INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4066, 'Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields.', 'There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m-wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific-width buffer zones.', 'en_US'),
(4067, 'Field evaluation of effects of transgenic cry1Ab/cry1Ac, cry1C and cry2A rice on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and its arthropod predators.', 'The impacts of transgenic Bt rice on target pests and their predators need to be clarified prior to the commercialization of Bt rice. In this study, the percentages of folded leaves of three transgenic Bt rice lines and non-transgenic parental rice line caused by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were studied over two successive growing seasons. In addition, the population densities, relative abundance and population dynamics of C. medinalis and four species of its natural arthropod predators were investigated at three sites in China. The results showed that rice line significantly affected the percentages of folded leaves and population densities of C. medinalis larvae. Significantly higher percentages of folded leaves were observed on the non-transgenic rice compared with the three transgenic Bt rice on most sampling dates. Significantly higher densities of C. medinalis larvae and higher relative abundance of C. medinalis within phytophages were found on non-transgenic rice compared with three transgenic Bt rice at different sites across the study period. The population dynamics of C. medinalis larvae were significantly affected by rice line, rice line×sampling date, rice line×year, rice line×sampling date×year. However, there was little, if any, significant difference in the relative abundance, population density and population dynamics of the four arthropod predators between the three Bt rice lines and non-transgenic rice. The results of this study indicate that the Bt toxin in transgenic Bt rice can effectively suppress the occurrence of C. medinalis, but has no significant effects on the occurrence of the four predatory arthropod species.', 'en_US'),
(4068, 'Local adaptation of an introduced transgenic insect fungal pathogen due to new beneficial mutations.', 'Genetically modified Metarhizium spp represent a major new arsenal for combating insect pests and insect-borne diseases. However, for these tools to be used safely and effectively, we need a much better understanding of their evolutionary potential and invasion ecology. In order to model natural as well as anthropogenic dispersal scenarios, we investigated evolutionary processes in a green fluorescent protein tagged strain of Metarhizium robertsii following transfer from a semitropical to a temperate soil community. Adaptive changes occurred over four years despite recurrent genetic bottlenecks and lack of recombination with locally well adapted strains. By coupling microarray-based functional analysis with DNA hybridizations we determined that expression of cell wall and stress response genes evolved at an accelerated rate in multiple replicates, whereas virulence determinants, transposons, and chromosome structure were unaltered. The mutable genes were enriched for TATA boxes possibly because they are larger mutational targets. In further field trials, we showed that the new mutations increased the fitness of M. robertsii in the new range by enhancing saprophytic associations, and these benefits were maintained in subsequent years. Consistent with selection being habitat rather than host specific, populations of an avirulent mutant cycled with seasons similarly to the wild type, whereas a mutant unable to adhere to plant roots showed a linear decrease in population. Our results provide a mechanistic basis for understanding postrelease adaptations, show that agents can be selected that lack gene flow and virulence evolution, and describe a means of genetically containing transgenic strains by disrupting the Mad2 gene.', 'en_US'),
(4069, 'How effective and safe is Bt-maize in South Africa?', 'The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) recently released the outcome of the South Africa–Norway bio-safety cooperation project ‘Monitoring the environmental impacts of GM maize in South Africa’. This project studied possible impacts of commercial genetically modified (GM) maize (MON810 maize), containing the Cry1Ab protein (Bt-protein), on the South African environment. The report addresses concerns about Bt-technology in GM maize in South Africa, in particular the development of possible resistance of target insects to the Bt-toxin and of unintended effects of GM maize on non-target organisms.', 'en_US'),
(4070, 'Potential use of Sesbania pachycarpa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) as a refugia for the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).', 'Deployment of cowpea with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-cowpea), to control Maruca vitrata Fab., must be preceded by the development of an insect resistance management (IRM) plan to ensure a sustainable use of the in-plant protection offered by the transgenic variety. One of the components of a resistance management plan involves the use of wild or cultivated host plants as refugia. In West Africa, wild refugia have the potential to be a major component of such an IRM strategy. In the current study, we examined the occurrence of M. vitrata on three cultivated cowpea varieties and one wild alternative host, Sesbania pachycarpa D.C. Our results indicate that M. vitrata population overlapped on the wild host and cowpea. The overall insect population on S. pachycarpa represents 9–13% of the population on cultivated cowpea. Based on these findings, we suggest that S. pachycarpa may contribute as a refuge for M. vitrata population in case of deployment of Bt-cowpea.', 'en_US'),
(4071, 'Case studies on the use of biotechnologies and on biosafety provisions in four African countries.', 'This review is based on a study commissioned by the European Commission on the evaluation of scientific, technical and institutional challenges, priorities and bottlenecks for biotechnologies and regional harmonisation of biosafety in Africa. Biotechnology was considered within four domains: agricultural biotechnologies (‘Green’), industrial biotechnologies and biotechnologies for environmental remediation (‘White’), biotechnologies in aquaculture (‘Blue’) and biotechnologies for healthcare (‘Red’). An important consideration was the decline in partnerships between the EU and developing countries because of the original public antipathy to some green biotechnologies, particularly genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and food from GM crops in Europe. The study focus reported here was West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso).\r\n\r\nThe overall conclusion was that whereas high-quality research was proceeding in the countries visited, funding is not sustained and there is little evidence of practical application of biotechnology and benefit to farmers and the wider community. Research and development that was being carried out on genetically modified crop varieties was concentrating on improving food security and therefore unlikely to have significant impact on EU markets and consumers. However, there is much non-controversial green biotechnology such as molecular diagnostics for plant and animal disease and marker-assisted selection for breeding that has great potential application. Regarding white biotechnology, it is currently occupying only a very small industrial niche in West Africa, basically in the sole sector of the production of liquid biofuels (i.e., bio-ethanol) from indigenous and locally planted biomass (very often non-food crops). The presence of diffused small-scale fish production is the basis to develop and apply new (Blue) aquaculture technologies and, where the research conditions and the production sector can permit, to increase this type of production and the economy of this depressed areas. However, the problems bound to environmental protection must not be forgotten; priority should be given to monitor the risks of introduction of foreign species. Red biotechnologies potentially bring a vast domain of powerful tools and processes to achieve better human health, most notably improved diagnostics by molecular techniques, better targeting of pathogens and a better knowledge of their sensitivities to drugs to permit better treatment.\r\n\r\nBiosafety regulatory frameworks had been initiated in several countries, starting with primary biosafety law. However, disparate attitudes to the purpose of biosafety regulation (e.g., fostering informed decision-making versus ‘giving the green-light for a flood of GMOs’) currently prevent a needed consensus for sub-regional harmonisation. To date, most R&amp;D funding has come from North America with some commercial interests from Asia, but African biotechnology workers expressed strong desire for (re-)engagement with interested parties from the European Union. Although in some of the visited countries there are very well qualified personnel in molecular biology and biosafety/regulation, the main message received is that human resources and capacity building in-house are still needed. This could be achieved through home-based courses and capacity-building including funds for post-degree research to motivate and retain trained staff.', 'en_US'),
(4072, 'Lack of glyphosate resistance gene transfer from Roundup Ready(R) soybean to Bradyrhizobium japonicum under field and laboratory conditions.', 'A ?eld study was conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center to determine the effect of transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean in combination with herbicide (Roundup) application on its endosymbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum. DNA of bacteroids from isolated nodules was analysed for the presence of the transgenic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS) DNA sequence using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To further assess the likelihood that the EPSPS gene may be transferred from the Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean to B. japonicum, we have examined the natural transformation ef? ciency of B. japonicum strain 110spc4. Analyses of nodules showed the presence of the transgenic EPSPS DNA sequence. In bacteroids that were isolated from nodules of transgenic soybean plants and then cultivated in the presence of glyphosate this sequence could not be detected. This indicates that no stable horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the EPSPS gene had occurred under ? eld conditions. Under laboratory conditions, no natural transformation was detected in B. japonicum strain 110spc4 in the presence of various amounts of recombinant plasmid DNA. Our results indicate that no natural competence state exists in B. japonicum 110spc4. Results from ? eld and laboratory studies indicate the lack of functional transfer of the CP4-EPSPS gene from glyphosate-tolerant soybean treated with glyphosate to root-associated B. japonicum.', 'en_US'),
