines with their parents and selecting for the wanted genotype.', 'en_US'),
(1797, 'Transgenic dry bean tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium', 'The bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Jansen) Labeda & Lyons encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), which confers tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. In Brazil, the productivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (dry bean) has been declining in some regions. One of most limiting factors is weed competition. This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of obtaining transgenic bean plants resistant to glufosinate ammonium, which would facilitate weed control during the summer season. The biolistic process was used to insert this gene into dry bean, and the integration was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Two transgenic events, PHV119 and PHV122 were tolerant to 500 g ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium under green house conditions, with no visible symptoms and developmental growth comparable to nontransgenic P. vulgaris. Field evaluation carried out with the PHV119 event has shown that the plants tolerated up to 400 g GA ha-1, with no visible symptoms. Inheritance studies showed that the transgenes segregated in a Mendelian fashion.', 'en_US'),
(1798, 'Effect of weeds on the sexual indices of spiders (Araneae) in transgenic sugarbeet and maize fields', 'In the years 1997 and 1998 effects of weed on the sexual indices of spiders (Araneae) were carried out during field tests with transgenic, herbicide tolerant sugar beet and maize crops. Because of the tolerance of the plants and the possible late application, different weed cover was determined in treatments. Catching was done with pitfall traps. Conventional fields of the same crops were used with a minimum distance of 500m from the testing site. With exception of O. apicatus (Blackwall) the catching of the males were higher than that of the females and the juveniles. No indirect effects of weed couldn''t be determined on the species with exception of P. microphthalmum (O.P.-Cambridge) in both cultures maize and sugar beet.', 'en_US'),
(1799, 'Implications for food regulations of novel food: safety and labeling', 'Novel or functional foods may provide health and nutritional benefits due to non-nutritice components such as fiber, flavonoids, and phenols. National, regional and international regulations are discussed as a means to control label claims, composition and uses.', 'en_US'),
(1800, 'Current methods for assessing safety of genetically modified crops as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready Soybeans', 'Several laboratories have used recombinant DNA technology in plant breeding to improve compositional, processing, and agronomic characteristics of plants. These transformed plants have been extensively tested in field trials, have gained full regulatory approvals and are currently being marketed in a number of countries around the world. This paper briefly summarizes the approach used to assure the safety of foods and feeds derived from these genetically modified crops, as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready soybeans that has been developed by Monsanto Company using biotechnology in order to confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide, by the production of the CP4 enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein. The results of the studies demonstrate that Roundup Ready soybeans are as safe as traditional soybeans with respect to food and feed safety.', 'en_US'),
(1801, 'Safety assessment and public concerns for genetically modified food products: the Japanese experience', 'There combinant DNA (rDNA) technique is expected to bring about great progress in the improvement of breeding technology and the development of new plant varieties showing high quality and high yield, such as those with excellent pest and disease resistance, those with environmental stress tolerance, and so forth. In the United States and Canada, many genetically modified (GM) crop plants were commercialized as early as 1994. In Japan, 35 transgenic crop plants, such as herbicide tolerant soybean, cotton, and canola, and insect-resistant corn, cotton, and potatos, were authorized and considered marketable until April 2001. The general public, however, is not familiar with rDNA technology, and some people seem to feel uncomfortable with biotechnology, frequently because of the difficulty of the technology and lacking of sufficient information. New labeling systems were initiated in April 2001 in Japan to provide information regarding the use of GM crops as raw material.', 'en_US'),
(1802, 'Safety assessment and public concern for genetically modified food products: the European view', 'The safety assessment for marketing purposes of genetically modified (GM) foods in the 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) is based on the Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulation adopted in May 1997. Before a GM food can be approved under the Regulation, it must satisfy three criteria: GM food must be safe, it must not mislead the consumer and it must be nutritionally adequate. The EU Scientific Committee on Food has published a set of guidelines describing the type of information expected from a company in support of an application for approval of a GM food or food ingredient. Despite this rigorous procedure and there being no evidence of harm resulting from the consumption of GM foods worldwide, there is essentially no market in the EU for such products at present. Possible reasons for this are discussed and the view put forward that the market for GM foods will change only when there are more clearly perceived consumer benefits.', 'en_US'),
(1803, 'Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view', 'In the relatively short time since their commercial introduction in 1996, genetically modified (GM) crops have been rapidly adopted in the United States GM crops are regulated through a coordinated framework developed in 1992 and administered by three agencies--the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) that ensures the products are safe to grow, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that ensures the products are safe for the environment, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that ensures the products are safe to eat. Rigorous food and environmental safety assessments must be completed before GM crops can be commercialized. Fifty-one products have been reviewed by the FDA, including several varieties of corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, rice, sugar beets, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, papaya, and flax. Because FDA considers these crops ''substantially equivalent'' to their conventional counterparts, no special labeling is required for GM crops in the United States and they are managed as commodities with no segregation or identity preservation. GM crops have thus made their way through commodity distribution channels into thousands of ingredients used in processed foods. It has been estimated that 70% to 85% of processed foods on supermarket shelves in the United States today contain one or more ingredients potentially derived from GM crops. The food industry and retail industry have been monitoring the opinions of their consumers on the GM issue for the past several years. Numerous independent groups have also surveyed consumer concerns about GM foods. The results of these surveys are shared and discussed here.', 'en_US'),
(1804, 'The process of developing labeling standards for GM foods in the Codex Alimentarius', 'The Codex Committee on Food Labeling (CCFL) is currently considering the issue of genetically modified (GM) food labeling in an effort to develop guidelines for international harmonization. This paper provides a summary of the CCFL''s seven-year effortto develop a standard for the labeling of biotechnology-derived foods. It is hoped that the CCFL will continue to meet its objective of protecting consumers while facilitating trade by developing the best labeling policies for harmonization.', 'en_US'),
(1805, 'A survey of national labeling policies for GM foods', 'Rising consumer concerns with genetically modified foods and products has led a number of countries around the world to introduce rules for labeling the presence of genetically modified (GM) ingredients. This paper presents a survey of the countries around the world that have adopted or indicate that they plan to adopt rules to govern labels in the marketplace. So far, more than 26 countries have either adopted provisions or announced plans for rules to assist the market to develop and deliver labeled products. The challenge facing industry, national governments and international trade organizations is that each of the systems being developed has different tolerances, diverging application, and weak or inconsistent enforcement, compounding the tasks of international trade', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1806, 'Analyzing quality and quality assurance (including labeling) for GMOs', 'The use of biotechnology can affect the actual and perceived quality of food products through its effect on an array of intrinsic quality attributes. Buyers may agree or differ on which of these effects creates high or low quality products. Labeling is an extrinsic cue that informs buyers, although imperfectly, about intrinsic quality characteristics.', 'en_US'),
(1807, 'Genetic risks in forestry', 'This paper raises two major questions: (1) Do forestry operations modify genetic processes that would increase exposures of tree populations to future losses or hazards? (2) Do genetic activities per se (selection, tree improvement, biotechnology) lead to increase susceptibility to risks? A general frame for the analysis of genetic risks is first presented by outlining the effects of different genetic attributes or processes on the exposure or tolerance to risks. Then a review of the various risks generated by species of population transfer, silvicultural and management regimes, tree breeding activities and biotechnology is given. Main concerns in these activities are the potential erosion of genetic diversity, the strong modifications of the distribution of genetic diversity due to artificial seed flow, the disruption of genetic processes maintaining diversity, and the potential release of genetically modified trees. To cope with these concerns most countries and institutions have adopted conservative measures as dynamic conservation programmes of genetic resources.', 'en_US'),
(1808, 'Consumption of two Bt and six non-Bt corn varieties by the woodlouse Porcellio scaber', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1809, 'Potential gene flow from cultivated sunflower to volunteer, wild Helianthus species in Europe', 'The possibility of gene flow between cultivated and wild species of different crops was assessed, focussing on sunflower and its wild relatives or cultivated forms (annual Helianthus annuus, H. argophyllus, H. bolanderi, H. petiolaris, and perennial H. rigidus, H. tuberosus). Data were compiled from the literature and an attempt was made at determining the efficiency of possible crosses between annual and perennial species. The risk of a cultivated allele escaping from sunflower to uncontrolled forms (volunteers, H. annuus and H. tuberosus feral forms) was addressed, the fate of such alleles in the wild also being examined. An attempt was made to define some of the pressures likely to limit the spread of wild forms in nature, or that could prevent or impede the spread and increase the frequency of alleles from cultivated plants. Risks of spread of transgenes from sunflower varieties in Europe where feral forms are present but no natural Helianthus species were assessed. The emergence of transgenic or biologically engineered varieties of sunflower demands that attention be focussed on this field.', 'en_US'),
(1810, 'Interaction between protein allergens and model gastric emulsions', 'The observed resistance to pepsinolysis of known food allergens has been suggested as a predictor of their allergenic risk. Consequently, resistance to pepsinolysis has become incorporated into decision tree assessment for potential allergenic risk posed by novel foods. However, existing methods take little account of the interaction between food structure and physiological conditions existing during digestion in vivo. Here we show that a range of protein allergens can adsorb to model stomach emulsions, providing a further means of resisting digestion. We also show that raising the pH and the addition of bile salts to a model stomach emulsion, thereby mimicking the duodenal environment, has the effect of desorbing the adsorbed protein.', 'en_US'),
(1811, 'Interspecific hybridization between Agrostis stolonifera and related Agrostis species under field conditions', 'Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is a commercially important turfgrass used principally on golf courses. Weed control is one of the major problems encountered in golf course maintenance, largely because the major weed, Poa annua L., is another grass species with herbicide responses similar to creeping bentgrass. Development of creeping bentgrass cultivars expressing one of the herbicide resistance genes would provide an effective solution. The prospects of commercialization of transgenic cultivars of creeping bentgrass have raised questions about the potential for pollen-mediated gene flow to related Agrostis spp. In a field study we have measured the frequency of interspecific hybridization between transgenic creeping bentgrass and four related species, A. canina L., A. castellana Boiss. and Reut., A. gigantea Roth, and A. capillaris L. Interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered between creeping bentgrass and A. capillaris and A. castellana at frequencies of 0.044 and 0.0015%, respectively, which were considerably lower than intraspecific transgenic progeny recovery in the same experimental plots (0.631%). No interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered with A. gigantea or A. canina.', 'en_US'),
(1812, 'The atopic dog as a model of peanut and tree nut food allergy', 'Background: Animal models are needed that mimic human IgE-mediated peanut and tree nut allergy. Atopic dogs have been previously used in a model of food allergy to cow''s milk, beef, wheat, and soy, with the demonstration of specific IgE production and positive oral challenges similar to those seen in human subjects. Objective: We sought to sensitize dogs to peanut, walnut, and Brazil nut and to assess whether sensitization is accompanied by clinical reactions and whether there is cross-reactivity among the different preparations. Methods: Eleven dogs were sensitized subcutaneously by using an established protocol with 1 g each of peanut, English walnut, or Brazil nut protein extracts in alum first at birth and then after modified live virus vaccinations at 3, 7, and 11 weeks of age. The dogs were sensitized to other allergens, including soy and either wheat or barley. Intradermal skin tests, IgE immunoblotting to nut proteins, and oral challenges were performed with ground nut preparations. Results: At 6 months of age, the dogs'' intradermal skin test responses were positive to the nut extracts. IgE immunoblotting to peanut, walnut, and Brazil nut showed strong recognition of proteins in the aqueous preparations. Each of the 4 peanut- and the 3 Brazil nut?sensitized dogs and 3 of the 4 walnut-sensitized dogs reacted on oral challenge with the corresponding primary immunogen at age 2 years. None of the peanut-sensitized dogs reacted clinically with walnut or Brazil nut challenges. One of the walnut-sensitized dogs had delayed (overnight) vomiting to Brazil nut. Conclusions: On the basis of measurements of the mean amount of allergen eliciting a skin test response in dogs, the hierarchy of reactivity by skin testing is similar to the clinical experience in human subjects (peanut > tree nuts > wheat > soy > barley). Cross-reactivity, which was not apparent between soy and peanut or tree nuts or between peanut and tree nuts, was slight between walnut and Brazil nut. The results give further support to the dog as a model of human food allergy.', 'en_US'),
(1813, 'Agricultural biotechnology in Thailand', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1814, 'Comparison of consumer reaction to information about two genetically engineered soybeans that differ in consumer benefit', 'Proponents of genetic engineering applications in foods predict that second generation products with actual consumer benefits will be more acceptable to consumers than first generation products with improved agronomic traits. We tested this hypothesis using a print survey containing descriptions of one of two applications of genetic engineering in soybeans, Roundup Ready® and omega-3 enriched. Each was completed by one of two similar groups of supermarket customers. Those reading about omega-3 soybeans perceived significantly less risk and registered more trust in regulatory agencies and the biotechnology industry than those reading about Roundup Ready® soybeans. However, both groups still desired disclosure labeling of genetically engineered soybeans.', 'en_US'),
(1815, 'Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata', 'A transgenic corn event (MON 863) has been recently developed by Monsanto Company for control of corn rootworms, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This transgenic corn event expresses the cry3Bb1 gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), which encodes the insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein for corn rootworm control. A continuous feeding study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the dietary effect of MON 863 pollen expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein on the survival, larval development, and reproductive capacity of the non-target species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). First instar C. maculata (less than 24 h old) and newly emerging adults (less than 72 h old) were fed individually on a diet mixture containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic (control) corn pollen, bee pollen (a component of normal rearing diet), or potassium arsenate-treated control corn pollen. In the larval tests, 96.7%, 90.0%, and 93.3% of C. maculata larvae successfully pupated and then emerged as adults when fed on MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen (normal rearing) diets, respectively. Among the larvae completing their development, there were no significant differences in the developmental time to pupation and adult emergence among the transgenic corn pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen diet treatments. All larvae fed on arsenate treated corn pollen diet died as larvae. For tests with adults, 83.3%, 80.0%, and 100% of adult C. maculata survived for the 30 days of the test period when reared on diets containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen respectively. While the adult survival rate on MON 863 pollen diet was significantly less than that on the bee pollen diet, there was no significant difference between the MON 863 and non-transgenic corn pollen treatments. During the period of adult testing, an average of 77, 80, and 89 eggs per female were laid by females fed on the MON 863 pollen, control corn pollen, and bee pollen, respectively; no significant differences were detected in the number of eggs laid among these treatments. These results demonstrate that when offered at 50% by weight of the dietary component, transgenic corn (MON 863) pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein had no measurable negative effect on the survival and development of C. maculata larvae to pupation and adulthood nor any adverse effect on adult survival and reproductive capacity. Relevance of these findings to ecological impacts of transgenic Bt crops on non-target beneficial insects is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1816, 'Genetically modified crops: consumer attitudes and trends in plant research in Japan', 'Although Japanese consumers had relatively relaxed attitudes about genetically modified (GM) food five years ago, we now find that Japanese consumer acceptance has changed dramatically. Our survey utilized a postal questionnaire to a random sample of 200 Japanese consumers living in Miyazaki Prefecture and 150 Japanese plant breeding researchers. Results showed that Japanese consumers had become uneasy about the potential health risks of genetically modified foods. This issue is likely to be ethically motivated rather than scientific. Of the 106 responding Japanese plant breeding researchers, 77 (72.6%) said it was necessary to develop GM crops. The major reason being to overcome future food security problems. Most researchers thought the way to improve consumer acceptance was ''To broadcast correct information through the mass media'' (73.6%).', 'en_US'),
