The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) aims to genetically enhance crops and generate public-sector-provided products for the resource poor, e.g., drought-tolerant wheat and insect-resistant maize and, through international?national partnerships, facilitate the acquisition of improved germplasm for non-mandate crops in the cropping systems where maize and wheat thrive; e.g., genetically modified (GM)-papaya through a national food security undertaking in Bangladesh.  The Center also engages in public awareness campaigns in projects such as Insect Resistance Maize for Africa (IRMA), which includes food, feed and environmental safety, monitoring of resistance and establishment of refugia, non-target effects and gene flow.  Monitoring of genetic resources is a wide concern among the centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), with an emphasis on the quality of gene banks. Decisions, policies and procedures about monitoring should be science-based, and this requires education, an area where CIMMYT and other CGIAR centers can play an important role. There will be a need to continue to evaluate the need for, and type of monitoring, as new (and unique) products are developed and released in the emergent economies of the world.