(4073, 'Assessment of the benefits and risks for engineered virus resistance.', 'Viral diseases of cultivated crops are responsible for the worldwide loss of billions of US dollars in agricultural productivity every year. Historically, this loss has been reduced or minimized principally by the implementation of specific agricultural/phytosanitary measures, and by the introduction of naturally occurring virus-resistance genes into appropriate cultivars by plant breeding. Since the first report of virus-resistant transgenic plants (VRTPs) in 1986, a remarkable diversity of virus-resistance transgenes has been developed. Despite this, to a large part due to controversy surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms, the number of commercially available VRTPs remains small. However, since the potential risks associated with VRTPs were first formulated in the early 1990s, fundamental research on plant–virus interactions and also research specifically aimed at resolving biosafety issues have greatly circumscribed the potential impact of the risks envisaged. Yet, in spite of the advances, both in strategies for creating VRTPs and in the assessment of potential risks, it remains remarkably difficult to weigh the risks/costs and benefits of different means to manage plant viral diseases, and even to make scientifically well-founded choices of the most appropriate strategy for creating VRTPs. Many of the outstanding issues concern the lack of sufficient knowledge of the breadth and durability of the resistance of VRTPs under field conditions. VRTPs will only take their appropriate place in modern agriculture when their potential users will be able to base their choices on realistic assessments of their efficacy, durability, and safety.', 'en_US'),
(4074, 'The integrated risk assessment of transgenic rice: a comparative proteomics approach.', 'The identification of unintended effects resulting from genetic modification processes is an important aspect of evaluations of the biosafety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), but one that is notoriously difficult. Non-targeted techniques, such as proteomics, offer considerable potential for improving the detection of unintended effects of genetic modification in crop plants, such as rice. In this study, total seed protein expression patterns of two strains of transgenic rice (Bt rice and PEPC rice) were examined using a comparative proteomics approach with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and differences at the biochemical level, compared to each line’s non GM counterpart, determined. The results indicated that some of the seed proteins from the two transgenic rice lines differed in their relative intensities compared with in their respective control lines. 28 proteins were successfully identified with MALDI-TOF-MS, 5 of which were well-characterized and these were discussed. In summary, transgenic rice were found to differ in their protein contents from their non-GM counterparts, which could raise concerns regarding their potential risks for human health and ecology. ', 'en_US'),
(4075, 'Basis of indicatory species selection in the risk evaluation of the effect of genetically modified plants on the environment.(Zasady wyboru gatunków wskaznikowych w ocenie ryzyka wplywu roslin zmodyfikowanych genetycznie na srodowisko.)', '', 'en_US'),
(4076, 'Coexistence of genetically modified crops and conventional and organic agriculture: the Hungarian system.', '', 'en_US'),
(4077, 'Assessment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in roots and rhizosphere soils of Bt corn and their non-Bt isolines.', 'Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) in combination with sequencing of amplified partial 18S ribosomal DNA was used to assess the effects of transgenic Bt corn 5422Bt1 (event Bt 11) and 5422CBCL (event MON810) on the community structure of a non-target microorganism, namely the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus in corn roots and rhizosphere soils, relative to their non-Bt isolines 5422 (conventional parent) and 5422wx (conventional hybrid). AMF colonization in roots of different corn genotypes was also assessed using microscopic visualization. No adverse effect was detected on the indigenous AMF colonization of the roots of Bt hybrids 5422Bt1 and 5422CBCL. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN®) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of the DGGE data from corn roots presented differences between Bt and non-Bt corn isolines (5422Bt1 vs. 5422wx, and 5422CBCL vs. 5422wx). However, differences were also recognized between the two non-Bt corn cultivars (5422 vs. 5422wx), and between the two Bt corn lines (5422Bt1 vs. 5422CBCL) in roots. Our results suggest that corn genotypes may have a greater influence on the AMF community structure of plant roots and rhizosphere soils than other factors, such as the age of the growing plants.', 'en_US'),
(4078, 'How do susceptible Helicoverpa larvae behave on Bollgard II?', 'Shortly after the widespread adoption of Bollgard II cotton in Australia there were reports that Helicoverpa larvae were surviving in these crops at levels that exceeded the recommended threshold levels for control.\r\nIn response to these reports, Crop Consultants Australia members were surveyed for data from the 2005–06, 2006–07, and 2007–08 seasons (see the June 2009 issue of The Australian Cottongrower for a full report). This work showed that in any year an average of 15 per cent of the Bollgard II area planted carried larvae at above threshold levels, and that survivors were present in some fields in all cotton growing regions. Survival always occurred during flowering, and could follow low or high egg pressure but was always within the range of one to three larvae per metre.', 'en_US'),
(4079, 'Genetically engineered virus-resistant plants in developing countries: current status and future prospects.', 'Plant viruses cause severe crop losses worldwide. Conventional control strategies, such as cultural methods and biocide applications against arthropod, nematode, and plasmodiophorid vectors, have limited success at mitigating the impact of plant viruses. Planting resistant cultivars is the most effective and economical way to control plant virus diseases. Natural sources of resistance have been exploited extensively to develop virus-resistant plants by conventional breeding. Non-conventional methods have also been used successfully to confer virus resistance by transferring primarily virus-derived genes, including viral coat protein, replicase, movement protein, defective interfering RNA, non-coding RNA sequences, and protease, into susceptible plants. Non-viral genes (R genes, microRNAs, ribosome-inactivating proteins, protease inhibitors, dsRNAse, RNA modifying enzymes, and scFvs) have also been used successfully to engineer resistance to viruses in plants. Very few genetically engineered (GE) virus resistant (VR) crops have been released for cultivation and none is available yet in developing countries. However, a number of economically important GEVR crops, transformed with viral genes are of great interest in developing countries. The major issues confronting the production and deregulation of GEVR crops in developing countries are primarily socio-economic and related to intellectual property rights, biosafety regulatory frameworks, expenditure to generate GE crops and opposition by non-governmental activists. Suggestions for satisfactory resolution of these factors, presumably leading to field tests and deregulation of GEVR crops in developing countries, are given.', 'en_US'),
(4080, 'Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton on a non-target pest, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dur) (Hemiptera: Miridae), in northern China.', 'Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton has been effectively used to control the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in China. However, in recent years, following the wide commercialization of Bt cotton in northern China there have been frequent outbreaks of the non-target pest Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür). To clarify how transgenic cotton contributes to these outbreaks, a four-year field investigation of population dynamics and laboratory life table studies were carried out from 2007 to 2010 to evaluate the impact of two transgenic cotton cultivars (SGK321 expressing Cry1Ac + CpTI and GK12 expressing Cry1Ac) and their corresponding parental non-transgenic lines (Shiyuan321 and Simian3) on A. lucorum. There were no significant differences in the population densities of A. lucorum found in Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton plots, whether one compared those that had received insecticide treatments or those that had not. However, population densities of A. lucorum were significantly lower in pesticide treated plots than in controls. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the net reproductive rates, generation times or intrinsic rates of increase of A. lucorum when reared on either Bt or non-Bt cotton cultivars. These results suggest that Bt cotton has no direct positive or negative effects on the biology of A. lucorum, so the most logical explanation for the observed outbreaks is the decrease in pesticide applications following the commercial release of Bt cotton.', 'en_US'),