(1817, 'Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea', 'Data have been lacking on the proportion of Helicovera zea larvae that develop on noncotton host plants that can serve as a refuge from selection pressure for adaptation to transgenic cotton varieties that produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. We found that individual H. zea moths that develop as larvae on cotton and other plants with C3 physiology have a different ratio of 13C to 12C than moths that develop on plants with C4 physiology, such as corn. We used this finding in determining the minimum percentage of moths that developed on noncotton hosts in two cotton-growing areas. Our results indicate that local corn can serve as a refuge for H. zea in midsummer. Our results contrast dramatically with the prevailing hypothesis that the large majority of late-season moths are produced from larvae feeding on cotton, soybean, and other C3 plants. Typically, <50% of moths captured in August through October have isotope ratios indicative of larval feeding on C3 plants. In one October sample, 100% of the moths originated from C4 hosts even though C4 crops were harvested at least 1 mo earlier, and no common wild C4 hosts were available. These findings support other research indicating that many late-season H. zea moths captured in Louisiana and Texas are migrants whose larvae developed on corn in more northern locations. Our isotope data on moths collected in Texas early in the season indicate that the majority of overwintering H. zea do not originate from cotton-feeding larvae and may be migrants from Mexico. Non-Bt corn in Mexico and the U.S. corn belt appears to serve as an important refuge for H. zea.', 'en_US'),
(1818, 'Evaluation of the potential weediness of transgenic cotton in Northern Australia: a report prepared for consideration by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator', 'This journal is divided into 8 sections, each encompassing an individual experiment pertinent to the general objective. The objective of the research is to assess the potential weediness of transgenic Bt cotton in Northern Australia. Some topics included are: seed germination, seed dispersal, genetic differences in some transgenic cotton genotypes, volunteer transgenic cotton characteristics, plant nutrition and insect resistance.', 'en_US'),
(1819, 'Impact of oilseed rape expressing the insecticidal cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin on the beneficial predator Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian ladybeetle)', 'Insect-resistant transgenic plants have been suggested to have deleterious effects on beneficial predators through transmission of the transgene product by the pest to the predator. To test this hypothesis, effects of oilseed rape expressing the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1) on the predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis were investigated using diamondback moth Plutella xylostella as the pest species. As expected, oilseed rape expressing OC-1 had no effects on either development or survival of the pest, which utilizes serine digestive proteases. Immunoassays confirmed accumulation of the transgene product in pest larval tissues at levels of up to 3 ng per gut. Characterization of proteolytic digestive enzymes of H. axyridis demonstrated that larvae and adults utilize cysteine and aspartic proteases; the former activity was completely inhibited by oryzacystatin in vitro. However, when H. axyridis larvae consumed prey reared on OC-1 expressing plants over their entire life cycle, no significant effects upon survival or overall development were observed. The inhibitor initially stimulated development, with a shortening of the developmental period of the second instar by 27% (P < 0.0001) accompanied by a 36% increase in weight of second instar larvae (P = 0.007). OC-1 had no detrimental effects on reproductive fitness of adult H. axyridis. Interestingly there was a significant increase in consumption of OC-1 dosed prey. The results show that prey reared on transgenic plants expressing a protein which inhibited ladybird digestive enzymes in vitro had no effects in vivo; the ladybird was able to up-regulate digestive proteases in response to the inhibitor.', 'en_US'),
(1820, 'Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants: strategies, gene constructs and perspectives', 'Stable integration of a gene into the plant nuclear or chloroplast genome can transform higher plants (e.g. tobacco, potato, tomato, banana) into bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines for oral or parental administration. This can also be achieved by using recombinant plant viruses as transient expression vectors in infected plants. The use of plant-derived vaccines may overcome some of the major problems encountered with traditional vaccination against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and tumours. They also offer a convenient tool against the threat of bio-terrorism. State of the art, experimental strategies, safety and perspectives are discussed in this article.', 'en_US'),
(1821, 'Freezing effect on some quality parameters of transgenic parthenocarpic eggplants', 'Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits in the absence of fertilization. It confers advantages to horticultural crops; the most important are fruit production under adverse environmental conditions and seedless fruits. Parthenocarpy has been obtained in eggplant by genetic engineering using a chimeric gene and an ovule-specific promoter which allows the plant to increase the content and/or the activity of indol-3-acetic acid. Two transgenic hybrids, P1 and P2, were compared with the corresponding control hybrids C1 and C2 in open field. All parthenocarpic hybrids were seedless, so increasing fruit quality. In order to evaluate the quality of transgenic eggplants, particularly their suitability for freezing, analyses on colour, texture and pectic composition were carried out on raw fruits and after 15 months of frozen storage at -20 °C. Fresh and frozen parthenocarpic eggplants showed a slower browning of the pulp with respect to the controls. Texture data showed a higher decrease of firmness for the transgenic, while pectin analysis suggests that there are lower molecular weight fragments in the transgenic eggplants than in the controls.', 'en_US'),
(1822, 'Expression of pokeweed antiviral proteins in creeping bentgrass', 'Fungal diseases of creeping bentgrass, an important amenity grass used extensively on golf courses, are a serious problem in golf course management. Transgenic approaches to improving disease resistance to fungal diseases are being explored in many species, and in some cases ribosome-inactivating proteins have been found to be effective. We have generated transgenic creeping bentgrass plants expressing three forms of ribosome-inactivating proteins from pokeweed, which are termed pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAP). PAP-Y and PAP-C are nontoxic mutants of PAP; PAPII is the native form of another ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed. In creeping bentgrass, PAP-C transformants did not accumulate the protein, suggesting that it is unstable, and in a field test these plants were not protected from infection by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease. PAPII transformants could accumulate stable levels of the protein but had symptoms of toxicity; one low-expressing line exhibited good disease resistance. PAP-Y transformants accumulated stable levels of protein, and under greenhouse conditions they appeared to be phenotypically normal.', 'en_US'),
(1823, 'Starch content and yield increase as a result of altering adenylate pools in transgenic plants', 'Starch represents the most important carbohydrate used for food and feed purposes. With the aim of increasing starch content, we decided to modulate the adenylate pool by changing the activity of the plastidial adenylate kinase in transgenic potato plants. As a result, we observed a substantial increase in the level of adenylates and, most importantly, an increase in the level of starch to 60% above that found in wild-type plants. In addition, concentrations of several amino acids were increased by a factor of 2?4. These results are particularly striking because this genetic manipulation also results in an increased tuber yield. The modulation of the plastidial adenylate kinase activity in transgenic plants therefore represents a potentially very useful strategy for increasing formation of major storage compounds in heterotrophic tissues of higher plants.', 'en_US'),
(1824, 'Substantial equivalence -- an appropriate paradigm for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods?', 'Safety assessment of genetically modified food crops is based on the concept of substantial equivalence, developed by OECD and further elaborated by FAO/WHO. The concept embraces a comparative approach to identify possible differences between the genetically modified food and its traditional comparator, which is considered to be safe. The concept is not a safety assessment in itself, it identifies hazards but does not assess them. The outcome of the comparative exercise will further guide the safety assessment, which may include (immuno)toxicological and biochemical testing. Application of the concept of substantial equivalence may encounter practical difficulties: (i) the availability of near-isogenic parental lines to compare the genetically modified food with; (ii) limited availability of methods for the detection of (un)intended effects resulting from the genetic modification; and (iii) limited information on natural variations in levels of relevant crop constituents. In order to further improve the methodology for identification of unintended effects, new `profiling'' methods are recommended. Such methods will allow for the screening of potential changes in the modified host organism at different integration levels, i.e. at the genome level, during gene expression and protein translation, and at the level of cellular metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1825, 'Safety assessment of genetically modified crops', 'The development of genetically modified (GM) crops has prompted widespread debate regarding both human safety and environmental issues. Food crops produced by modern biotechnology using recombinant techniques usually differ from their conventional counterparts only in respect of one or a few desirable genes, as opposed to the use of traditional breeding methods which mix thousands of genes and require considerable efforts to select acceptable and robust hybrid offspring. The difficulties of applying traditional toxicological testing and risk assessment procedures to whole foods are discussed along with the evaluation strategies that are used for these new food products to ensure the safety of these products for the consumer.', 'en_US'),
(1826, 'The effect of stem diameter on European corn borer behavior and survival: potential consequences for IRM in Bt-corn', 'The ability of non-crop plants to support complete development of insect pests is an important factor for determining the impact of those plants on resistance management programs for transgenic crops. We assessed the effect of one physical factor, plant stem diameter, on the ability of plants to support full development of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the target pest of transgenic Bt-corn. In the field, European corn borer larvae were significantly more likely to tunnel and survive in plants with larger stem diameters. Larvae were 40× more likely to survive on corn, the largest plant tested, compared to many of the smaller plants. In the laboratory, larvae were more likely to survive in and less likely to abandon the largest diet-filled artificial stems that varied only in stem diameter. In conditions simulating those that an ECB larvae would encounter upon abandoning a host, larvae survived up to three weeks and were able to locate corn as a new host with a significantly higher frequency than would be expected if they were foraging randomly. These results indicate that the probability of ECB larval survival to maturity on a plant other than corn is relatively low and thus these smaller stemmed non-corn plants may not make a substantial contribution to the pool of susceptible adults. Conversely, since more mature larvae are not as susceptible as neonates, any larvae that partially develop on non-corn plants and subsequently colonize Bt-corn may not be exposed to a lethal dose of the toxin. Since some proportion of the individuals that survive could be partially resistant heterozygotes the presence of non-corn host plants could facilitate the development of resistant ECB populations.', 'en_US'),
(1827, 'Regulatory events and biotech firm share prices', 'Using the ''event study'' method, we measure the impact on agricultural biotechnology firm equity values of new regulations and other limitations placed on the marketing of biotech crops. Unanticipated declines to biotech firm stock prices indicate that newly imposed regulatory restrictions appear most likely to diminish profit expectations for these firms. The stock price reaction to decisions by crop handlers, processors, or retailers to segregate or limit the use of biotech crops and to reports questioning their safety are less pronounced. Incentives to engage in new biotech crop research and development may be diminished by these developments.', 'en_US'),
(1828, 'Designing a labeling policy for genetically modified food: results of focus group research', 'Possible approaches for labelling genetically modified foods in the USA were explored. Focus group research was conducted in three cities: Orono, Maine; Columbus, Ohio; and Phoenix, Arizona. Using props illustrating different displays of information, discussion centred on whether any of the information is confusing or hard to understand, whether the information is important, and whether the display contains enough information. Given the consistency in several findings across participants, the following recommendations are made: simple genetically modified food logos should not be used by themselves; labels should present the information that is most important to consumers; labels that state that a food ''may contain genetically modified ingredients'' should not be allowed; labels should include contact information; labels should achieve a balance between simplicity and detail; labels should present the information in a standardized format; labelling should be performed or regulated by one familiar governmental or independent organization; that a public education programme is needed to inform consumers about the certifying organizations and their certification processes if one familiar organization is not used; and that a public education programme is needed to inform consumers about the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods.', 'en_US'),
(1829, 'Economic assessment of weed management for transgenic and nontransgenic cotton in tilled and nontilled systems', 'Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management programs in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in nontilled and tilled environments. Tillage did not affect weed control provided by herbicides. Early-season stunting in nontilled cotton was 3% regardless of the herbicide system and was no longer evident at midseason. Cotton yield was 10 to 15% greater, on an average, under tilled conditions than that under nontilled conditions. Excellent (>90%) common lambsquarters, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, tall morningglory, and velvetleaf control was achieved with treatments containing pyrithiobac, bromoxynil, and glyphosate. Preemergence (PRE) or postemergence-directed (PD) herbicide inputs were necessary for adequate large crabgrass and goosegrass control. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac postemergence did not control sicklepod unless supplemented with MSMA and followed by a late-postdirected treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA. Treatments that included glyphosate controlled sicklepod regardless of the late-PD treatment. Economic returns were at least $930 ha1 and not different from the higher yielding programs in nontransgenic cotton when fluometuron applied PRE was included in the bromoxynil programs. Late-season weed control was usually greater than 90% from glyphosate programs, and net returns from glyphosate programs were as high or higher than the net returns from programs that used midseason treatments of bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, or fluometuron plus MSMA.', 'en_US'),
(1830, 'Transgenic weed beets: possible, probable, avoidable?', '1.  Weed beets pose a serious problem for sugar beet Beta vulgaris crops. Traditionally, the only efficient method of weed control has been manual removal, but the introduction of transgenic herbicide-tolerant sugar beets may provide an alternative solution because non-tolerant weed beets can be destroyed by herbicide. We evaluated the possibility that new, transgenic, weed beets may arise by gene flow between wild and crop plants. 2.  In a study area in northern France, weed beets were present in variable densities in sugar beet fields of up to 80 weed beet plants m2. Weed beets arise from a long-lived seed bank, with seeds germinating from depths of 5 cm or less. In addition, diploid F1 crop-wild hybrids and triploid variety bolters (individuals with a low vernalization requirement) were present in low densities in virtually all sugar beet fields. We found gene flow to be possible between all forms, illustrated by both overlapping flowering periods in the field and successful controlled cross-pollinations. 3.  The F1 crop-wild hybrids result from pollination in the seed-production region by wild plants possessing the dominant bolting allele B for flowering without experiencing a period of cold. In the case of a transgene for herbicide tolerance incorporated into male-sterile seed-bearer plants, such hybrids will contain both the herbicide-tolerance and the bolting allele. Contamination of the fields by transgenic weed beets will be the result unless bolters are removed manually. The same will apply in the case of a cytoplasmically inherited transgene. 4.  Incorporation of the transgene into the pollinator plants will prevent the immediate formation of transgenic weed beets. However, in sugar beet fields, variety bolters may successfully cross-pollinate with weed beets in neighbouring fields. The use of diploid pollinator plants instead of tetraploids will considerably enhance gene flow towards wild beets, and is not, therefore, an attractive option. 5.  In conclusion, the appearance of transgenic weed beets is possible but can best be retarded if the transgene for herbicide tolerance is incorporated into the tetraploid pollinator breeding line.', 'en_US'),
(1831, 'Tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate in transgenic cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and enhancement of tolerance in progeny', 'The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was genetically transformed with the bar gene, conferring tolerance to the phosphinothricin-based herbicide glufosinate. Plants of one ''Pilgrim'' transclone grown under greenhouse conditions were significantly injured by foliar treatments of 100 mg·L-1 glufosinate, although the injury was less severe when compared to untransformed plants. However, the same transclone grown outdoors in coldframes survived foliar sprays of 500 mg·L-1 glufosinate and higher, while untransformed plants were killed at 300 mg·L-1. Actively growing shoot tips were the most sensitive part of the plants and at higher dosages of glufosinate, shoot-tip injury was evident on the transclone. Injured transgenic plants quickly regrew new shoots. Shoots of goldenrod (Solidago sp.) and creeping sedge (Carex chordorrhizia), two weeds common to cranberry production areas, were seriously injured or killed at 400 mg·L-1 glufosinate when grown in either the greenhouse or coldframe environment. Stable transmission and expression of herbicide tolerance was observed in both inbred and outcrossed progeny of the above cranberry transclone. Expected segregation ratios were observed in the outcrossed progeny and some outcrossed individuals demonstrated significantly enhanced tolerance over the original transclone, with no tip death at levels up to 8000 mg·L-1. Southern analysis of the original transclone and two progeny selections with enhanced tolerance showed an identical banding pattern, indicating that the difference in tolerance levels was not due to rearrangement of the transgene. The enhanced tolerance of these first generation progeny was retained when second generation selfed progeny were tested.', 'en_US'),
(1832, 'Biomass partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of ''Superior'' potato following genetic transformation for resistance to Colorado potato beetle', 'Current techniques used in genetic transformation can result in variation of numerous traits in addition to the transformed trait. Backcrossing to the standard genotype can eliminate this variation, but because of the heterozygous nature of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L), backcrossing is not effective. Therefore, the chances of obtaining altered performance in transformed potato are high. ''Superior'' potato plants were recently genetically modified to resist attack and damage by the Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)]. The transformed clone, ''NewLeaf Superior'' (''NewLeaf''), has been shown in previous field trials to be more vigorous than the standard clone. The objective of this 2-year study was to evaluate the performance of ''NewLeaf'' relative to that of the standard clone at various fertilizer nitrogen (N) levels. The two clones were randomly assigned as subplots to main plots consisting of four N levels (28, 112, 224, or 336 kg·ha-1). Based on regression analysis, total yield was higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'' at N rates below 92 kg·ha-1 in 1997. At higher rates, however, ''Superior'' had higher yields than the transgenic clone. In 1998, the clone x N rate interaction was significant, but there was no consistent trend to the response of the two clones to N application. At the 112 kg·ha-1 N rate, total yield was higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'', but yields were similar for the two clones at other N rates investigated. Nitrogen and biomass accumulation in vines increased more for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'' as N rate was increased from 28 to 336 kg·ha-1. At equivalent N rates, these traits were higher for the transformed than for the standard clone within the range of N rates investigated. However, harvest index at equivalent N rates was higher for the standard clone than for ''NewLeaf''. ''Superior'' and ''NewLeaf'' produced similar tuber dry weight yields per unit of N supplied and per unit of N absorbed by the plant. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) was 16% higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for the standard clone at the low N rate (112 kg·ha-1), whereas at higher N rates NUE was either lower for ''NewLeaf'' or similar for the two clones. This observation, together with the finding that yield for ''NewLeaf'' was maximized at lower N levels than the standard clone, suggests that ''NewLeaf'' may require lower N input than the standard clone. Results from the study indicate that the greater efficiency of ''NewLeaf'' at lower N levels was associated with acquisition of N from the soil rather than utilization of absorbed N in metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1833, 'Attempts to detect transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein in muscle from broilers fed YieldGard corn borer corn', 'Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic grain have been raised in regard to human consumption and trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, fully characterized analytical methods, fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA, as well as transgenic protein, were not detected in chicken breast muscle samples from animals fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn event MON 810 (YG). Total DNA was extracted from breast muscle samples from chickens fed for 42 d with a diet including either 55 to 60% YG grain or 55 to 60% conventional corn grain. DNA preparations were analyzed by PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 211-bp fragment of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ab gene and a 213-bp fragment of the endogenous corn gene sh2 (encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase). By using 1 µg of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cry1Ab or sh2 at the limit of detection for these PCR assays. A 396-bp fragment of the chicken ovalbumin (ov) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. By using a competitive immunoassay with a limit of detection of approximately 60 ng of Cry1Ab protein per gram of chicken muscle, neither the Cry1Ab protein nor immunoreactive peptide fragments were detectable in the breast muscle homogenates from chickens fed YG grain.', 'en_US'),
(1834, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from Roundup Ready (NK603), YieldGard x Roundup Ready (MON810 x NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn', 'Two 42-d experiments compared the nutritional value of the glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 (Roundup Ready corn) (experiment 1) and the combined traits, insect-protected corn event MON 810 (YieldGard corn) × glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 (experiment 2) to their respective non-transgenic controls and to commercial reference corn, when fed to growing broilers. For each experiment, a randomized complete block design was used with eight dietary treatments in each of five replicated blocks of pens (eight pens for males and eight pens for females per block). Final live weights and feed conversion were not different (P > 0.05) across all treatments in both experiments. In experiment 1, broilers fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn had similar feed conversion adjusted for mortalities to those fed the non-transgenic control and one of the commercial corn diets. Chill weights and thigh, drum, and wing weights were not affected by diets. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted for breast meat and fat pad weights across treatments. In experiment 2, the adjusted feed conversion and carcass parameters were not affected by diets. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted only for protein content of breast meat. Differences observed in both experiments were consistent with natural variability. Broilers in general performed consistently and had similar carcass yields and meat compositions when fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn or YieldGard × Roundup Ready corn as compared with their respective non-transgenic control and commercial diets supporting similar feeding values among diets.', 'en_US'),
(1835, 'Why are most Europeans opposed to GMO''s? Factors explaining rejection in France and Europe', 'A strong movement of opposition to GMOs developed in the late 1990s in many countries, especially in Europe, although these technologies were presented from the outset as highly promising and their advantages were often highlighted. How can this rejection be explained? The aim of this paper is to answer that question through the case of France, which is fairly representative in this respect of various European countries, even if the opposition movement is here particularly strong. One examines various factors, actors and processes that have led to such strong opposition to GMOs that at this stage their development in Europe has almost totally been halted. In the first part of the article we recall the results of several recent surveys, showing the level of acceptance or refusal of genetic engineering in several countries. We then examine important factors of rejection: the focus on potential risks of GMOs and the extensive publicity given to them, coupled with the inadequacy of answers to these diverse criticisms, and a drawing up of an unfavorable risk-benefit balance. Lastly, we point out that various fears and objections to the evolution of agriculture and to the functioning of society (i.e. limited trust in institutions and firms) appear to be crystallized around GMOs.', 'en_US'),
(1836, 'Management of appropriate agricultural biotechnology for small producers: case study - Ecuador', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1837, 'Developing a test system for evaluating environmental risks of transgenic plants: the parasitoid module', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1838, 'Consumer information and the separation of the GMO and non-GMO sectors', 'One issue raised by the use of GMO in agriculture and food is the one of information of citizens and consumers. The article first deals with the significance and limits of various labelling strategies. According to the position of the European authorities a labelling which differentiates GMO products. One other position would be to identify the ''non-GMO'' products. The article attempts to underscore the technical and economic regulations that could make credible a ''non-GMO'' labelling.', 'en_US'),
(1839, 'GM foods: advance or decline of food safety?', 'Some firms have presented the new technologies of genetic manipulation as an occasion for humanity to put an end to malnutrition. This was to be obtained thanks to the development of agricultural production which they were supposed to lead. The current controversy is not the sign of archaic oppositions to progress; on the contrary, it offers one more occasion to remind one of certain unavoidable realities concerning agricultural policy. First, the priority remains for each country for themselves both on quality and quantity levels without expecting the solution from imported products from more competitive countries. Secondly, the farmers can''t use new techniques except in a favourable context both economic and political. Lastly, humanity''s genetic patrimony has been a collective one up to now; for it to be privatized would be a dangerous move.', 'en_US'),
(1840, 'Risks and benefits of transgenesis with regards to allergy', 'Excepté dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale, souvent développée à la fois par des organismes publics bénéficiant d''aides gouvernementales et par quelques multinationales, le financement de la recherche provient essentiellement des retours financiers procurés par la mise sur le marché des brevets et des produits qui en sont issus. Afin de garantir un amortissement des frais et de permettre des retours sur les lourds investissements nécessaires, des instruments juridiques portant sur la propriété intellectuelle ont été créés. Dans le domaine des biotechnologies et de l''amélioration des plantes, il a été prévu des dispositifs accordant aux détenteurs de droits, d''exploiter le résultat de leurs recherches, seuls ou sous leur contrôle, par l''intermédiaire de licences d''exploitation.', 'en_US'),
(1841, 'Edible vaccine development: stability of Mannheimia haemolytica A1 leukotoxin 50 during post-harvest processing and storage of field-grown transgenic white clover', 'Mannheimia haemolytica is the principal microorganism responsible for bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, or shipping fever. We have previously expressed a fragment of leukotoxin, a major virulent factor of M. haemolytica A1, as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in transgenic white clover and demonstrated that this antigen was immunogenic and elicited toxin neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. These previous results showed that using plants to produce M. haemolytica antigen for use as a vaccine against this disease is a viable strategy. In this present study, we examined the stability of the truncated leukotoxin GFP-fusion protein (Lkt50-GFP) in field-grown transgenic white clover. Transgenic clover expressing Lkt50-GFP was clonally propagated and a confined field trial was established. Western immunoblotting showed that the level of Lkt50-GFP expression in field plants was the same as in transgenic plants maintained under optimal conditions in the greenhouse. We also observed that after harvesting and oven drying at 50 °C, the antigen was still present in the dried clover after 1 year of storage at ambient temperature. As special post-harvest conditions (e.g., refrigeration) are not required, the use of transgenic plants to deliver an oral vaccine against shipping fever appears to be economically feasible.', 'en_US'),
(1842, 'Development of genetically modified wheat to assess its dough functional properties', 'End-use functionality of bread wheat depends mainly on the protein content, the presence of particular subunits of high and low molecular weight glutenin, the ratio of high molecular weight to low molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the ratio of glutenin to gliadin. The exact contribution of each of these factors to end-use functionality is still largely unknown. Transgenic plants can allow these factors to be studied within a particular background thus contributing to our understanding of end-use functionality. Two Canadian wheat lines, one of them containing high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) coded by all three Glu-1 loci and one line null at all three loci were assessed for dough rheological properties and bread and tortilla-making properties. Protein composition of the flours were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography, and sedimentation test. Proteins in the samples were fractionated and the proportions of monomeric proteins, soluble glutenin, and insoluble glutenin were quantified. Functionality of the flours were characterized by small-scale methods such as the 2 g mixograph, 10 g farinograph, and micro-extension testing. End-use quality was evaluated by small-scale bread and tortilla production. Mixograph development time and mixograph peak height were much higher for the lines containing HMW-GS. The lines null for HMW-GS showed no resistance to extension. Lines null for HMW-GS produced ''brick''-like bread. Tortilla prepared from the null lines had poor rollability and lower puncture force. The results showed very strong dependencies of quality on the presence of HMW-GS.', 'en_US'),
(1843, 'A selection system for transgenic plants based on galactose as selective agent and a UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene as selective gene', 'A new selection system based on galactose as selective agent and a UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene as selective gene is presented. A broad range of plant species, including agronomically important crops such as maize and rice, is sensitive to low dosages of galactose. The toxicity of galactose is believed to be due to accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate, generated by endogenous galactokinase after uptake. Here, it is demonstrated that this toxicity can be sufficiently alleviated by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of the E. coli UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (galT) gene, driven by a 35S-promoter, to allow transgenic shoots of potato and oil seed rape to regenerate on galactose containing selection media, resulting in high transformation frequencies (up to 35% for potato). Analysis of genomic DNA and UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in randomly selected potato transformants confirmed the presence and active expression of the galT gene. The agricultural performance of transgenic potatoes was evaluated by monitoring the phenotype and tuber yield for two generations and these characters were found to be indistinguishable from non-transgenic controls. Thus, the galactose selection system provides a new alternative being distinct from conventional antibiotic and herbicide selection systems as well as so-called positive selection systems where the selective agent has a beneficial effect.', 'en_US'),