(4081, 'Herbicide programs for enhanced glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).', 'Research was conducted at experimental research stations near Keiser and Marianna (Marianna-A), AR, in 2007, and in a grower''s field near Marianna (Marianna-B), AR, in 2008, to compare herbicide programs, including POST application(s) of glyphosate/glufosinate alone or in combination with residual herbicides applied as PRE, mid-POST (MPOST), or layby POST-directed (PD) in enhanced glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant cotton. Weed species evaluated included Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, hemp sesbania, barnyardgrass, and a mixture of large crabgrass and goosegrass. At Marianna-B, AR, the Palmer amaranth population was a mixture of glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible plants. For both cotton cultivars and at all locations, inclusion of S-metolachlor plus fluometuron PRE increased weed control and/or decreased the number of glufosinate or glyphosate applications needed in-season. At Marianna-B, AR, PRE residual herbicides and/or glufosinate were required to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Addition of pyrithiobac to glufosinate or glyphosate did not increase weed control. A layby PD application of flumioxazin plus MSMA was required to increase late-season control of all weed species in POST glufosinate-only programs, but not in POST glyphosate-only programs. None of the programs caused &gt;&amp;#8201;5% injury to either cotton cultivar. Seed-cotton yield was similar in all herbicide programs at Keiser, AR, and Marianna-A, AR, except for the POST glyphosate-only program, which yielded less than the PRE followed by POST programs in glyphosate-resistant cotton at Keiser, AR. In general, PRE herbicides did not increase cotton yield but did improve early and late-season control of glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant weeds in both cotton cultivars.', 'en_US'),
(4082, 'Attitudes of European farmers towards GM crop adoption.', 'This article analyses European Union (EU) farmers’ attitudes towards adoption of genetically modified crops by identifying and classifying groups of farmers. Cluster analysis provided two groups of farmers allowing us to classify farmers into potential adopters or rejecters of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops. Results showed that economic issues such as the guarantee of a higher income and the reduction of weed control costs are the most encouraging reasons for potential adopters and rejecters of GMHT crops. This article also examines how putting in place measures to ensure coexistence between GM and non-GM crops may influence farmers’ attitudes towards GMHT crop adoption. Results show that the implementation of a coexistence policy would have a negative impact on farmers’ attitudes on adoption and consequently may hamper GMHT adoption in the EU.', 'en_US'),
(4083, 'The Bt brinjal-biodiversity issue.', '', 'en_US'),
(4084, 'Environmental change challenges decision-making during post-market environmental monitoring of transgenic crops.', 'The ability to decide what kind of environmental changes observed during post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified (GM) crops represent environmental harm is an essential part of most legal frameworks regulating the commercial release of GM crops into the environment. Among others, such decisions are necessary to initiate remedial measures or to sustain claims of redress linked to environmental liability. Given that consensus on criteria to evaluate ‘environmental harm’ has not yet been found, there are a number of challenges for risk managers when interpreting GM crop monitoring data for environmental decision-making. In the present paper, we argue that the challenges in decision-making have four main causes. The first three causes relate to scientific data collection and analysis, which have methodological limits. The forth cause concerns scientific data evaluation, which is controversial among the different stakeholders involved in the debate on potential impacts of GM crops on the environment. This results in controversy how the effects of GM crops should be valued and what constitutes environmental harm. This controversy may influence decision-making about triggering corrective actions by regulators. We analyse all four challenges and propose potential strategies for addressing them. We conclude that environmental monitoring has its limits in reducing uncertainties remaining from the environmental risk assessment prior to market approval. We argue that remaining uncertainties related to adverse environmental effects of GM crops would probably be assessed in a more efficient and rigorous way during pre-market risk assessment. Risk managers should acknowledge the limits of environmental monitoring programmes as a tool for decision-making.', 'en_US'),
(4085, 'Government regulation and public opposition create high additional costs for field trials with GM crops in Switzerland.', 'Field trials with GM crops are not only plant science experiments. They are also social experiments concerning the implications of government imposed regulatory constraints and public opposition for scientific activity. We assess these implications by estimating additional costs due to government regulation and public opposition in a recent set of field trials in Switzerland. We find that for every Euro spent on research, an additional 78 cents were spent on security, an additional 31 cents on biosafety, and an additional 17 cents on government regulatory supervision. Hence the total additional spending due to government regulation and public opposition was around 1.26 Euros for every Euro spent on the research per se. These estimates are conservative; they do not include additional costs that are hard to monetize (e.g. stakeholder information and dialogue activities, involvement of various government agencies). We conclude that further field experiments with GM crops in Switzerland are unlikely unless protected sites are set up to reduce these additional costs.', 'en_US'),
(4086, 'Smallholder farmers'' perceptions on Bt maize and their relative influence towards its adoption: the case of Mqanduli communal area, South Africa.', 'Lack of knowledge on the influence of perception based socio-economic factors capable of influencing smallholder farmers to adopt biotechnology has often been cited as a crucial policy gap. This scenario has been attributed to the retardation of the advancement of technology to smallholder farmers. Effectively, a widening gap seems to exist between large and smallholder farmers on the adoption rate of biotechnology, to the disadvantage of the latter. Low adoption rate of Bt maize by smallholder farmers amid multiple benefits from this technology presents a significant gap in literature and policy worth exploring. Understanding smallholder farmers’ perceptions on biotechnology and the relative influence of these perceptions towards adoption of Bt maize may be necessary in providing answers to the slow adoption rate, which could be used to model corrective policy prescriptions. Using a Binary Logistic Regression Model, fourteen predictor independent variables were regressed against the dichotomous dependent variable of Bt maize adoption status of households. The goal was to estimate the manipulative power of smallholder perception based factors that may influence households’ decision to adopt Bt maize. Results suggests that, the elimination of problems encountered in conventional agriculture, easy farm management, reduction in agricultural chemicals, improvement in overall quality and nutritional values of products possible with Bt maize, labelling of Genetically Modified foods and availability of information, were significant perceptions shared by farmers, capable of positively influencing adoption of Bt maize by smallholder farmers. Moreover, the feared technological fees, yearly purchase cost of Bt maize seed and restriction on saving Bt maize seed as returned seed, seem to be insignificant to send a disincentive signal to hinder adoption of Bt maize by smallholder farmers. Effectively, results further suggest that benefits attached may far outweigh the intrinsic costs associated. The implied message centres on lack of information on biotechnology among smallholder farmers who have shown that they may adopt the technology. Hence, policy prescriptions that focus on strategic dissemination of biotechnology information to smallholder farmers may help in the advancement of biotechnology to smallholder farmers.', 'en_US'),
(4087, 'Genetically modified and organic crops in developing countries: a review of options for food security.', 'Since two decades ago, when the first GM crops were introduced, there have increasingly been hot debates on the applications of gene manipulation. Currently, the development of GM crop varieties has raised a wide range of new legal, ethical and economic questions in agriculture. There is a growing body of literature reflecting the socio-economic and environmental impacts of GM crops which aims to criticize their value for farming systems. While organic crops are promoted as environmentally-friendly products in developed countries, they have provoked great controversy in developing countries facing food security and a low agricultural productivity. Discussion has been especially vigorous when organic farming was introduced as an alternative method. There are in fact, a few tradeoffs in developing countries. On the one hand, farmers are encouraged to accept and implement GM crops because of their higher productivity, while on the other hand, organic farming is encouraged because of socio-economic and environmental considerations. A crucial question facing such countries is therefore, whether GM crops can co-exist with organic farming. This paper aims to review the main considerations and tradeoffs.', 'en_US'),