(1844, 'Advances in rice breeding, genetics and genomics', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1845, 'Forestry''s fertile crescent: the application of biotechnology to forest trees', 'Relative to crop plants, the domestication of forest trees is still in its infancy. For example, the domestication of many crop plants was initiated some 10 000 years ago in the so-called ''Fertile Crescent'' of the Middle East. By contrast, the domestication of forest trees for the purposes of producing more fibre began in earnest in the last half century. The application of biotechnology to forest trees offers a great potential to hasten the pace of tree improvement for desirable end uses. This review outlines some of the progress that has been made in the application of biotechnology to forest trees, and considers the prospects for biotechnologically based tree improvement in the future.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1846, 'Antibiosis-type insect resistance in transgenic plants expressing a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene from a hymenopteran endoparasite (Microplitis croceipes)', 'We have isolated a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene product from a hymenopteran endoparasite that disrupts the growth of lepidopteran insect larvae. To evaluate the insecticidal activity of TSP14 for the protection of crops from insect damage, chimeric gene constructs of TSP14 were expressed in transgenic plants. The coding sequence of the TSP14 gene, with and without its native signal peptide, was placed between the modified peanut chlorotic streak virus (PClSV) full-length transcript (FLt) promoter with duplicated enhancer domains and the terminator sequence from the rbcSE9 gene. These chimeric genes, expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) were stably inherited in successive plant generations (R0, R1 and R2 progeny) as shown by molecular analysis. A Western blot analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of a polypeptide of the expected size that cross-reacted with TSP14-specific antibodies. Larvae of the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) which were fed with several independent homozygous transgenic plant lines (R2 progeny) exhibited mortality and reduced growth rates compared to those fed with plants transformed by a vector control. Our results demonstrate the potential for introduction of the TSP14 gene into plants in order to achieve protection against lepidopteran pests.', 'en_US'),
(1847, 'Expression of the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene in Brassica juncea results in a decreased level of total saturated fatty acids', 'Brassica juncea plants transformed with the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene, which encodes a plant homologue of the mammalian and yeast acyl-CoA 9 desaturases and the cyanobateria acyl-lipid 9 desaturase, were found to have a statistically significant decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids in seeds. The decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids is largely attributable to decreases in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), although arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0) and lignoceric acid (24:0) were also decreased in the transgenic seeds compared to the negative control lines. As a result, the level of oleic acid (18:1) was slightly increased in the transgenic seed lines compared to the non-transformed controls. However, a decrease in saturated fatty acid is not always accompanied by the corresponding increase in mono-unsaturated fatty acids. For example, palmitoleic acid (16:1), gondoic acid (20:1) and nervonic acid (24:1) were all found to be decreased in transgenic seeds. The levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were also notably changed in the transgenic lines compared to the controls.The present study provides preliminary experimental data suggesting that the Arabidopsis ADS1 encodes a fatty acid 9 desaturase and could be useful in genetic engineering for modifying the level of saturated fatty acids in oilseed crops. However, the effect of ADS1 gene expression on seed oil fatty acid composition is beyond the changes of total saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, which suggests a complex mechanism is involved in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1848, 'Transgenic indica rice resistant to sap-sucking insects', 'Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation has been optimized in indica rice susceptible to sap-sucking insects, viz., brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH). Snowdrop lectin gene (gna) from Galanthus nivalis, driven by phloem-specific rice-sucrose-synthase promoter, along with herbicide resistance gene (bar) driven by CaMV 35S promoter, was employed for genetic transformation. Embryogenic calli - after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harbouring Ti plasmid pSB111-bar-gna -were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the stable integration of both the genes into genomes of transgenic (T0) rice plants. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed the expression of gna in the transgenic plants. In the T1 and T2 generations, the gna and bar transgenes showed co-segregation at a ratio of 3 : 1. Plant progenies expressing gna, in T1 and T2, exhibited substantial resistance against BPH and GLH pests. This is the first report dealing with transgenic indica rice exhibiting high resistance to both insects.', 'en_US'),
(1849, 'Does ecotoxicology inform ecological risk assessment?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1850, 'Functional foods: Latin American perspectives', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1851, 'Conventional agriculture (in its present form) or ecological agriculture? -- For the maximal biodiversity both are necessary', 'The importance of ecological farming for biodiversity is shown for weed communities and for birds. Also for carabids, the importance as a reservoir of species is shown. The ecological farmers have to regard the sustainability of their agricultural practice. The reduction of nitrogen- and insecticide-input since 1993, ecologically positive, is shown for Northern Germany. With the species number of predatory arthropods in Hesse it is shown, that all agricultural intensities contribute to biodiversity. So none should be omitted, so far. The importance of structures like hedges etc. for biodiversity is pointed out. Should herbicide-resistant, genetically-manipulated crops be introduced to middle European agriculture, the ecological value of these fields would be drastically reduced, and the ecological importance of eco-farming would rise sharply.', 'en_US'),
(1852, 'Designing the monitoring of effects of genetically modified plants in agroecosystems', 'In March 2001, the European Parliament passed the Directive 2001/18/EU (concerning the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms), which demands that genetically modified organisms are monitored after placing them on the market as, or in a product. The purpose is to protect the human health and the environment from possible harm coming from these organisms. Since then there is an active discussion of scientific, organisational and legal questions regarding the installation in national laws. Among others the working party, Anbaubegleitendes Monitoring gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen im Agrarökosystem guided by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry serves as a forum attended by several public and private institutions. The authors are members of this group. In this paper suggestions about the design of a monitoring regime are presented, focussing on genetically modified plants in agroecosystems.', 'en_US'),
(1853, 'Integration of transformation technology and traditional breeding of cereals', 'The integration of conventional plant breeding and plant transformation is necessitated by the fact that, prior to the gene technological phase, traditional breeding methods have to be used to develop agronomically valuable homozygous genotypes which can then be modified for a gene or genome segment by means of gene manipulation techniques. Once the genotype selected by means of conventional breeding has been transformed, traditional methods are again used to examine the agronomic properties of the lines developed from the transgenic plant and the stability of the transgenic variety, following the DUS criteria elaborated by UPOV. The seed production of genetically modified plant varieties must be safe and economical and the cultivation of the variety should contribute to the sustainable development of up-to-date crop production.', 'en_US'),
(1854, 'Seed production aspects of genetically modified crop varieties', 'The seed multiplication of genetically modified (GM) plants requires a modification of the multiplication process used for conventional seed. The difference compared to conventionally-bred varieties involves the detection of the modified character during variety maintenance, seed multiplication and processing, the need for separate storage, processing and transportation, the extra cleaning required for the transportation, storage and processing equipment, and the extra administration necessary for the documentation and labelling of GM seed lots. All in all this results in the lower exploitation of seed producing capacity and in additional costs. The appearance of GM plants also has an effect on the breeders and seed multipliers of conventional varieties, however, since the possibility of contamination cannot be excluded. The producers of seed free of GMs (within the tolerance threshold) are forced to employ costly cultivation techniques (temporal and spatial isolation, removal of volunteer plants) and laboratory tests (for GM contamination) if their varieties are to stay on the market and if it is to remain possible to produce GM-free products in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1855, 'Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1856, 'Biotechnology boosts to crop productivity in China: trade and welfare implications', 'Genetically modified (GM) cotton has been widely adopted in China and the list of GM technologies undergoing trials is impressive. However, when China should commercialize its GM food crops is the subject of debate. The overall goal of this report is to provide an economy-wide assessment of these issues under various scenarios. Our results - which are based on unique data from an empirical micro-level study and field trial in China, and from a modified GTAP model - indicate that the development of biotechnology has had and will continue to have an important impact on China''s production, trade and welfare. Welfare gains will far outweigh the public biotechnology research expenditures. Most gains will occur inside China. Therefore, policy makers should put less weight on the international dimension when making their decisions about biotechnology development.', 'en_US'),
(1857, 'Effects of ingestion of a biotin-binding protein on adult and larval honeybees', 'The insecticidal properties of biotin-binding proteins (BBPs) have recently been exploited in transgenic plants. As BBPs have a broad spectrum of insect toxicity, their potential impacts on non-target insects such as honey bees need to be assessed. In this study, the effects of feeding a purified BBP, avidin, to honey bee larvae and adults were determined. A realistic larval dosing regime was developed by estimating the pollen content of brood food in the field and adding avidin to artificial diet at rates that simulated the presence of avidin-expressing transgenic pollen in brood food. Larval survival and development were unaffected by avidin in assays which simulated larvae receiving pollen expressing 0, 4 or 40 M avidin at concentrations of 164 g pollen per mg food for the first 2 days and 880 g pollen per mg food thereafter. Food consumption and survival of adult bees were also unaffected by avidin added to pollen-candy at levels corresponding to pollen expression of 0, 6.7 or 20 M avidin.', 'en_US'),
(1858, 'Transgenic maize and non target insects: what effects?', 'The effects on nontarget species of transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was evaluated in field trials. Ostrinia nubilalis larvae were collected in 1998 from transgenic Bt maize (Novaris Hybrid 176) and non-Bt maize at 4 geographical sites. At all sites, larvae from transgenic maize displayed a lower level of parasitism by the tachinids Lydella thompsoni and Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata than did larvae collected from isogenic non-Bt maize. The difference was highly significant. In 1999, a field experiment at 2 sites compared the temporal abundance of nontarget arthropods in Bt maize (Monsanto Hybrid MON810) and isogenic non-Bt maize. The insects studied included Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Orius insidiosus, Syrphus corollae [Eupeodes corollae], Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, thrips and hymenopteran parasitoids. For all species but one, the number of individuals varied greatly over the season but did not differ between the types of maize. The only exception was thrips which, at one site, was significantly more abundant in Bt maize than in non-Bt maize. However, this difference may be an artifact.', 'en_US'),
(1859, 'Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice', 'Subchronic animal feeding studies to examine the effect on the immune system of genetically modified corn CBH351, which contains the Cry9C protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi, were conducted in female BN rats and B10A mice. The studies were designed to compare the effect of a line of genetically modified corn CBH351 (GM corn) with that of isoline corn (non-GM corn). Heat-treated corn meal was incorporated into the diets of the rats and mice at a concentration of 50%. The study duration was 13 weeks. Growth, food intake, and organ weights of the thymus, spleen, and liver were compared between animals fed the non-GM and GM lines. The histological findings in thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer''s patches, small intestines, liver, kidney, and bone marrow, and the presence of Cry9C-specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgA antibodies in serum were also compared. The results showed no significant differences in growth, feeding value, or the histological findings in immunity-related organs between the animals fed the GM and non-GM lines. Production of Cry9C-specific IgE and IgA was not detected in the serum of either group. Production of Cry9C-specific IgG and IgG1 was slightly increased in the 50% GM groups of BN rats. No Cry9C-specific IgG or IgG1 was detected in the serum of BN rats fed the diet containing 5% GM-corn. In conclusion, no immunotoxic activity was detected in the GM-corn-fed rats and mice in this subchronic dietary study.', 'en_US'),
(1860, 'EU agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology', 'Despite the rhetoric, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) share a common attitude towards farming and its role in society and, as a result, their policies are converging rapidly. The rationale behind the policy instruments used in agriculture reflects dissimilarity of geography, history, traditions, and mentalities between the US and the EU. These differences may in some cases lead to diverse societal approaches and policy decisions, such as in the case of hormone-treated beef or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which tend to become bilateral trade conflicts. However, these transatlantic trade irritants (which represent less than 2% of the bilateral agricultural trade between the EU and the US) should not overshadow the fact that the EU and the US share the same goal and commitment to maintaining and developing agriculture in rural communities, and that they recognize the need for support of agriculture, though in different ways.', 'en_US'),
(1861, 'Effect of Bt-maize-pollen on caterpillars of Inachis io in a laboratory assay', 'Larvae of Inachis io were fed with pollen of transgenic maize (event Bt-176) in no choice tests, by applying pollen to leaves of nettle plants (Urtica dioica). Compared with the untreated control, 2nd instar larvae showed a significantly increased mortality of 62,3%, if they received 80 pollen grains of the transgenic cultivar Pactol CB. Even a low dose of 10 pollen grains per larva caused a distinct reduction in weight gain. LD50 value for 2nd instar larvae was calculated as 61,4 pollen grains (95% confidence limits: 29,3 to 88,7). 3rd and 4th instar larvae, on the other hand, didn''t show an increased mortality, if they consumed 80 pollen grains. However, these caterpillars only reached 75,6% weight gain, compared with untreated individuals. Pollen from the non transgenic hybrid Pactol didn''t harm either younger or older larvae, even it was consumed in extremely high doses. Finally it is discussed, if it is possible to reduce negative effects of Bt-maize cultivation on Inachis io populations by using cultivars with low toxin expression in the pollen or by planting non-transgenic maize around Bt-corn fields.', 'en_US'),
(1862, 'Future trends in food technology -- novel food and transgenic food: a review', 'The paper reviews briefly the present status and future trends of some new, emerging food preservation technologies and anticipates the major lines of developments in relation to functional and transgenic foods. These topics of innovative food technologies and food products are of particular importance in view of the European Union''s regulation concerning ''novel foods and novel ingredients''. The author considers the obstacles and the needs for more research and other actions such as safety assessment and balanced communication to the public.', 'en_US'),
(1863, 'Environmental risk assesment of transgene products using honey bee (Apis Mellifera) larvae', 'An environmental concern regarding the cultivation of transgenic crop plants is their effect on non-target organisms. Honey bees are obvious non-target arthropods to be included in a risk assessment procedure but due to their complex social behaviour, testing transgene products on individual bees is not possible in bee colonies. We employed a laboratory larval rearing technique to test the impacts of such transgene products on honey bees. A serine proteinase inhibitor (Kunitz Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor, SBTI), that is a source of insect resistance in transgenic plants, was used as a model insecticidal protein on honey bee larvae reared individually in the laboratory. The addition of 1.0% SBTI (w:w of total protein) to the larval diet created significant additional larval mortality, slowed juvenile development and significantly decreased adult body mass. Our results suggest that the larval rearing technique can be used to monitor direct side-effects of transgene products on individual honey bee larvae.', 'en_US'),
(1864, 'Tolerance of mannitol-accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity', 'Previous work with model transgenic plants has demonstrated that cellular accumulation of mannitol can alleviate abiotic stress. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the mtlD gene for the biosynthesis of mannitol in wheat improves tolerance to water stress and salinity. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bobwhite) was transformed with the mtlD gene of Escherichia coli. Tolerance to water stress and salinity was evaluated using calli and T2 plants transformed with (+mtlD) or without (mtlD) mtlD. Calli were exposed to 1.0 MPa of polyethylene glycol 8,000 or 100 mM NaCl. T2 plants were stressed by withholding water or by adding 150 mM NaCl to the nutrient medium. Fresh weight of mtlD calli was reduced by 40% in the presence of polyethylene glycol and 37% under NaCl stress. Growth of +mtlD calli was not affected by stress. In mtlD plants, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and flag leaf length were reduced by 70%, 56%, 40%, and 45% compared with 40%, 8%, 18%, and 29%, respectively, in +mtlD plants. Salt stress reduced shoot fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and flag leaf length by 77%, 73%, 25%, and 36% in mtlD plants, respectively, compared with 50%, 30%, 12%, and 20% in +mtlD plants. However, the amount of mannitol accumulated in the callus and mature fifth leaf (1.7-3.7 µmol g1 fresh weight in the callus and 0.6-2.0 µmol g1 fresh weight in the leaf) was too small to protect against stress through osmotic adjustment. We conclude that the improved growth performance of mannitol-accumulating calli and mature leaves was due to other stress-protective functions of mannitol, although this study cannot rule out possible osmotic effects in growing regions of the plant.', 'en_US'),
(1865, 'Reduction of cholesterol and glycoalkaloid levels in transgenic potato plants by overexpression of a type 1 sterol methyltransferace cDNA', 'Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum cv Désirée) plants overexpressing a soybean (Glycine max) type 1 sterol methyltransferase (GmSMT1) cDNA were generated and used to study sterol biosynthesis in relation to the production of toxic glycoalkaloids. Transgenic plants displayed an increased total sterol level in both leaves and tubers, mainly due to increased levels of the 24-ethyl sterols isofucosterol and sitosterol. The higher total sterol level was due to increases in both free and esterified sterols. However, the level of free cholesterol, a nonalkylated sterol, was decreased. Associated with this was a decreased glycoalkaloid level in leaves and tubers, down to 41% and 63% of wild type levels, respectively. The results show that glycoalkaloid biosynthesis can be down regulated in transgenic potato plants by reducing the content of free nonalkylated sterols, and they support the view of cholesterol as a precursor in glycoalkaloid biosynthesis.', 'en_US'),
(1866, 'Glyphosate and water-stress effects of fruiting and carbohydrates in glyphosate-resistant cotton', 'Water stress and glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can cause abscission of young bolls although the interaction of these factors is not well defined. Studies were conducted to quantify the effects of water stress and glyphosate treatments on fruit retention, fruit placement, and carbohydrate partitioning in GR and conventional cotton varieties grown in a phytotron environment. Glyphosate-resistant plants treated with glyphosate at the four-leaf stage, postemergence (POST), and at the eight-leaf stage, POST-directed (PDIR), had fewer first-position bolls after 0 and 1 d of water stress than nontreated GR and conventional plants but did not differ after 2 and 3 d of water stress. Glyphosate-treated GR plants reached first bloom 3 to 4 d later than nontreated plants. Five-day-old bolls from plants of one genotype, SG 125RR, treated with glyphosate had lower fructose content than bolls from nontreated plants. Subtending leaf carbohydrates and boll sucrose, glucose, and starch content did not differ after glyphosate treatments. Increasing water stress caused reductions in subtending leaf glucose, sucrose, and starch content, as well as reductions in boll starch and sucrose content. Reductions in boll starch and sucrose content in response to water stress may indicate the potential for abscission. Water stress and glyphosate treatments to GR cotton do not alter carbohydrate profiles in boll or leaf tissues in a like manner. Differences in carbohydrate profiles of young bolls and leaves from glyphosate-treated and water-stressed cotton plants suggest that water stress and glyphosate treatments may promote fruit abscission in different manners.', 'en_US'),
(1867, 'Diversity and community structure of culturable Bacillus spp. populations in the rhizospheres of transgenic potatoes expressing the lytic peptide cecropin B', 'A greenhouse experiment was carried out with transgenic potato plants expressing the antibacterial lytic peptide cecropin in order to determine whether non-target Bacillus communities in the rhizosphere are affected by such plants. Two cecropin expressing lines, a line containing only vector sequences and the parental variety Achirana Inta (AI) were included in the experiment. At the flowering and the tuber production stage a total of 621 Bacillus isolates was obtained from the potato rhizospheres, and strains were analysed by PCR?RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S?23S rDNA intergenic spacer. Representative isolates were further analyzed by partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. At the flowering stage the cecropin expressing lines caused a transient, but significant effect on the diversity and community structure of culturable Bacillus spp. Populations associated with the plasmid-containing potato line showed diversity values comparable to the Bacillus communities found in the rhizospheres of wildtype plants, but community structures were highly different. At the tuber production stage the rhizosphere Bacillus populations showed only few differences. The observed effects can be partly explained by different sensitivities of the Bacillus community members towards cecropin. In addition, unintentionally altered plant characteristics seem to be responsible for the different population structures found in the rhizospheres of transgenic plants', 'en_US'),
(1868, 'Economic consequences to UK farmers of growing GM herbicide tolerant sugar beet', 'Weed control is important and one of the more expensive inputs to sugar beet production. The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) sugar beet would result in a major saving in weed control costs in the crop for growers, including control of problem weeds such as perennial weeds and weed beet. However, there would be other economic consequences of growing GMHT beet, some of which would manifest themselves in other parts of the rotation, such as the previous crop, the cereal stubbles that proceed most beet crops, soil tillage and spray application. The average national saving for UK sugar beet growers if they could use the technology would be in excess of ý150 ha-1 yr-1 or ý23 million yr-1, which includes reductions in agrochemical use of c. ý80 ha-1 yr-1 or ý12 million yr-1. However, for some growers, the gains would be much larger and for a few, less than these figures. The possible cost savings are sufficiently large that they could ensure that sugar beet production, with its regionally important environmental benefits as a spring crop, remains economically viable in the UK post reform of the EU sugar regime.', 'en_US'),
(1869, 'Development of CMV- and TMV-resistant chili pepper: field performance and biosafety assessment', 'Both cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) genes have been transferred to chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Longunt) cultivar 8212 by a modified procedure of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation using hypocotyl as the explant. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both CMV and TMV CP genes in at least 11 primary transformants out of 49 kanamycin-resistant chili pepper plants. Ten T1 lines from five independent transformation events were identified as putative homozygous transgenic lines based on the rooting assay of their T2 seedlings on the kanamycin-containing media. Integration and expression of CMV CP and TMV CP transgenes in one of the homozygous line, 16-13, were confirmed by Southern blot, RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Line 16-13 was highly resistant to infection of homologous CMV and TMV strains in greenhouse conditions when successively challenged with CMV and TMV or challenged with TMV alone. Furthermore, field trials on T2, T3 and T4 progenies of Line 16-13 were performed on scales of 123, 300 and 10,000 plants, respectively, in consecutive years 1996, 1997 and 1998 with the permission of the Chinese government authority. The transgenic plants displayed delayed symptom development and significantly milder disease severity in field conditions when compared to untransformed chili pepper plants, resulting in 47 and 110% increase in pepper fruit yield in surveys conducted in 1997 and 1998 trials, respectively. Finally, quality analysis and biosafety assesment were performed on transgenic chili pepper fruit concurrently with the control fruit, and demonstrated that the transgenic chili pepper fruit is substantially equivalent to the non-transgenic pepper in terms of the quality and biosafety when consumed as a food additive.', 'en_US'),
(1870, 'In vitro culture and genetic engineering of Populus spp.: synergy for forest tree improvement', 'Populus species and hybrids are intensively cultivated as sources of woody biomass for the forest products industry and for reforestation of lowlands in temperate regions of the world. However, the long generation time of trees, the presence of seasonal dormancy and the prolonged period required for evaluation of mature traits are strong limitations for classical breeding and selection. The development of methods for in vitro culture and genetic engineering has increased the possibility of producing poplar genotypes improved in insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, growth rate and wood quality, or reduction in undesirable traits. Poplar has become a model system in forest tree biotechnology due to several useful features: small genome size, short rotation cycle, rapid growth rate and ease of vegetative propagation. The combination of molecular techniques and classical breeding will help create forest trees with positive effects on the environment. However, risks associated with the biotechnological applications (concerning the impact on biodiversity, long-term adaptation, transgene inheritance and stability) should be carefully evaluated and field tests performed with transgenic poplar.', 'en_US'),
(1871, 'Long-term regional suppression of pink bollworm by Bacillus thuringiensis cotton', 'Despite the potentially profound impact of genetically modified crops on agriculture and the environment, we know little about their long-term effects. Transgenic crops that produce toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to control insects are grown widely, but rapid evolution of resistance by pests could nullify their benefits. Here, we present theoretical analyses showing that long-term suppression of pest populations is governed by interactions among reproductive rate, dispersal propensity, and regional abundance of a Bt crop. Supporting this theory, a 10-year study in 15 regions across Arizona shows that Bt cotton suppressed a major pest, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), independent of demographic effects of weather and variation among regions. Pink bollworm population density declined only in regions where Bt cotton was abundant. Such long-term suppression has not been observed with insecticide sprays, showing that transgenic crops open new avenues for pest control. The debate about putative benefits of Bt crops has focused primarily on short-term decreases in insecticide use. The present findings suggest that long-term regional pest suppression after deployment of Bt crops may also contribute to reducing the need for insecticide sprays.', 'en_US'),
(1872, 'Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin on mammalian cells', 'The Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are considered to be highly specific insecticidal proteins. Judged to be safe for humans and farm animals due to their insect-oriented selective toxicity, the proteins have been utilized as a biological pesticide and introduced into genetically modified plants. However, some critical fundamental characters of the Cry proteins remain unclear, and the direct effects of activated Cry proteins on mammalian cells have not yet been fully confirmed. Therefore, in this study we employed primary cultured bovine hapatocytes as a model system to determine if Cry1Ab, a Cry protein, affects mammalian cells. There were no significant changes in the secretion of albumin or the morphology of the Cry1Ab-treated cells. The LDH release showed a tendency to increase after the administration of Cry1Ab, but not significantly. Taking these results on bovine hepatocytes into consideration, Cry1Ab has little acute toxicity on mammalian cells.', 'en_US'),
(1873, 'Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects?', 'We present an idea that larvae of some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) resistant populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), may be able to use Cry1Ac toxin derived from Bt as a supplementary food protein. Bt transgenic crops could therefore have unanticipated nutritionally favourable effects, increasing the fitness of resistant populations. This idea is discussed in the context of the evolution of resistance to Bt transgenic crops.', 'en_US'),
(1874, 'Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn tissue in the field', 'Large quantities of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn plant residue are left in the field after harvest, which may have implications for the soil ecosystem. Potential impacts on soil organisms will also depend on the persistence of the Bt toxin in plant residues. Therefore, it is important to know how long the toxin persists in plant residues. In two field studies in the temperate corn-growing region of Switzerland we investigated degradation of the Cry1Ab toxin in transgenic Bt corn leaves during autumn, winter and spring using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the first field trial, representing a tillage system, no degradation of the Cry1Ab toxin was observed during the first month. During the second month, Cry1Ab toxin concentrations decreased to » 20% of their initial values. During winter, there was no further degradation. When temperatures again increased in spring, the toxin continued to degrade slowly, but could still be detected in June. In the second field trial, representing a no-tillage system, Cry1Ab toxin concentrations decreased without initial delay as for soil-incorporated Bt plants, to 38% of the initial concentration during the first 40 days. They then continued to decrease until the end of the trial after 200 days in June, when 0.3% of the initial amount of Cry1Ab toxin was detected. Our results suggest that extended pre- and post-commercial monitoring are necessary to assess the long-term impact of Bt toxin in transgenic plant residues on soil organisms.', 'en_US'),
(1875, 'The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology', 'The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is committed to protecting and enhancing human, animal, and environmental health through the sound application of the fundamental principles of the science of toxicology. It is with this goal in mind that the SOT defines here its current consensus position on the safety of foods produced through biotechnology (genetic engineering). These products are commonly termed genetically modified foods, but this is misleading, since conventional methods of microbial, crop, and animal improvement also produce genetic modifications and these are not addressed here. The available scientific evidence indicates that the potential adverse health effects arising from biotechnology-derived foods are not different in nature from those created by conventional breeding practices for plant, animal, or microbial enhancement, and are already familiar to toxicologists. It is therefore important to recognize that the food product itself, rather than the process through which it is made, should be the focus of attention in assessing safety. We support the use of the substantial equivalence concept as part of the safety assessment of biotechnology-derived foods. This process establishes whether the new plant or animal is significantly different from comparable, nonengineered plants or animals used to produce food that is generally considered to be safe for consumers. It provides critical guidance as to the nature of any increased health hazards in the new food. To establish substantial equivalence, extensive comparative studies of the chemical composition, nutritional quality, and levels of potentially toxic components, in both the engineered and conventional crop and animal, are conducted. Notable differences between the existing and new organism would require further evaluation to determine whether the engineered form presents a higher level of risk. Through this approach, the safety of current biotechnology-derived foods can be compared with that of their conventional counterparts, using established and accepted methods of analytical, nutritional, and toxicological research. Studies of this type have established that the level of safety to consumers of current genetically engineered foods is likely to be equivalent to that of traditional foods. At present, no verifiable evidence of adverse health effects of BD foods has been reported, although the current passive reporting system probably would not detect minor or rare adverse effects or a moderate increase in effects with a high background incidence such as diarrhea. The changes in the composition of existing foods produced through biotechnology are quite limited. Assessing safety may be more difficult in the future if genetic engineering projects cause more substantial and complex changes in a foodstuff. Methods have not yet been developed with which whole foods (in contrast to single chemical components) can be fully evaluated for safety. Progress also needs to be made in developing definitive methods for the identification and characterization of proteins that are potential allergens, and this is currently a major focus of research. Improved methods of profiling plant and microbial metabolites, proteins and gene expression may be helpful in detecting unexpected changes in BD organisms and in establishing substantial equivalence. A continuing evolution of toxicological methodologies and regulatory strategies will be necessary to ensure that the present level of safety of biotechnology-derived foods is maintained in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1876, 'Biotechnology in agriculture: implications for farm-level risk management', 'This study examines the risks associated with adoption of biotech crops and discusses their implications for risk management at the farm level. We develop an analytical risk evaluation matrix framework to illustrate changes in production and marketing risks of biotech and non-biotech crops. Price uncertainty generated by consumer concerns is the major risk facing biotech farmers, while cross-pollination with biotech crops and preservation of non-biotech status are major concerns for non-biotech farmers. Improved market infrastructure to handle biotech products and modification of the current risk management tools to accommodate new risks are essential in reducing the farm-level risks.', 'en_US'),
(1877, 'Evaluation of potential allergenicity of genetically modified plants', 'Establishing the safety of foods derived from genetically modified crops requires a multidisplinary approach using methods adapted from the biochemical, nutritional, toxicological and immunological sciences. The core principle of the process has been articulated as substantial equivalence, which is a comparative evaluation. Concerning potential allergens, it is essential to evaluate newly introduced proteins and when necessary, to evaluate potential changes in endogenous allergens. The incidence of food allergies appears to be on the rise, particularly in developed countries. Since no cure is available for those afflicted with food allergy, disease management is achieved by avoidance of the offending food. As a result, significant weight in the assessment is given to the need for prevention, which in the context of safety assessment, means reducing the likelihood of transferring offending allergens from one food source to another. Genetic engineering of food crops should have little practical consequence for the occurrence, frequency and natural history of food allergy if this evaluation is robust. Essential aspects of the assessment for allergenicity of genetically modified crops are discussed in this article.', 'en_US'),