(4088, 'Cultivation of GMO in Germany: support of monitoring and coexistence issues by WebGIS technology.', 'Background\r\nIn Germany, apart from the Amflora potato licensed for cultivation since March 2010, Bt-maize MON810 is the only genetically modified organisms (GMO) licensed for commercial cultivation (about 3,000 ha in 2008). Concerns have been raised about potential adverse environmental impacts of the GMO and about potential implications on the coexistence between conventional and genetically modified production. These issues should be considered on a regional base. The objective of this article is to describe how GMO monitoring that is required after risk assessment and GMO release can be complemented by a Web-based geoinformation system (WebGIS). Secondly, it is also described how WebGIS techniques might support coexistence issues with regard to Bt-maize cultivation and conservation areas. Accordingly, on the one hand, the WebGIS should enable access to relevant geodata describing the receiving environment, including information on cultivation patterns and conservation areas containing protected species and habitats. On the other hand, metadata on already established environmental monitoring networks should be provided as well as measurement data of the intended GMO monitoring. Based on this information and based on the functionality provided by the WebGIS, the application helps in detecting possible environmental GMO impacts and in avoiding or identifying coexistence problems.\r\n\r\nResults\r\nThe WebGIS applies Web mapping techniques to generate maps via internet requests and offers additional functionality for analysis, processing and publication of selected geodata. It is based on open source software solely. The developments rely on a combination of the University of Minnesota (UMN ) MapServer with the Apache HTTP server, the open source database management systems MySQL and PostgreSQL and the graphical user interface provided by Mapbender. Important information on the number and the location of Bt-maize fields were derived from the GMO location register of BVL. The &quot;WebGIS GMO Monitoring&quot; provides different tools allowing for the application of basic GIS techniques as, for instance, automatic or interactive zooming, distance measurements or querying attribute information from selected GIS layers. More sophisticated GIS tools were implemented additionally, e.g. a buffer function which enables generating buffers around selected geo-objects like Bt-maize fields. Finally, a function for intersection of different maps was developed. The WebGIS comprises information on the location of all Bt-maize fields in Germany according to the official GMO location register of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety between 2005 and 2008. It facilitates, amongst others, access to geodata of GMO fields and their surroundings and can relate them with additional environmental data on climate, soil, and agricultural patterns. Furthermore, spatial data on the location of flora-fauna-habitats and environmental monitoring sites in the federal state of Brandenburg were integrated.\r\n\r\nThe WebGIS GMO monitoring was implemented according to the concept for an &quot;Information System for Monitoring GMO&quot; (ISMO) which was designed on behalf of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. ISMO includes hypotheses-based ecological effects of GMO cultivation and suggests checkpoints for GMO monitoring to test whether impacts may be observed in the receiving environment.\r\n\r\nIn contrast to the public GMO register, the WebGIS GMO monitoring enables mapping of GMO fields and provides relevant geodata describing environmental and agricultural conditions in their neighbourhood of the cultivation sites as well as information derived from monitoring sites. On this basis, spatial analyses should be enabled and supported, respectively. Further, the WebGIS GMO monitoring supplements PortalU which, in Germany, is the technical realisation of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe directive (Directive 2007/2/EC) released by the EU in 2007.\r\n\r\nConclusions\r\nThe article should have shown how to support and complement GMO monitoring with the help of the WebGIS application. It facilitates co-operation and data access across spatial scales for different users since it is based on internet technologies. The WebGIS improves storage, analysis, management and presentation of spatial data. Apart from the improved flow of information, it supports future long-term GMO monitoring and modelling of the dispersal of transgenic pollen, for instance. Additional information (e.g. data on wind conditions or soil observation sites) provided by the WebGIS will be helpful to determine representative monitoring sites for detecting potential GMO impacts by means of monitoring or modelling. Thus, the WebGIS can also serve as part of an early warning system. In the near future, the integration of locations of all Bt-maize fields in Germany into the WebGIS as a continuous task should be automatised. Additionally, a methodology should be developed to detect maize fields by means of remote sensing data to manage coexistence problems on the basis of actual field patterns.', 'en_US'),
(4089, 'Interactions of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crops with spiders (Araneae).', 'Genetically modified crops expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have dramatically increased in acreage since their introduction in the mid-1990’s. Although the insecticidal mechanisms of Bt target specific pests, concerns persist regarding direct and indirect effects on non-target organisms. In the field, spiders may be exposed to Bt toxins via multiple routes, including phytophagy and polle nivory, consumption of Bt-containing prey, and soil exudates in the detrital food web. Beyond direct toxicity, Bt crops may also have indirect impacts, including pleiotropic and prey mediated effects. Here, we comprehensively review the literature and use meta-analyses to reveal that foliar spider abundance is unaffected by Bt corn and eggplant, while cotton and rice revealed minor negative effects and there were positive effects from potato. Moreover, the soil-dwelling community of spiders was unaffected by Bt corn and cotton, while positively impacted in potato. However, Bt crops had higher populations of both foliar and epigeal spiders than insecticide treated non-Bt crops. The current risk-assessment literature has several caveats that could limit interpretations of the data, including lack of taxonomic resolution and sampling methods that bias the results in favor of certain spiders. These families responded differently to Bt crops, and spider responses to insecticides are species- and toxin-specific, thus highlighting the need for greater taxonomic resolution. Bt crops have become a prominent, and increasingly dominant, part of the agricultural landscape; understanding their interactions with spiders, a diverse and integral component of agroecosystems, is therefore essential.', 'en_US'),
(4090, 'Larval survival and development of Spodoptera litura (F.) on dual toxin Bt cotton (CryIAc+2ab) and single toxin Bt cotton (Cry1Ac).', 'Laboratory assays showed that dual toxin B. thuringiensis (Bt) cotton cultivars expressing both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab endotoxins were more toxic to S. litura as compared to single toxin cultivars expressing Cry1Ac and non GM cotton.  First instar larvae that survived beyond 72h, when reared continuously on the leaves of dual toxin expressing Bt cotton cultivars resulted in death of the larvae subsequently and none of the larvae survived beyond five days.  When reared on squares the surviving first instar larvae continued to suffer from metamorphic aberrations even after four days, while those on single toxin Bt cultivars and non Bt cottons moulted to higher instars on two to three days of experimentation.  In case of second, third fourth and fifth instars feeding on leaves and squares of dual toxin Bt cotton cultivars, though survival was noticed, the final weight of each instar was reduced and developed into smaller pupae when compared to the single toxin Bt and normal cotton cultivars.  The growth and survival indices of III instar were significantly low when the larvae were fed with dual toxin Bt cotton cultivars as compared to single toxin Bt cultivars and non Bt cotton.', 'en_US'),
(4091, 'Coexistence between conventional, organic and GM crops production: the Portuguese system.', 'The objective of this paper is to analyze the way of Portugal is addressing the issue of the coexistence between conventional, organic and Genetically Modified (GM) crops production. In the EU, no form of agriculture, be it conventional, organic or transgenic, should be excluded. Farmers are free to choose the production type they prefer, without being forced to change patterns already established in the area and without spending more resources. Farmers’ choice of growing GM or non-GM crops depends not only on technical aspects related to the productivity gains and agronomic benefits to be gained from adopting this technology, but also on consumers’ preferences. Today only few Member States have adopted specific legislation on coexistence. Portugal was one of the first European Country that, in 2005, adopted a coexistence law and it has implemented one of the most complete systems of coexistence regulation. Today Portugal has a well-balanced regime based on free choice for consumers and growers. It has a coexistence system complete regulation and farmers who wish to cultivate GM maize must fulfill with national coexistence legislation that includes the following compulsory rules: participate in specific coexistence training courses, register the cultivation area, inform by written notification about their intent to cultivate GM, apply measures of coexistence, among others.', 'en_US'),
(4092, 'Production cost analysis and use of pesticides in the transgenic and conventional corn crop Zea mays (L.) in the valley of San Juan, (Tolima).', 'A survey of 10 producers of conventional corn (Hybrids PAC 105 and Maximus) and 10 producers of transgenic corn (Pioneer Hybrid 30T17) was carried out in the municipality of Valle de San Juan in the territorial division of Tolima (Colombia), in order to analyze the differences in production costs and environmental impacts of these two agricultural technologies.  The environmental impacts were determined by calculating the field “Environmental Index Quotient” (EIQ). In the production cost analysis, a difference of 15% was found in benefit of the transgenic technology. The structure of costs of the transgenic technology was benefited by the reduced use of pesticides (insecticides and herbicides). In regards to production, the transgenic technology showed a greater yield, 5.22 ton/ha in comparison to 4.25 ton/ha the conventional technology, thus a 22% difference in yield. Finally, the EIQ calculation showed quantitative differences of 196.12 for the conventional technology (EIQ insecticides 165.14 + EIQ herbicides 30.98), while the transgenic technology was of 4.24 (EIQ insecticides 0 + EIQ herbicides 4.24). These results show a minor environmental impact when using the transgenic technology in comparison to the conventional technology, in regards to the use of insecticides and herbicides in a temporal, spatial and genotypical context analysis.', 'en_US'),
(4093, 'Performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing DAS-68416-4 soybean meal.', 'Broiler chickens are a fast growing monogastric animal commonly used to evaluate the equivalence between transgenic and non-transgenic grains as part of the human safety assessment process. While commonly viewed like other livestock feeding trials, such studies are performed with transgenic crops with input traits (that are not designed to improve nutrition) to aid regulatory authorities in evaluating safety. Studies of this type are actually more similar to toxicology studies in purpose, with sensitive endpoints like growth used to detect metabolic perturbations. DAS-68416-4 soybean expresses the aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12) enzyme which inactivates 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and provides DAS-68416-4 soybeans tolerance to this herbicide. DAS-68416-4 also expresses the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme from Streptomyces viridochromogenes which confers tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicides. A 6-week broiler study was conducted with diets containing toasted DAS-68416-4 soybean meal (40, 36, and 32% in starter, grower and finisher diets, respectively) to evaluate nutritional wholesomeness and safety compared with conventional comparators. Toasting soybean meal is required to inactivate endogenous antinutrients making soybean suitable for consumption by monogastric animals like broiler chickens. Toasting was found to denature both the AAD-12 and PAT proteins rendering them non-detectable by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Broiler growth and performance parameters were measured over a 6-week period of exposure to diets containing different sources of toasted soybean meal, and results indicate that DAS-68416-4 soybean is nutritionally equivalent to non-transgenic soybean.', 'en_US'),
(4094, 'Regulatory considerations surrounding the deployment of Bt-expressing cowpea in Africa: report of the deliberations of an expert panel.', 'Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata spp unguiculata) is adapted to the drier agro-ecological zones of West Africa where it is a major source of dietary protein and widely used as a fodder crop. Improving the productivity of cowpea can enhance food availability and security in West Africa. Insect predation – predominately from the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti) and a complex of pod-sucking bugs (e.g., Clavigralla spp) – is a major yield-limiting factor in West African cowpea production. Dramatic increases in yield are shown when M. vitrata is controlled with insecticides. However, availability, costs, and safety considerations limit pesticides as a viable option for boosting cowpea production. Development of Bt-cowpea through genetic modification (GM) to control the legume pod borer is a promising approach to cowpea improvement. Cowpea expressing the lepidopteran-active Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis is being developed as a first generation Bt-cowpea crop for West Africa. Appropriate stewardship of Bt-cowpea to assure its sustainability under West African conditions is critical to its successful development. A first step in this process is an environmental risk assessment to determine the likelihood and magnitude of adverse effects of the Cry1Ab protein on key environmental protection goals in West Africa. Here we describe the results of an expert panel convened in 2009 to develop the problem formulation phase for Bt-cowpea and to address specific issues around gene flow, non-target arthropods, and insect resistance management.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4095, 'Assessing the potential risks of transgenic plants for non-target invertebrates in Europe: a review of classification approaches of the receiving environment.', 'According to the current legal background for the regulation of genetically modified plants (GMPs) in Europe, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) has to be performed considering i) the crop plant, ii) the novel trait relating to its intended effect and phenotypic characteristics of the GM crop plant and iii) the receiving environment related to the intended use of the GMP. However, the current GMP-ERA does not differentiate between different intended receiving environments. Therefore, the question is to be raised: How can the ’receiving environment’ be classified on the European scale, both in an ecologically relevant and feasible way? As a first step this proposal focuses on invertebrates in the terrestrial environmental compartment. In order to check if already existing regionalization concepts are suitable for the above raised question the following selection criteria were employed:\r\n\r\n•	Distribution of non-target organisms (NTOs): A suitable regionalization concept should appropriately reflect the specific characteristics of the animal and plant communities of the different receiving environments of a GMP. Therefore, such a classification should be done by an ecoregion approach, meaning that different ecoregions support different organism communities that may play a different role in supporting relevant ecosystem services. However, information on the distribution of invertebrates in Europe is not available in sufficient detail for this purpose. Hence, it is proposed to use the information about site conditions like climatic, vegetation and soil parameters, which determine the composition of invertebrate communities, for the selection of an appropriate classification concept.\r\n•	Size and number of geographical units: This is a trade-off between the total number of ‘receiving environments’ in Europe manageable in a regulatory context and the ecological uniformity of a single geographical unit. An intermediate size and number of geographical units should be the aim of the classification.\r\n\r\nWith the ‘Indicative map of European biogeographical regions’ (IMEBR) there is an existing regionalization concept that meets many of the requirements identified above: the classification is based on parameters that also determine the distribution of invertebrate communities (i.e., the potential natural vegetation) and nine biogeographical regions represented within the 27 member states of the European (EU-27) are a manageable number for regulatory purposes. However, epigeic (living above ground) and endogeic (living below ground) faunal communities are determined by different biotic and abiotic parameters. For example, climate data is much more relevant for epigeic species than for endogeic organisms. The most important soil properties related to the distribution of endogeic organisms and plants are pH, texture, organic matter content and/or content of organic carbon, C/N ratio, and water-holding capacity. Hence, for endogeic non-target organisms there is currently no suitable regionalization concept available. For the time being, it is recommended to identify important species for testing purposes in each ecoregion with GMP cultivation by means of expert knowledge using the IMEBR for both epigeic and endogeic communities.\r\n\r\nThe regionalization concept is intended to be used in the context of the ERA of GMPs for the assessment of risk for NTOs. Hence, it should be tailored for the area in the EU where GMPs are likely to be grown. The overlap between the biogeographical regions and the intended area of cultivation for a novel GMP form the different cases, each of which should undergo a specific ERA process.\r\n\r\nFor example, there would be eight or nine separate potato cases for the EU-27 area, i.e. the Alpine, Atlantic, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Black Sea biogeographical regions. For grain maize there would be five to nine separate cases, i.e. the Atlantic, Continental, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Alpine, Black Sea, Boreal and Macaronesian biogeographical regions.', 'en_US'),
(4096, 'Developing risk hypotheses and selecting species for assessing non-target impacts of GM trees with novel traits: the case of altered-lignin pine trees.', 'A procedure is presented for developing environmental risk hypotheses associated with the deployment of forest trees genetically modified to have altered wood properties and for selecting non-target species to test these hypotheses. Altered-lignin Pinus radiata trees intended for use in New Zealand are used as a hypothetical case study to illustrate our approach. Firstly, environmental management goals (such as wood production, flood control or preservation of biodiversity) were identified and linked to the forest attributes they require. Necessary conditions for each attribute were listed and appropriate assessment endpoints for them developed. For example, biological control of pests may be one condition necessary for a forest to have healthy trees, and the diversity and abundance of natural enemy species in the forest could be an appropriate assessment endpoint for measuring this condition. A conceptual model describing the relationships between an altered-lignin GM pine tree and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms in a plantation forest was used to develop a set of risk hypotheses describing how the GM trees might affect each assessment endpoint. Because purified lignin does not represent the properties it imparts to wood, maximum hazard dose tests with non-target organisms, as are used to inform toxin risk assessment, cannot be conducted. Alternative experiments, based on current knowledge of the responses of organisms to lignin, must be designed. A screening method was adapted and applied to a database of invertebrate species known to inhabit New Zealand pine forests to identify and prioritize non-target invertebrate species that could be used as experimental subjects for examining these hypotheses. The screening model and its application are presented, along with a set of recommendations for pre-release tests with GM pines and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms.', 'en_US'),