(1878, 'Out of the woods: forest biotechnology enters the genomic era', 'Trees represent a unique life form of up most importance for mankind, as these organisms have developed a perennial lifestyle that produces the majority of terrestrial biomass. The difference between trees and annual plants is one of the main arguments behind the effort to sequence the entire genome of the poplar tree. This initiative is being backed up with a full-scale functional genomics effort on trees that will set a completely new agenda for forest research.Abbreviations: EST, expressed sequence tag; QTL, quantitative trait locus', 'en_US'),
(1879, 'Nutritional enhancement of plants', 'Plants can provide most of the nutrients required in the human diet; however, the major staple crops are often deficient in some of these nutrients. Thus, malnutrition, with respect to micronutrients like vitamin A, iron and zinc, affects >40% of the world''s population. Advances in molecular biology are being exploited to produce crops enhanced in these key nutrients. Other nutritional targets include the modification of fatty acid composition and the enhancement of antioxidant levels, particularly carotenoids, such as lycopene, and flavonoids. However, the benefit of these `biofortified'' crops to human nutrition remains to be elucidated.', 'en_US'),
(1880, 'Exploitation of molecular profiling techniques for GM food safety assessment', 'Several strategies have been developed to identify unintended alterations in the composition of genetically modified (GM) food crops that may occur as a result of the genetic modification process. These include comparative chemical analysis of single compounds in GM food crops and their conventional non-GM counterparts, and profiling methods such as DNA/RNA microarray technologies, proteomics and metabolite profiling. The potential of profiling methods is obvious, but further exploration of specificity, sensitivity and validation is needed. Moreover, the successful application of profiling techniques to the safety evaluation of GM foods will require linked databases to be built that contain information on variations in profiles associated with differences in developmental stages and environmental conditions.', 'en_US'),
(1881, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets of containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard × Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn', 'This 42-day experiment was undertaken to compare the nutritional value of insect-protected corn event MON810 (YieldGard) and YieldGard × herbicide-tolerant corn event GA21 (Roundup Ready) to their nontransgenic controls as well as four different commercial reference corns, when fed to growing Cobb × Cobb broilers. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated with five pens of males and five pens of females with 10 broilers per pen. Broilers were fed approximately 55% wt/wt corn during the first 20 d and approximately 60% wt/wt corn thereafter. The corn component of diets fed to broilers was supplied entirely with grain from the eight hybrids included in the experiment. Final live weights averaged 2.09 kg/bird fed YieldGard corn and 2.15 kg/bird fed YieldGard × Roundup Ready corn and were not different (P > 0.05) from final weights for birds fed control or commercial corn. Feed conversion was not affected (P > 0.05) by YieldGard (1.72) or YieldGard × Roundup Ready (1.77) corn feeding when compared with the feeding of other corn diets. Chill weights, fat pad, thigh weights, and wing weights were not affected by diets (P > 0.05). Differences (P < 0.05) were noted for breast and drum weights across treatments. Broilers overall performed consistently and had similar carcass yield and meat composition when fed diets containing YieldGard (event MON810) or YieldGard (event MON810) × Roundup Ready (event GA21) as compared with their nontransgenic controls and commercial diets.', 'en_US'),
(1882, 'State-contingent demand for herbicide-tolerance seed trait', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1883, 'The value of Bt corn in southwest Kansas: A Monte Carlo simulation approach', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1884, 'Segregation of grain markets: consequences for price behavior', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1885, 'A Bt transgene reduces herbivory and enhances fecundity in wild sunflowers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1886, 'The role of consumer ethnocentrism in food product evaluation', 'Despite the abundance of literature on country-of-origin (COO) effects there is a need for additional empirical research into antecedents of the COO effect. This study examines to what extent consumer ethnocentrism (as measured by the CETSCALE) can singularly, as well as in concert with other variables, predict consumers'' evaluation of a domestic versus foreign food product. A conjoint experiment was utilized in an exploratory analysis to ascertain the value consumers in Czech Republic place on yogurt being from their own or other countries. The resulting utilities were related to a consumer''s level of ethnocentrism. The findings suggest that consumer ethnocentrism is a strong and significant predictor of consumer product evaluations. Adding the ethnocentrism variable to a set of demographic and psychographic variables significantly improves the predictive ability of the set. Potential applications at the practitioners'' level include the identification of market segments that react more favorably to domestic produce.', 'en_US'),
(1887, 'The effect of trust on public support for biotechnology: Evidence from the U.S. Biotechnology Study 1997-1998', 'The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which trust directly affects public support for biotechnology, particularly in applications to food production and genetic modification of crop plants. Unlike previous research in which trust is assumed to be exogenous, this article posits that trust is endogenously determined. An econometric model is developed that controls for the endogeneiy of trust using instrumental variable and selection correction techniques. Using data from the U.S. Biotechnology Study, this study finds that the effect of trust on public support is substantially stronger than previous estimates.', 'en_US'),
(1888, 'Can biotechnology help meet the nurtition challenge in sub-Saharan Africa?', 'The successful efforts in the 1980s to redress nutrition problems in sub-Saharan Africa are being eroded. Countries in eastern and southern Africa are now facing serious food shortages because of recurrent droughts, floods, civil wars, and the concomitant growing poverty.  The potential for biotechnology to alleviate hunger holds promise if the new technology can be adapted to the prevailing sociocultural context in Africa. Agronomists and biotechnologists need to work together to ensure that the biotechnology agenda for Africa is responsive to the food and nutrition needs of its people.', 'en_US'),
(1889, 'The potential for biotechnology to improve the nutritional value of cassava', 'Cassava, a starch-rich plant that has poor protein content and usually poor vitamin content, feeds about 600 million people each day. When cereals can no longer be grown because of soil fertility problems, it is often still possible to grow cassava. It is the third most important source of dietary calories in the tropics, and reliance on the crop is especially high in West and Central Africa.  The International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology is promoting research to improve cassava productivity and is a leader in developing genetic engineering to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of this essential food crop.', 'en_US'),
(1890, 'Research and development of transgenic plants in Malaysia: An example from an Asian developing country', 'In 2000, agriculture contributed 13% to the national gross domestic product of Malaysia. The country of 23 million people has created a competitive program coordinated by the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, research institutions, and universities to undertake biotechnology research in several areas. Intensified research efforts are under way on oil palm, rubber, rice, papaya, and orchids. Although the most progress has been made in rice and papaya, no transgenic crop is ready for field trials. Nonetheless, preliminary steps have been taken to prepare for the trials, and detailed testing protocols are being developed.', 'en_US'),
(1891, 'Consumer perception of risk associated with eating genetically engineered soybeans is less in the presence of a perceived consumer benefit', 'Objective To determine whether perceived benefit alters personal risk perception associated with eating genetically engineered soybeans, consumer desire for labeling, preferred phrase on a label symbol, and desired information in an educational brochure.Design Comparison of responses of two consumer groups who completed one of two survey versions.Subjects/settings One hundred fifty supermarket shoppers, age 21 years and older, for each survey or n=300 total. Focus groups and a pilot test were used to develop the final survey in which consumers read a description of a genetically engineered soybean with either no obvious consumer benefit or an obvious consumer benefit and then completed a set of attitude questions and evaluated a voluntary label design and educational brochure content. Main outcome measures were mean opinion scores of personal risk and desire for labeling and ranking of desired label phrase and brochure topics.Statistical analyses x2 and t Tests were used.Results Consumers reading about the soybean with obvious consumer benefit were significantly more comfortable eating these than those reading about the soybean with no obvious consumer benefit (2.9±1.1 vs 3.4±1.0, respectively; P<.001). However, the groups did not differ in desire for labeling of foods made with these soybeans or preferred brochure content. They did differ significantly in preferred phrase on the symbol (P.< 05).Applications/conclusions Dietitians can use descriptions of genetic engineering applications such as those in this study to help consumers assess these applications. Dietitians can play a critical role in explaining labeling terms and designing educational materials when the FDA finalizes voluntary labeling regulations for genetically engineered foods.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1892, 'Infringement of the intellectual property rights: Causes and consequences', 'A game-theoretic model of heterogeneous producers is developed to examine the economic causes and consequences of intellectual property right (IPR) infringement in the context of a small open developing economy. Analytical results show that complete deterrence of IPR infringement is not always economically optimal. IPR infringement affects economic welfare and has important ramifications for the pricing and adoption of the new technology (biotechnology). The quantitative nature of results depends on the labeling regime. If the TRIPs agreement follows the custom of retaliatory sanctions under GATT, IPR enforcement will remain imperfect and innovators'' ability to obtain value for their biotech traits will be limited.', 'en_US'),
(1893, 'Outcrossing potential of glufosinate-resistant rice to red rice', 'The broad spectrum non-selective herbicide ammonium-glufosinate, combined with genetically modified glufosinate-resistant rice cultivars (GM rice), may comprise a rice weed control system for red rice and other weeds that infest Brazilian rice fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for outcrossing and gene flow of GM rice to red rice. Natural outcrossing between adjacent field plots (1 m x 1 m) was measured during the 1999-2000 growing season in Brazil. The outcrossing rate of the GM rice as the female parent to red rice, as the pollen donor, was 0.22% for straw hull and 0.02% for the black hull red rice, respectively. In the reciprocal crosses, when GM rice was the pollen donor and red rice, the female parent, the outcrossing rate was 0.26 and 0.14%, respectively, for straw hull and black hull red rice. The results of this study suggest that, under field conditions, outcrossing of glufosinate-resistant rice to red rice can occur at a measurable level. The potential frequency of hybrids would be minimum under situations where weed control measures help prevent the red rice from flowering.', 'en_US'),
(1894, 'Oral immunization with a recombinant malaria protein induces conformational anitbodies and protects mice against lethal malaria', 'The increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. Although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. Many logistic difficulties make such an approach prohibitively expensive. In an effort to try to overcome some of these issues, we examined the possibility of oral immunization as a route for inducing host protective immunity. We report here that oral feeding of a malaria protein induced serum antibody levels similar to those induced by intraperitoneal immunization with Freund''s adjuvant. Further, responses to conformational epitopes were induced. In the rodent challenge system, significant levels of protection to lethal challenge with malaria were induced in mice. The protective efficacy was highly correlated with antibody levels, which depended on the antigen dosage and required cholera toxin subunit B as an oral adjuvant. These findings offer new approaches to the development of a malaria vaccine and provide justification for the investigation of transgenic plants as a means of vaccine delivery.', 'en_US'),
(1895, 'Effects of the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin (OC-I) on different aphids and reduced performance of Myzus persicae on OC-I expressing transgenic oilseed rape', 'When administered in artificial diets, the cysteine protease inhibitor (PI) oryzacystatin I (OC-I) induced moderate but significant growth inhibition on the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), the cotton/melon aphid (Aphis Gossypii Glover) and the peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). In transgenic oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L. cv. Drakkar) expressing OC-I under the control of the CaMV-35S RNA promoter, oryzacystatin was detected in both leaves and phloem sap. Transgenic plants from three independent homozygous lines were used to test the effect of in planta-expression of OC-I on M. persicae. Mean adult weight and fecundity were significantly reduced, and aphid biomass produced in 2 weeks was decreased by 25?40% for aphids fed transgenic plants, when compared to those fed control plants. The effects of OC-I on M. persicae were correlated with the decrease of a major cathepsin L/H-type cysteine protease activity, detected in whole insect extracts. Immuno-histological analysis showed OC-I labeling along the gut epithelium, but also its association with aphid bacteriocytes and oenocytes. These results suggest that OC-I affects M. persicae through digestive tract targets, but also by reaching the haemolymph, thereby inhibiting extra-digestive proteolytic activities and interacting with functions related to aphid reproduction. Overall, it appears that PIs can display deleterious effects against phloem-feeding insects in addition to their activity on leaf-feeding insects.', 'en_US'),
(1896, 'Design, analysis and statistical power of the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops', '1.  The effects on British farmland wildlife of the management of four genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops are currently being studied in a 5-year trial termed the Farm-Scale Evaluations (FSE), the first 4 years of which are completed. The FSE is controversial and extensive. There has been intense scrutiny of the experimental design and proposed analysis, and of the estimated statistical power to detect effects of a given magnitude, should any exist. 2.  For each crop, the FSE is a form of on-farm trial with a single composite null hypothesis and a simple randomized block experimental design. This has statistical implications for the imposition of treatments by growers and the need for proper randomization. The choice of a half-field experimental unit was based on field availability, the focus on herbicide management, the need to reduce variability and efficiency gains in sampling effort. Farms and fields were selected to represent the range of variability of geography and intensiveness across Britain for each crop. 3.  Results of a power analysis suggested that the planned replication of the FSE of about 60 fields per crop over 3 years would be sufficient to provide useful information, from which valid statistical inferences could be drawn. The achieved replication for spring crops in the FSE exceeded, by more than threefold, that in any of 82 comparable terrestrial manipulative ecological experiments undertaken previously. 4.  Here, we exemplify a range of analyses including covariates, interactions between various factors including years and treatments, diagnostic procedures to aid selection of the most efficient statistical model, the estimation of power from coefficients of variation, a novel and apparently robust test statistic and the calculation of overall variance from within- and between-unit variability. Preliminary results indicated that a simple log-normal model appeared adequate for most analyses. 5.  Synthesis and applications. Statistical challenges created by the scope of the FSE were resolved from a sound knowledge of good experimental design. There is an urgent need for further statistical studies to develop experimental designs or modelling approaches that allow similar studies of genetically modified (GM) crops, at reduced cost. However, this power analysis has shown that this cannot be achieved at the expense of adequate replication, essential for all risk assessment studies.', 'en_US'),
(1897, 'An introduction to the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops', '1.  Several genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops have cleared most of the regulatory hurdles required for commercial growing in the United Kingdom. However, concerns have been expressed that their management will have negative impacts on farmland biodiversity as a result of improved control given by the new herbicide regimes of the arable plants that support farmland birds and other species of conservation value. 2.  The Farm-Scale Evaluations (FSE) project is testing the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the management of GMHT varieties of beet, oilseed rape and maize and that of comparable conventional varieties in their effect on the abundance and diversity of arable plants and invertebrates. The FSE also aims to estimate the magnitude and consider the implications of any differences that are found. 3.  The experimental design of the FSE is a randomized block, with two treatments allocated at random to half-fields. The target sample is around 60-75 fields for each crop, selected to represent variation of geography and intensity of management across Britain. The experimental crops are managed by commercial farmers as if under commercial conditions. 4.  Biodiversity indicators have been selected from plants and terrestrial invertebrates to identify differences between crop management regimes that may result in important ecological changes over larger scales of space and time. Field sampling is at fixed points, mainly along transects from the field boundary, starting before the crop is sown and continuing into following crops. 5.  Synthesis and applications. The FSE is best considered as an investigation into the effects of contrasting crop management regimes on farmland biodiversity, rather than a study of the effects of genetic modification. It could become a model for future studies of ecological effects of the way we use and manage agricultural land.', 'en_US'),