(4097, 'Future challenges in environmental risk assessment of transgenic plants with abiotic stress tolerance.', 'Environmental risk assessment of transgenic plants is a prerequisite to their release into the target environment for commercial use. Risk assessment of the first generation transgenic plants with simple monogenic traits has been carried out with principles and guidelines enlisted in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. For more complex traits such as abiotic stress tolerance, there is a growing need to examine for additional considerations in the risk assessment process based on the different nature of this trait. The salt tolerance-inducing codA gene is a representative of many abiotic stress tolerance genes that confer salt stress tolerance in transgenic plants. In comparison with simple monogenic Bt trait, the future challenge to environmental release of abiotic stress tolerance genes lies in the question whether these genes such as the salt tolerance-inducing codA will need additional considerations in the risk assessment process?. In the present work, we discussed the nature of abiotic stress tolerance trait, environmental risk assessment issues and comparison of the risk assessment elements on Bt and salt tolerance-inducing codA genes to examine needs for additional considerations in the risk assessment process. We concluded and recommended that the use of abiotic stress tolerance genes such as the salt tolerance-inducing codA gene in transgenic plants does not need additional considerations in risk assessment.', 'en_US'),
(4098, 'The price and trade effects of strict information requirements for genetically modified commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.', 'This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentation requirements on traded shipments of potentially genetically modified (GM) commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. More specifically, we evaluate the trade diversion, price, and welfare effects of requiring all shipments to bear a list of specific GM events (the does contain rule) in the maize and soybean sectors. Using a spatial equilibrium model with 80 maize- and 53 soybean-trading countries, we show that information requirements would have a significant effect on the world market for maize and soybeans. But they would have even greater effects on trade, creating significant trade distortion that diverts exports from their original destination. The measure would also lead to significant negative welfare effects for all members of the Protocol and nonmembers that produce GM maize, soybeans, or both. While non-GM producers in Protocol member countries would benefit from this regulation, consumers and producers in many developing countries would have to pay a proportionally much heftier price for such a measure.', 'en_US'),
(4099, 'GM crops: between biological risk and environmental and economic benefits.', 'Los cultivos transgénicos, biotecnológicos o genéticamente modificados (GM) son el resultado de la aplicación de la tecnología del DNA recombinante en la agricultura. Este tipo de organismos se forman con la transferencia de genes foráneos (transgenes) de cualquier origen biológico (animal, vegetal, microbiano, viral) al genoma de las especies cultivadas de plantas. Los cultivos GM se utilizan en el mundo desde 1996 y en diciembre de 2010 se llego a mil millones de hectáreas, sembradas en todo el período (James, 2010). En solo el pasado año 2010 se sembraron 148 millones de hectáreas, cultivadas por 15,4 millones de agricultores en 29 países (James, 2010). Los cultivos GM que se usan en la agricultura global son principalmente soya, algodón, maíz y colza, que expresan transgenes derivados de bacterias y que confieren resistencia a insectos lepidópteros (RIL) o tolerancia a algunos herbicidas (TH), como glifosato y glufosinato de amonio. Las primeras variedades transgénicas contenían un solo transgen de interés, o evento simple, mientras que las variedades actuales expresan varios transgenes, o eventos apilados, que en algunos casos confieren resistencia a diferentes especies de insectos lepidópteros y coleópteros, así como tolerancia a dos tipos diferentes de herbicidas. Según Agrobio (2009), para el año 2009 se sembraron en Colombia, 35.671 hectáreas de cultivos GM de algodón, maíz, clavel y rosas. Maíz y algodón se sembraron en los departamentos de Sucre, Cesar, Córdoba, Huila y Tolima. Solo maíz en los departamentos de Antioquia, Valle del cauca, Meta, Cundinamarca y Santander, y clavel y rosas en el departamento de Cundinamarca. Las variedades transgénicas de maíz y algodón, expresan las características RIL y TH, como eventos simples o como eventos apilados. En el caso de clavel y rosa, se trata de genotipos que expresan el color azul. Desde la academia se ha tratado de organizar el debate sobre la adopción de los cultivos GM, alrededor del análisis ponderado de los riegos biológicos y los beneficios ambientales y económicos. Los riesgos biológicos se definen por los posibles efectos negativos sobre el consumidor humano o sobre el ambiente en que se liberan. Los beneficios ambientales tienen que ver con los efectos de la reducción en el uso de agroquímicos (insecticidas y herbicidas), y los beneficios económicos con la reducción en las perdidas debidas al ataque de insectos y a la competencia de malezas, así como a la reducción de los costos de producción. El debate debe considerar también, que las herramientas desarrolladas para la transferencia de genes entre diferentes organismos, facilitan la apropiación de los recursos genéticos vía derechos de propiedad intelectual. Apropiarse de este conocimiento y ponerlo a jugar al lado de sus intereses, es un asunto vital para los países biodiversos como Colombia.', 'en_US'),
(4100, 'Performance of insect-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-expressing aspens under semi-natural field conditions including natural herbivory in Sweden.', 'Conservation of forest-dependent amphibians is dependent on finding a balance between timber management and species’ habitat requirements. To examine the effect of short-term vegetative regrowth post-harvesting on amphibian habitat use, we studied the response of eight species (four forest specialists and four habitat generalists) to four forestry treatments (partial harvest, clearcut with coarse woody debris [CWD] removed, clearcut with CWD retained, and uncut control) over a 6-year period, using replicated experimental treatments in Maine, USA. Forest amphibians showed a strong negative response to clearcutting through the duration of the study, regardless of the presence of CWD, but only during the post-breeding season (i.e., summer). The spring breeding migrations of wood frogs and spotted salamanders to experimental pools were not affected by the forestry treatments. The use of partial cut treatments by forest amphibians differed between animals emerging from experimental pools (i.e., juvenile wood frogs and spotted salamanders), and animals originating from outside the experimental arrays (i.e., adults of all forest species, juvenile wood frogs and spotted salamanders). Animals emerging from our experimental pools showed no difference in the use of control and partial cut treatments, while all the other animals preferred control plots. In addition, we found a modest increase in the use of clearcuts over the 6 years following harvesting by juvenile wood frogs from experimental pools (from an 8-fold difference between forest and clearcut treatments in the first year post-clearcutting to a 3-fold difference during years 3–5). However, this increase was not significantly associated with vegetation regrowth. Forest specialists declined in abundance in all treatments beginning 2–3 years post-disturbance. Despite high yearly fluctuations in abundance, there was a shift in relative abundance towards habitat generalist species, most notably green frog juveniles. Most habitat generalist species were not affected by clearcutting or vegetative regrowth; however, we observed a lower use of clearcut treatments by green frogs starting 3 years post-harvesting, perhaps due to an increase in habitat resistance to movements associated with vegetative regrowth. These general patterns of habitat use were overridden at the local scale by site-specific variation in the use of forestry treatments, most evident in emigrating juvenile wood frogs. From a management standpoint, implementing broad silvicultural prescriptions could be a viable strategy in extensively forested landscapes, but local variation in habitat use has to be acknowledged when managers focus on a limited area.', 'en_US'),
(4101, 'The spread of illegal transgenic cotton varieties in India: biosafety regulation, monopoly, and enforcement.', 'The spread of illegal transgenic cotton varieties in India: biosafety regulation, monopoly, and enforcement.', 'en_US'),
(4102, 'Evaluating environmental risks of genetically modified crops: ecological harm criteria for regulatory decision-making.', 'European risk managers currently face substantial difficulty in evaluating the risks of genetically modified (GM) crops for biodiversity. This difficulty is not primarily due to a lack of scientific data (the data are abundant) but rather to a lack of clear criteria for determining what represents environmental harm. Establishing criteria that define harm is not a scientific process but a process of analysing and implementing policy requirements, and policy-makers and regulatory authorities need to define what is to be regarded harmful based on existing legislation. This process is a necessary pre-condition for the environmental risk assessment of GM crops. The present paper proposes a systematic approach on how harm can be explicitly and operationally defined for decision-making. Most legal frameworks require the protection of the environment or more specifically of biodiversity from harm. It follows that the first step in defining harm should be the characterisation of protection goals; protection goals are those valued environmental resources that should not be harmed by GM crop cultivation or by any other agricultural practice. In a second step, one must derive scientifically measurable entities (so-called assessment endpoints) on the basis of the protection goals. Such endpoints are required for regulatory decision-making because they specify what deserves protection. They furthermore allow quantifiable predictions of adverse changes during environmental risk assessment. Definitions of harm also require decisions on which environmental changes should be regarded as relevant and thus represent unacceptable harm. Using a case study comparing different effects of various pest management practices, the current paper proposes an approach that differentiates between intended effects that are acceptable and harmful unintended effects. By making explicit the assumptions underlying policy choices, the ecological criteria proposed here may result in a better and more transparent evaluation of the probability of harm to biodiversity due to the cultivation of GM crops. The paper can help risk managers improve decision-making by providing methods for deriving operational decision-making criteria from policy objectives.', 'en_US'),
(4103, 'Tritrophic interactions among Bt maize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm.', 'Agricultural systems often provide a model for testing ecological hypotheses, while ecological theory can enable more effective pest management. One of the best examples of this is the interaction between host-plant resistance and natural enemies. With the advent of crops that are genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a new form of host-plant resistance has been introduced to agroecosystems. How Bt crops interact with natural enemies, especially insect pathogens in below-ground systems, is not well understood, but provides a unique opportunity to study below-ground tritrophic interactions. In this study, we used two species of entomopathogenic fungi and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to determine how this community of soil-borne natural enemies might interact with Bt maize (event 59122, expressing the insecticidal protein Cry34/35Ab1) to affect survival and development of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), which is an obligate root feeder and a serious pest of maize. We ran two experiments, one in a greenhouse and one in a growth chamber. Both experiments consisted of a fully crossed design with two maize treatments (Bt maize and non-Bt maize) and two entomopathogen treatments (present or absent). The community of entomopathogens significantly increased mortality of western corn rootworm, and Bt maize increased larval developmental time and mortality. Entomopathogens and Bt maize acted in an independent and additive manner, with both factors increasing the mortality of western corn rootworm. Results from this study suggest that entomopathogens may complement host-plant resistance from Bt crops.', 'en_US'),
(4104, 'A molecular approach to combat spatio-temporal variation in insecticidal gene (Cry1ac) expression in cotton.', 'Spatio-temporal expression of an insecticidal gene (Cry1Ac) in pre existing transgenic lines of transgenic cotton was studied. Seasonal decline in expression of Cry1Ac differed significantly among different cotton lines tested in the field conditions. The leaves of the Bt cotton plants were found to have the highest levels of toxin expression followed by squares, bolls, anthers and petals. Expression of the gene decreased consistently with the age of plants. Toxin expression in fruiting parts was not enough to confer full resistance against bollworms. The reduction in efficacy of transgenic cotton plants late in the season was attributed to reduction in promoter activity. For this purpose, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit (rbcS) promoter was isolated from Gossypium arboreum that was further cloned upstream of an insecticidal gene (Cry1Ac) in expression vector pCAMBIA 1301. A local cotton cultivar NIAB-846 was transformed with Cry1Ac driven by rbcS promoter. The same cotton cultivar was also transformed with Cry1Ac gene driven by 35SCaMV promoter to compare the expression pattern of insecticidal gene under two different promoters. The results showed that rbcS is an efficient promoter to drive the expression of Cry1Ac gene consistent throughout the life of cotton plant as compared to 35S promoter. The use of tissue specific promoter is also useful for addressing the biosafety issues as the promoter activity is limited to green parts of plants, hence no gene expression in roots, cotton seed and other cotton products and by products.', 'en_US'),
(4105, 'Ecological risk assessments for transgenic crops with combined insect-resistance traits: the example of Bt11 x MIR604 maize.', 'Transgenic insect-resistant crops produced by combining two or more insect-control traits through conventional breeding are increasingly common in commercial cultivation. In some countries, cultivation of crops with combined insect-control traits may require additional regulatory risk assessments, even though all component traits are approved for cultivation, which requires, among other things, a demonstration that cultivation of the crop poses negligible ecological risk; that is, there is a low probability of harm to non-target organisms. In such situations, cultivation of a crop with the combined traits will also pose negligible ecological risk, provided two hypotheses hold: the potency of the proteins when combined is not greater than when separate; and the exposure of non-target organisms to the proteins is not greater when the traits are combined than when they are separate. The ecological risk assessment for combined traits may be based on tests of these hypotheses, comprising tests for synergism between the proteins in species sensitive to the proteins, and comparisons of protein production in plants with the combined traits and plants with the separate component traits. Tests of these hypotheses are illustrated using Bt11 × MIR604 maize, which produces the insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab and mCry3A. Results from synergism studies using European corn borer and Colorado potato beetle, and from comparisons of the concentrations of Cry1Ab and mCry3A in Bt11 × MIR604, Event Bt11 and Event MIR604 maize, indicate that risks to non-target organisms from the cultivation of Bt11 × MIR604 maize are no greater than from the cultivation of Event Bt11 or Event MIR604 maize.', 'en_US'),
(4106, 'Transgenic Bt maize: farmers'' perceptions, refuge compliance and reports of stem borer resistance in South Africa.', 'Based on surface area, South Africa is currently ranked the eighth in planting genetically modified (GM) crops in the world. Bt maize (MON810) has been grown to control lepidopterous stem borers in South Africa since its first release during 1998. The first report of resistance of the African maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and poor compliance to refuge requirements that could have contributed to resistance development prompted this study which was done in the main maize production area of South Africa. Objectives were to evaluate farmer’s perceptions of the regulatory aspects guiding the planting of Bt maize and refugia and how it was applied between 1998 and 2010. This study involved 105 commercial farmers covering 87 778 ha of maize throughout the main maize production region on the Highveld of South Africa. A questionnaire survey was conducted and addressed signing of technical agreements upon purchasing GM seed, refuge compliance, pest management practices, perceived benefits and risks relating to Bt maize. Compliance with refugia requirements was low especially during the initial 5–7 years after release. An alarmingly high number of farmers applied insecticides as preventative sprays on Bt maize and refugia irrespective of stem borer infestation levels. A large proportion of farmers reported significant borer infestation levels on Bt maize and between 5% and 93% farmers in all districts applied insecticides to Bt maize to limit borer damage, indicating that the occurrence of resistance is more wide-spread in the country than previously thought. This study shows irresponsible management of GM crop technology by farmers, chemical and seed companies. Concerns and perceptions of farmers in South Africa seem to differ from those in Europe. South African farmers perceived little, if any, negative impact on non-target organisms and remain positive about the technology in spite of resistance development. Other studies indicated that European farmers were concerned about these aspects. A shared concern, however, was consumer acceptance of GM maize and marketability on the export market.', 'en_US'),
(4107, 'Food preference in the woodlouse Porcellio scaber (Isopoda) in a choice test with fungicidal GM wheat.', 'Two independent food choice experiments were conducted in the laboratory to study the effects of four transgenic and five non-GM fungicidal wheat varieties on the food selection behaviour of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber. In general, woodlice did not avoid GM wheat as a food source and we detected no adverse effects of GM wheat on the non-target P. scaber. Moreover, we found a food preference of the woodlouse for one of the four GM varieties, Pm3b1, but not for the closely related GM Pm3b2 or for their non-GM isolines. We assume either a pleiotropic effect like lower lignin content or more suitable leaf litter coverage by microorganisms that may cause this preference and thus increasing palatability or digestibility. We discuss that this effect is ecologically not relevant.', 'en_US'),
(4108, 'Confinement of gene drive systems to local populations: a comparative analysis.', 'Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever pose a major health problem through much of the world. One approach to disease prevention involves the use of selfish genetic elements to drive disease-refractory genes into wild mosquito populations. Recently engineered synthetic drive systems have provided encouragement for this strategy; but at the same time have been greeted with caution over the concern that transgenes may spread into countries and communities without their consent. Consequently, there is also interest in gene drive systems that, while strong enough to bring about local population replacement, are unable to establish themselves beyond a partially isolated release site, at least during the testing phase. Here, we develop simple deterministic and stochastic models to compare the confinement properties of a variety of gene drive systems. Our results highlight several systems with desirable features for confinement—a high migration rate required to become established in neighboring populations, and low-frequency persistence in neighboring populations for moderate migration rates. Single-allele underdominance and single-locus engineered underdominance have the strongest confinement properties, but are difficult to engineer and require a high introduction frequency, respectively. Toxin–antidote systems such as Semele, Merea and two-locus engineered underdominance show promising confinement properties and require lower introduction frequencies. Killer-rescue is self-limiting in time, but is able to disperse to significant levels in neighboring populations. We discuss the significance of these results in the context of a phased release of transgenic mosquitoes, and the need for characterization of local ecology prior to a release.', 'en_US'),