(1898, 'The safety of GM crops. Evaluation criteria (part 1)', 'This article provides information on the steps followed in food safety assessment of novel foods. Substantial equivalence is the approach used in assessing the safety of a GM crop and its products. The principal aspects considered in the safety assessment are the molecular, compositional, toxicological, and nutritional characteristics of the novel food/feed in comparison with its conventional counterpart. When substantial equivalence is established between the GM feed/food and its counterpart then the novel food can be treated in the same manner with respect to safety.', 'en_US'),
(1899, 'High tolerance against Chrysomela tremulae of transgenic poplar plants expressing a synthetic cry3Aa gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis', 'Hybrid poplars (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) have been genetically engineered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to express a synthetic cry3Aa gene derived from the native Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis cry3Aa gene. The presence and the expression of the transgene have been verified in four transgenic poplar lines, using Southern, northern and western analyses. The transgenic poplar''s toxicity towards the phytophagous beetle Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) has been assessed on six month-old greenhouse-grown selected plants in laboratory conditions. Laboratory experiments consisted of feeding tests of fresh detached leaves on C. tremulae at all developmental stages. Our results indicate that the transgenic poplar leaves, expressing a Cry3Aa protein amount in a range of 0.05?0.0025% of total soluble protein, were definitely deleterious for C. tremulae, regardless of the developmental stage.', 'en_US'),
(1900, 'Subtle effects of herbicide use in the context of genetically modified crops: a case study with glyphosate (Roundup(R))', 'Research on the effects of glyphosate and seed germination spans 30 years. Despite several studies reporting detrimental effects of the herbicide on seedling germination and growth, glyphosate is still being registered for use as a weed killer and preharvest desiccant. Its nonselective nature and low chance of species developing resistance has lead to the development of genetically modified crops tolerant to the herbicide which also raises concerns about increased reliance on herbicide use, and subtle ecological impact.This paper presents the result of a literature review on past studies mostly, on crop species, and the results of a new experiment performed with emphasis on noncrop species. The new experimental part attempted to determine whether glyphosate (Roundup®) would have an effect on the germination and growth of the F1 generation of seeds produced by plants sprayed with the herbicide. It was designed to mirror spray drift which might affect noncrop plants in nontarget drift zones. Of the 11 species tested using treatments of 0% (control), 1%, 10% or 100% of a 890 g a.i./ha label rate solution sprayed near seed maturity, seven showed a significant effect of the glyphosate treatment on germination and/or growth characteristics.Results of this experiment together with several previous studies reviewed in this paper suggest that there are significant effects to keep in mind when using herbicides such as glyphosate as severe ecological changes could occur.', 'en_US'),
(1901, 'Genetic engineering and perceived levels of risk', 'In recent years, concern about the negative environmental effects of technologies, and in particular the use of genetic engineering in food production, has become a major topic in public debate. Public acceptance of genetic engineering is vital to development of this technology. This study, carried out in Christchurch, New Zealand, explores the role of consumers opinions, attitudes and behaviours toward genetic engineering. It focuses on the relative perceived risk associated with consuming genetically engineering food and the role of food labelling in reducing this risk. The study found that most consumers are uninformed about genetic engineering and the potential benefits it holds. The level of accurate knowledge held by the consumer was found to be an important determinant in the perceived level of risk and willingness to accept genetic engineering. Notable relationships were also found between demographic variables, attitudes and behaviours towards genetically engineered produce.', 'en_US'),
(1902, 'Genomics, genetic engineering and domestication of crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1903, 'Outline of a risk assessment: the welfare of future xeno-donor pigs', 'The welfare of transgenic animals is often not considered prior to their generation. However, we demonstrate here how a welfare risk assessment can be carried out before transgenic animals are created. We describe a risk assessment identifying potential welfare problems in transgenic pigs generated for future xeno-donation of organs. This assessment is based on currently available information concerning transgenic animal models in which one or more transgenes relevant to future xeno-donation have been inserted. The welfare risk assessment reveals that future xeno-donor pigs may have an increased tendency toward septicaemias, reduced fertility and/or impaired vision. The transgenic animal models used in generating hypotheses about the welfare of xeno-donor pigs can also assist in the testing of these hypotheses. To ensure high levels of welfare of transgenic animals, analogous risk assessments can be used to identify potential welfare problems during the early stages of the generation of new transgenic animals. Such assessments may form part of the basis on which licenses to generate new transgenic animals are granted to research groups.', 'en_US'),
(1904, 'Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants', 'Antibodies represent a large proportion of therapeutic drugs currently in development. In most cases, they are produced in mammalian cell lines or transgenic animals because these have been shown to fold and assemble the proteins correctly and generate authentic glycosylation patterns. However, such expression systems are expensive, difficult to scale up and there are safety concerns due to potential contamination with pathogenic organisms or oncogenic DNA sequences. Plants represent an inexpensive, efficient and safe alternative for the production of recombinant antibodies. Research over the last 10 years has shown that plants can produce a variety of functional antibodies and there is now intense interest in scaling up production to commercial levels. In this review, we discuss the advantages of plants over traditional expression systems, describe how antibody expression in plants is achieved and optimized and then consider the practical issues concerning large-scale molecular farming in plants. The first plant-produced therapeutic antibodies are already in clinical trials, and, given the economic benefits of this production system, we are likely to see many more recombinant antibodies produced in this manner in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1905, 'Tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant corn (Zea mays) to diclosulam', 'Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) and non-IR corn cultivars to preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) treatments of diclosulam. Crop injury was evaluated early- (5 to 6 wk after planting [WAP]), mid- (10 to 11 WAP), and late-season (13 to 15 WAP). Early-season injury of IR corn was no more than 12% in systems that included diclosulam PRE or POST at 18, 27, or 36 g ai/ha. Early-season injury of non-IR corn ranged from 85 to 89% in systems that included diclosulam PRE at any rate. At the mid-season evaluation, crop injury to IR corn was 1% or less. Non-IR corn was injured 73 to 94% in systems that included diclosulam PRE, while systems that included diclosulam POST caused 45 to 58% injury at mid-season. At the late-season evaluation, non-IR corn was injured 56, 88, and 96% with diclosulam PRE at 18, 27, and 36 g/ha, respectively, whereas systems that included diclosulam POST had 11 to 14% injury. Injury to IR corn from diclosulam PRE or POST was not apparent at the late-season evaluation. Weed-free yield of IR corn treated with diclosulam was 6,490 to 6,850 kg/ha and was equivalent to or better than yield from IR corn treated only with atrazine plus metolachlor PRE. Yield from non-IR corn treated with any diclosulam-containing system did not exceed 3,770 kg/ha.', 'en_US'),
(1906, 'Influence of glufosinate on seed weight, seed germination, and seedling vigor of glufosinate-resistant rice', 'Seeds were collected from field-grown glufosinate-resistant rice treated at various growth stages from the one-leaf through the boot stage with glufosinate at 0.84 kg ai/ha. The collected seeds were evaluated for 100-count seed weights, germination, and seedling vigor. Germination of the long-grain transformant CPRS PB-13 at five temperatures was unaffected by glufosinate treatment or temperature. At 14 d after initiation, germination of the medium-grain transformant BNGL HC-11/62 was reduced at 22 C when treated at the preboot timing. One hundred?count seed weights and seedling vigor were not affected for either glufosinate-resistant line.', 'en_US'),
(1907, 'Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow-row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max)', 'A field study was conducted during 1999, 2000, and 2001 at Stoneville, MS, on a Dundee silty clay loam to determine the impact of a rye cover crop with one or two postemergence (POST) herbicide applications on weed control, yield, and net return in narrow-row glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems. Cover crop systems included no?cover crop conventional tillage (CT), no?cover crop no-tillage (NT), and rye NT, all with early POST (EPOST), EPOST followed by late POST (LPOST), and no-herbicide weed management. Weed control and net return among glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems were similar. One POST ($111/ha) application of herbicides was more profitable than two POST ($79/ha) applications regardless of soybean cultivar and cover crop system. Rye residue reduced total weed density by 9 and 27% and biomass by 19 and 38% compared with no?cover crop CT and NT, respectively. In the rye cover crop, input costs were higher because of the additional cost of seed, planting, and rye desiccation. The additional cost resulted in a lower net return with the rye cover crop ($29/ha) compared with the no?cover crop CT ($84/ha) or NT ($87/ha) system, even though soybean yield in the rye cover crop system was comparable to that from the no?cover crop CT and NT systems. These results showed that because of additional cost, rye cover crop?based soybean production was less profitable compared with existing no?cover crop?based production systems.', 'en_US'),
(1908, 'Concerns a weed scientist might have about herbicide-tolerant crops: a  revisitation', 'Over a decade ago, the Weed Science Society of America sponsored a symposium on the then emerging technology of herbicide-tolerant crops (HTCs). The symposium and subsequent proceedings addressed potential benefits and concerns about that new technology to control weeds. Technological, biological, and ethical questions were addressed that were likely to emerge from the widespread adoption of HTCs. It was suggested at that time that if such questions were answered, HTC development would proceed on a more solid foundation, whereas continued uncertainty and criticism would probably result if the questions were not answered. We now review developments in HTC technology. Questions and concerns posed one decade ago are still pertinent, but current knowledge is still insufficient to address them. Adoption of HTC has risen dramatically since their commercial introduction, but there is still no evidence of associated production cost reductions or enhanced yields.', 'en_US'),
(1909, 'Weed management, fiber quality, and net returns in no-tillage transgenic and nontransgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)', 'Studies on weed management systems with bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton cultivars in a no-tillage environment were evaluated in North Carolina and Tennessee in 1997 and 1998. All weed management systems in nontransgenic and bromoxynil-resistant cotton controlled sicklepod 72 to 78%, whereas sicklepod was controlled at least 94% in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Entireleaf and pitted morningglory, smooth pigweed, and common cocklebur were controlled at least 92% with all management systems. Fiber quality was also measured in Tennessee. Micronaire and fiber strength ranged from 4.35 to 4.55 units and 28.6 to 30.1 g/tex, respectively, in bromoxynil-resistant and glyphosate-resistant cultivars that received postemergence over-the-top (POT) herbicides. Harvest trash content ranged from 0.80 to 1.15% in systems where POT and late postemergence?directed (LAYBY) herbicides were used and was 1.65% where multiple glyphosate applications were used with no LAYBY herbicides. Cotton lint yield and net returns were generally highest in systems that included bromoxynil or pyrithiobac POT followed by cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY or multiple glyphosate treatments where no LAYBY herbicides were used.', 'en_US'),
(1910, 'Prospects for using transgenic resistance to insects in crop improvement', 'Integrated pest management has historically placed great hopes on host plant resistance. However, conventional host-plant resistance to insects involves quantitative traits at several loci. As a result, the progress has been slow and difficult to achieve. With the advent of genetic transformation techniques, it has become possible to clone and insert genes into the crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests. Resistance to insects has been demonstrated in transgenic plants expressing genes for d-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), protease inhibitors, enzymes, and plant lectins. Most of the plant derived genes produce chronic rather than toxic effects, and some insect pests are not sensitive to some of these factors. The potential of plant derived genes can be realised by deploying them in combination with host plant resistance and exotic genes. Genes conferring resistance to insects have been inserted into crop plants such as maize, cotton, potato, tobacco, potatoes, rice, broccoli, lettuce, walnuts, apples, alfalfa, and soybean. Genetically transformed crops with Bt genes have been deployed for cultivation in USA, China, and Australia. However, very little has been done to use this technology for improving crop production in the harsh environments of the tropics, where the need for increasing food production is most urgent. International agricultural research centres, advanced research institutes, and the seed sector should make an effort to use these new tools for increasing food production in poorer regions of the world. There is an urgent need to develop a scientifically sound strategy to deploy exotic and plant derived genes for minimising the extent of losses caused by insect pests. Equally important is the need for following the biosafety regulations, more responsible public debate, social attitude, and better presentation of the benefits for a rational deployment of the genetically transformed plants.', 'en_US'),
(1911, 'Biotechnology issues for developing economies', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1912, 'Development of biotechnology in South Africa', 'Biotechnology in South Africa stands at a cross-roads. As a country with huge natural resources, equally huge social problems, and in a state of positive transition to full multi-cultural development, SA faces the complex task of effectively exploiting its science, technology and resource base for the benefit of its society. The potential of Biotechnology for social and economic development has only recently been a focal point. There are signs, at all levels from central administration to individual tertiary institutions, that the first decade of the 21st century may be the point where Biotechnology ''comes of age'' in South Africa.', 'en_US'),
(1913, 'Technology exchange', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1914, 'Transgenic wheat with enhanced fungal resistance causes no effects on Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1915, 'Identification and quantification of carotenoids, tocopherols and chlorophylls in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables', 'The carotenoid, tocopherol and chlorophyll metabolic profiles and content of a selection of fruits and vegetables found commonly in the diet, have been determined using a rapid RP-HPLC technique with on-line PDA detection. Information gathered from the screening of secondary plant metabolites is vital for the accurate determination of the dietary intake of these micro-nutrients, and in the development of comprehensive food tables. Determination of basal levels is also necessary for the rational engineering of health-promoting phytochemicals in food crops. In addition this approach can also be applied to the routine screening of products to determine metabolic differences between varieties and cultivars, as well as between genetically modified and the corresponding non-genetically modified tissue.', 'en_US'),
(1916, 'Out-crossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice', 'The potential of transferring herbicide resistance from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to sexually compatible weeds is of paramount importance for development of effective weed control strategies. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control and frequency of natural outcrossing between a transgenic, glufosinate-resistant rice line and a Louisiana biotype of red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular and phenotypic data showed that outcrossing in field plots between a non-transgenic purple marker line and red rice did occur within one field season, but at a low rate of <1%. Similarly, molecular and phenotypic data demonstrated that glufosinate resistance was transferred from the transgenic line to the red rice biotype in the field within one year at a low frequency of 0.3%. Compared to parental lines, the transgenic-red rice hybrids were extremely late, tall, and never set seed during the normal field season. Genetic analyses in all F2 populations showed glufosinate resistance behaved in a Mendelian fashion as a single, dominant gene. Presence of the bar gene for glufosinate resistance did not increase fitness or seed fecundity in hybrids or subsequent progeny. The genetic analyses and outcrossing results from this study suggest that an effective management program can be developed to prolong the usefulness of transgenic, glufosinate herbicide technology.', 'en_US'),
(1917, 'Consumption of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) causes direct effects on adult parasitic wasps', 'Honeydew is a common sugar-rich excretion of aphids and other phloem-feeding insects and represents the primary sugar in many agricultural systems. When honeydew-producing insects feed on genetically modified plants, the honeydew can contain amounts of the transgene product. Here we address whether this route of exposure poses a risk for non-target insects. Three species of parasitic wasps were selected: i.e. Aphidius colemani, Trichogramma brassicae and Cotesia glomerata, all of which are known to use honeydew as a carbohydrate source in the field. Wasps were fed sucrose solutions with varying concentrations of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA), a protein that has been engineered into crops to confer resistance against homopteran pests and that has been detected in honeydew. Parameters evaluated included gustatory response, longevity, fecundity, progeny emergence and sex ratio. While A. colemani and T. brassicae, but not C. glomerata, were able to detect GNA, this gustatory recognition had no effect on the acceptance of a GNA-sucrose solution. In all three species, GNA ingestion reduced parasitoid survival significantly. However, in respect to fecundity, negative effects were observed for T. brassicae but not for A. colemani. The results suggest that the effect of GNA consumption may depend on the specifics of a parasitoid''s biology, especially its longevity and its mode of egg maturation.', 'en_US'),
(1918, 'Neither inverted repeat T-DNA configurations nor arrangements of tandemly repeated transgenes are sufficient to trigger transgene silencing', 'Transgene expression was analysed in Arabidopsis T-DNA transformants carrying defined numbers and arrangement of different reporter genes. All transgenes were placed under the control of the strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. High, stable transgene expression was observed in plants containing two copies of the -glucuronidase (GUS) gene, two or four copies of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and two, four or six copies of the streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene. Thus, the mere presence of multiple promoter and/or transgene sequences did not result in gene silencing. In none of the cases analysed were tandem repeat arrangements of transgenes and/or inverted repeat (IR) T-DNA structures sufficient to trigger silencing of the different reporter genes. Instead, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) correlated with the copy number of the highly expressed transgenes. Twelve copies of the SPT and four copies of the GUS gene triggered silencing. Silencing is frequently associated with repetitive T-DNA structures. We favour the idea that in many cases this may be attributed to the high transgene doses rather than the repeat arrangements themselves.', 'en_US'),
(1919, 'Genetic susceptibility of food allergy is linked to differential TH2-TH1 responses in C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice', 'Background: Although food allergy is a serious health problem in westernized countries, factors influencing the development of food allergy are largely unknown. Appropriate murine models of food allergy would be useful in understanding the mechanisms underlying food allergy in human subjects.Objective: We sought to determine the susceptibility of different strains of mice to food hypersensitivity.Methods: C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice were sensitized to cow''s milk (CM) or peanut by means of intragastric administration, with cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Mice were then challenged with CM or peanut. Antigen-specific IgE levels, anaphylactic symptoms, plasma histamine levels, and splenocyte cytokine profiles of these 2 strains were compared.Results: CM-specific IgE levels were significantly increased only in the C3H/HeJ strain, 87% of which exhibited systemic anaphylactic reactions accompanied by significantly increased plasma histamine levels in response to challenge. BALB/c mice exhibited no significant CM-specific IgE response, increased plasma histamine levels, or anaphylactic symptoms. After peanut challenge, 100% of peanut-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice exhibited high levels of peanut-specific IgE and anaphylactic symptoms. In contrast, no hypersensitivity reactions were detected in BALB/c mice, despite the presence of significant serum peanut-specific IgE levels. Splenocytes from CM- and peanut-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice exhibited significantly increased IL-4 and IL-10 secretion, whereas splenocytes from BALB/c mice exhibited significantly increased IFN- secretion.Conclusion: Induction of food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in mice is strain dependent, with C3H/HeJ mice being susceptible and BALB/c mice being resistant. This strain-dependent susceptibility to food allergy is associated with differential TH2-TH1 responses after intragastric food allergen sensitization. ', 'en_US'),
(1920, 'Value judgements and risk comparisons.  The care of genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1921, 'Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management', 'Laboratory studies were performed to characterize the lepidopteran toxicity of cotton plants expressing two different toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), in order to assess insect resistance management implications of a commercial, two-toxin transgenic cotton. An independent and additive interactive effect of two Bt -endotoxins expressed by the transgenic cotton variety 15985 was demonstrated by examining the responses of Heliothis virescens (F.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae to field- or greenhouse-grown tissue from genetic near-isolines, which expressed Cry1A only, Cry2Ab only, or both toxins. In all cases, the Cry2Ab component was the larger contributor to total toxicity in the two-toxin isoline. Toxin-specific, quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests confirmed that the levels of each toxin in tissues of the two-toxin isoline were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from the levels found in the corresponding tissues of the respective single-toxin isoline. Resistance management considerations were discussed. Considering the additive interaction of toxins, a relatively simple insect resistance-monitoring procedure was proposed for the monitoring of commercial cotton varieties expressing both toxins.', 'en_US'),
(1922, 'Genetically modified bacteria in agriculture', 'Certain bacteria isolated from soils possess properties that allow them to exert beneficial effects on plants either by enhancing crop nutrition or by reducing damages caused by pathogens or pests. Some of them, such as rhizobia, azospirilla, and agrobacteria, have been traditionally released in fields as seed inoculants and they often lead to increases in the yield of different crops while the application of others, such as pseudomonads, often fails to give the expected results. Bacteria genetically modified to be easily traceable and/or to be improved in their expression of beneficial traits have been constructed and released with plants in a number of experimental field plots. With these releases, it has been possible to monitor the modified inoculant bacteria after their introduction in field ecosystems and to assess their impact on the resident microflora. Local environmental factors appeared as playing a crucial role in the survival and persistence of bacteria once released in fields and in the expression of the beneficial traits whether improved or not. The spread of inoculant bacteria from their point of dissemination was limited. Transient shifts in favour of the released bacteria and in disfavour of some members of the bacterial and fungal populations present in the plant rhizosphere might occur with certain released bacteria. The changes observed were, however, less important than those observed under usual agricultural practices. Gene transfer from resident population to introduced bacteria was detected in one case. The transconjugants were found only transiently in the phytosphere of plants but not in soils. No differences between the survival, spread, persistence in field and ecological impacts of genetically modified bacteria and of the corresponding unmodified parent strain could be detected.', 'en_US'),
(1923, 'Genetically modified lactic acid bacteria: applications to food or health and risk assessment', 'Lactic acid bacteria have a long history of use in fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications may lead to improvements in food technology (bacteria better fitted to technological processes, leading to improved organoleptic properties...), or to new applications including bacteria producing therapeutic molecules that could be delivered by mouth. Examples in these two fields will be discussed, at the same time evaluating their potential benefit to society and the possible risks associated with their use. Risk assessment and expected benefits will determine the future use of modified bacteria in the domains of food technology and health.', 'en_US'),
(1924, 'Between myth and reality: genetically modified maize, an example of a sizeable scientific controversy', 'Maize is a major crop plant with essential agronomical interests and a model plant for genetic studies. With the development of plant genetic engineering technology, many transgenic strains of this monocotyledonous plant have been produced over the past decade. In particular, field-cultivated insect-resistant Bt-maize hybrids are at the centre of an intense debate between scientists and organizations recalcitrant to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This debate, which addresses both safety and ethical aspects, has raised questions about the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on the biodiversity of traditional landraces and on the environment. Here, we review some of the key points of maize genetic history as well as the methods used to stably transform this cereal. We describe the genetically engineered Bt-maizes available for field cultivation and we investigate the controversial reports on their impacts on non-target insects such as the monarch butterfly and on the flow of transgenes into Mexican maize landraces.', 'en_US'),
(1925, 'Plant biotechnology in agriculture', 'Knowledge on plant genomes has progressed during the past few years. Two plant genomes, those of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, have been sequenced. Our present knowledge of synteny also indicates that, despite plasticity contributing to the diversity of the plant genomes, the organization of genes is conserved within large sections of chromosomes. In parallel, novel plant transformation systems have been proposed, notably with regard to plastid transformation and the removal of selectable marker genes in transgenic plants. Furthermore, a number of recent works considerably widen the potential of plant biotechnology.', 'en_US'),
(1926, 'Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris', 'A 200-day study was carried out to investigate the impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn on immature and adult Lumbricus terrestris in the field and in the laboratory. Another objective of this study was to develop test methods that could be used for standard testing of the impact of transgenic plants on different earthworm species in the field and in the laboratory. For this purpose two different experiments were involved, a laboratory experiment with adult L. terrestris and a field experiment with immature L. terrestris. No lethal effects of transgenic Bt corn on immature and adult earthworms were observed. Immature L. terrestris in the field had a very similar growth pattern when fed either (Bt+) or (Bt) corn litter. No significant differences in relative weights of (Bt+) and (Bt) corn-fed adult L. terrestris were observed during the first 160 days of the laboratory trial, but after 200 days adult L. terrestris had a significant weight loss of 18% of their initial weight when fed (Bt+) corn litter compared to a weight gain of 4% of the initial weight of (Bt) corn-fed earthworms. Further studies are necessary to see whether or not this difference in relative weight was due to the Bt toxin or other factors discussed in the study. Degradation of Cry1Ab toxin in corn residues was significantly slower in the field than at 10 °C in the laboratory. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that earthworms in both experiments were exposed to the Bt toxin throughout the whole experimental time.', 'en_US'),
(1927, 'Gene flow assessment in transgenic plants', 'In most of the important crops in the world, gene flow between cultivars and between wild and weedy relatives has always taken place. Factors influencing this gene flow, such as the mating system, mode of pollination, mode of seed dispersal and the particular characteristics of the habitat where the crops grow, are difficult to evaluate and in consequence, the quantification of gene flow is not easy. Transgene flow from engineered crops to other cultivars or to their wild and weedy relatives is one of the major concerns in relation to the ecological risks associated with the commercial release of transgenic plants. With transgenic crops it is important to quantify this gene flow and to try to establish strategies to control or minimise it, taking into account the possible ecological effect of the newly introduced genes, whether advantageous or disadvantageous. The use of transgenic plants has proven to be an effective tool to quantify the gene flow to other cultivars of the same species or to wild and weedy relatives in all crops analysed. Here we review the major studies in this area, and conclude that the potential risk of gene flow has to be assessed case by case and caution is necessary when making general conclusions.', 'en_US'),
(1928, 'Three cadherin alleles associated with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in pink bollworm', 'Evolution of resistance by pests is the main threat to long-term insect control by transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Because inheritance of resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops is typically recessive, DNA-based screening for resistance alleles in heterozygotes is potentially much more efficient than detection of resistant homozygotes with bioassays. Such screening, however, requires knowledge of the resistance alleles in field populations of pests that are associated with survival on Bt crops. Here we report that field populations of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a major cotton pest, harbored three mutant alleles of a cadherin-encoding gene linked with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac and survival on transgenic Bt cotton. Each of the three resistance alleles has a deletion expected to eliminate at least eight amino acids upstream of the putative toxin-binding region of the cadherin protein. Larvae with two resistance alleles in any combination were resistant, whereas those with one or none were susceptible to Cry1Ac. Together with previous evidence, the results reported here identify the cadherin gene as a leading target for DNA-based screening of resistance to Bt crops in lepidopteran pests.', 'en_US'),
(1929, 'Development of monoclonal antibodies against Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis and their application in an ELISA for detection of transgenic Bt-maize', 'Several transgenic insect resistant maize varieties, commonly referred to as Bt-maize, express the gene for the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab. As a method for the determination of Bt-maize, a sandwich-type ELISA for Cry1Ab was established. Monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunization of mice with trypsin-activated Cry1Ab. The secondary antibody was labeled with horseradish peroxidase, and 3,3'',5,5''-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was used as chromogene. The detection limit was 0.4 ng mlm1 of Cry1Ab. No (Cry1Ac, Cry1C, Cry2A, Cry3A) or only little (Cry9C) cross-reactivity with other Cry proteins was observed. Furthermore, the assay was applied to protein extracts from maize powder containing different amounts of Bt-maize from three different lines (Bt-176, Bt-11 and MON810). Using 100 mg maize per sample and Tris-borate buffer for rapid protein extraction, the minimum detectable mass fraction was 0.10% for Bt-11 and 0.23% for MON810. In contrast, Bt-176 maize could not be detected due to the fact that the Cry1Ab gene is not expressed in seed tissue of Bt-176 maize.', 'en_US'),
(1930, 'Fitness effects of transgenic diesease resistance in sunflowers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1931, 'Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis', 'Farmers, industry, governments and environmental groups agree that it would be useful to manage transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins to delay the evolution of resistance in target pests. The main strategy proposed for delaying resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic crops is the high-dose/refuge strategy. This strategy is based on the unverified assumption that resistance alleles are initially rare (<10-3). We used an F2 screen on >1,200 isofemale lines of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) collected in France and the US corn belt during 1999-2001. In none of the isofemale lines did we detect alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin. A Bayesian analysis of the data indicates that the frequency of resistance alleles in France was <9.20 2 10-4 with 95% probability, and a detection probability of >80%. In the northern US corn belt, the frequency of resistance to Bt maize was <4.23 2 10-4 with 95% probability, and a detection probability of >90%. Only 95 lines have been screened from the southern US corn belt, so these data are still inconclusive. These results suggest that resistance is probably rare enough in France and the northern US corn belt for the high-dose plus refuge strategy to delay resistance to Bt maize.', 'en_US'),
(1932, 'Model studies on the detectability of genetically modified feeds in milk', 'Detecting the use of genetically modified feeds in milk has become important, because the voluntary labeling of milk and dairy products as ''GMO free'' or as ''organically grown'' prohibits the employment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The aim of this work was to investigate whether a DNA transfer from foodstuffs like soya and maize was analytically detectable in cow''s milk after digestion and transportation via the bloodstream of dairy cows and, thus, whether milk could report for the employment of transgene feeds. Blood, milk, urine, and feces of dairy cows were examined, and foreign DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction by specifically amplifying a 226-bp fragment of the maize invertase gene and a 118-bp fragment of the soya lectin gene. An intravenous application of purified plant DNA showed a fast elimination of marker DNA in blood or its reduction below the detection limit. With feeding experiments, it could be demonstrated that a specific DNA transfer from feeds into milk was not detectable. Therefore, foreign DNA in milk cannot serve as an indicator for the employment of transgene feeds unless milk is directly contaminated with feed components or airborne feed particles.', 'en_US');