(4109, 'European discussion forum on transgenic tree biosafety.', '', 'en_US'),
(4110, 'Estimating the effects of Cry1F Bt-maize pollen on non-target Lepidoptera using a mathematical model of exposure.', 'Summary\r\n1. In farmland biodiversity, a potential risk to the larvae of non-target Lepidoptera from genetically modified (GM) Bt-maize expressing insecticidal Cry1 proteins is the ingestion of harmful amounts of pollen deposited on their host plants. A previous mathematical model of exposure quantified this risk for Cry1Ab protein. We extend this model to quantify the risk for sensitive species exposed to pollen containing Cry1F protein from maize event 1507 and to provide recommendations for management to mitigate this risk.\r\n2. A 14-parameter mathematical model integrating small- and large-scale exposure was used to estimate the larval mortality of hypothetical species with a range of sensitivities, and under a range of simulated mitigation measures consisting of non-Bt maize strips of different widths placed around the field edge.\r\n3. The greatest source of variability in estimated mortality was species sensitivity. Before allowance for effects of large-scale exposure, with moderate within-crop host-plant density and with no mitigation, estimated mortality locally was &lt;10% for species of average sensitivity. For the worst-case extreme sensitivity considered, estimated mortality locally was 99•6% with no mitigation, although this estimate was reduced to below 40% with mitigation of 24-m-wide strips of non-Bt maize. For highly sensitive species, a 12-m-wide strip reduced estimated local mortality under 1•5%, when within-crop host-plant density was zero. Allowance for large-scale exposure effects would reduce these estimates of local mortality by a highly variable amount, but typically of the order of 50-fold.\r\n4. Mitigation efficacy depended critically on assumed within-crop host-plant density; if this could be assumed negligible, then the estimated effect of mitigation would reduce local mortality below 1% even for very highly sensitive species.\r\n5. Synthesis and applications.&amp;#8194;Mitigation measures of risks of Bt-maize to sensitive larvae of non-target lepidopteran species can be effective, but depend on host-plant densities which are in turn affected by weed-management regimes. We discuss the relevance for management of maize events where cry1F is combined (stacked) with a herbicide-tolerance trait. This exemplifies how interactions between biota may occur when different traits are stacked irrespective of interactions between the proteins themselves and highlights the importance of accounting for crop management in the assessment of the ecological impact of GM plants.', 'en_US'),
(4111, 'Consequences of intra-specific metabolic diversity in plants for soil organisms: a baseline approach for evaluating ecological effects of genetic modifications.', '', 'en_US'),
(4112, 'Capitalizing on deliberate, accidental, and GM-driven environmental change caused by crop modification.', 'The transgenic traits associated with the majority of commercial genetically modified crops are focused on improving herbicide and insecticide management practices. The use of the transgenic technology in these crops and the associated chemistry has been the basis of studies that provide evidence for occasional improvement in environmental benefits due to the use of less residual herbicides, more targeted pesticides, and reduced field traffic. This is nicely exemplified through studies using Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) assessments. Whilst EIQ evaluations may sometimes illustrate environmental benefits they have their limitations. EIQ evaluations are not a surrogate for Environmental Risk Assessments and may not reflect real environmental interactions between crops and the environment. Addressing the impact cultivated plants have on the environment generally attracts little public attention and research funding, but the introduction of GM has facilitated an expansion of research to address potential environmental concerns from government, NGOs, industry, consumers, and growers. In this commentary, some evidence from our own research and several key papers that highlight EIQ assessments of the impact crops are having on the environment are presented. This information may be useful as an education tool on the potential benefits of GM and conventional farming. In addition, other deliberate, accidental, and GM-driven benefits derived from the examination of GM cropping systems is briefly discussed.', 'en_US'),
(4113, 'Scientific standards and the regulation of genetically modified insects.', 'Experimental releases of genetically modified (GM) insects are reportedly being evaluated in various countries, including Brazil, the Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), France, Guatemala, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the United States of America, and Vietnam. GM mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) have already been released for field trials into inhabited areas in the Cayman Islands (2009–?), Malaysia (2010–2011), and Brazil (2011–2012). Here, we assess the regulatory process in the first three countries permitting releases (Malaysia, US, and the Cayman Islands) in terms of pre-release transparency and scientific quality. We find that, despite 14 US government–funded field trials over the last 9 years (on a moth pest of cotton), there has been no scientific publication of experimental data, and in only two instances have permit applications been published. The world\\\\\\''s first environmental impact statement (EIS) on GM insects, produced by US authorities in 2008, is found to be scientifically deficient on the basis that (1) most consideration of environmental risk is too generic to be scientifically meaningful; (2) it relies on unpublished data to establish central scientific points; and (3) of the approximately 170 scientific publications cited, the endorsement of the majority of novel transgenic approaches is based on just two laboratory studies in only one of the four species covered by the document. We find that it is not possible to determine from documents publically available prior to the start of releases if obvious hazards of the particular GM mosquitoes released in Malaysia, the Cayman Islands, and Brazil received expert examination. Simple regulatory measures are proposed that would build public confidence and stimulate the independent experimental studies that environmental risk assessments require. Finally, a checklist is provided to assist the general public, journalists, and lawmakers in determining, from documents issued by regulators prior to the start of releases, whether permit approval is likely to have a scientifically high quality basis.', 'en_US'),
(4114, 'Science, regulation, and precedent for genetically modified insects.', 'The author has no financial interest in companies doing commercial GM exploitation. The author has no patents related to GM insects. The author is involved in the direction of academic research contracts through Imperial College London with WHO on international guidance for the deployment and implementation of GM mosquitoes for malaria and dengue control. Other partners in that WHO research contract do have commercial interests in GM insect exploitation. In 2012, the author will become involved in the direction of academic research on the design and implementation of risk analysis approaches relevant to GM mosquitoes as part of a research contract from the Gates Foundation to Imperial College London. The author is a member of a working group on GM mosquitoes for WHO and the FNIH. The author is a member of a working group on GM insects for the European Food Safety Authority. The working groups are unpaid, but cover travelling costs when needed for occasional meetings of the groups. The author is a College appointed director of a company called Agra-CEAS Consulting Ltd, which is part owned by Imperial College London, which has produced some reports on various aspects of GM technology in agriculture for various clients (such as the European Commission), but the author has not had any day to day involvement in any of those reports. The author acts as an academic reviewer for various national and international research funders evaluating research proposals that sometimes include GM technologies. No funding bodies or other organisations have influenced this manuscript.', 'en_US'),
(4115, 'The stability and degradation of dietary DNA in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals: implications for horizontal gene transfer and the biosafety of GMOs.', 'The fate of dietary DNA in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals has gained renewed interest after the commercial introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMO). Among the concerns regarding GM food, are the possible consequences of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of recombinant dietary DNA to bacteria or animal cells. The exposure of the GIT to dietary DNA is related to the extent of food processing, food composition, and to the level of intake. Animal feeding studies have demonstrated that a minor amount of fragmented dietary DNA may resist the digestive process. Mammals have been shown to take up dietary DNA from the GIT, but stable integration and expression of internalized DNA has not been demonstrated. Despite the ability of several bacterial species to acquire external DNA by natural transformation, in vivo transfer of dietary DNA to bacteria in the intestine has not been detected in the few experimental studies conducted so far. However, major methodological limitations and knowledge gaps of the mechanistic aspects of HGT calls for methodological improvements and further studies to understand the fate of various types of dietary DNA in the GIT.', 'en_US'),
(4116, 'Compositional comparative analysis between insect-resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.) with a synthetic cry1Ac gene and its non-transgenic counterpart.', 'Composition analysis of genetically modified crops is an important consideration in the assessment of food safety. Agb0101 (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nakdongbyeo) developed in Korea is a form of insect-resistant rice that contains a synthetic truncated cry1Ac gene isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and demonstrates high resistance to rice leaf folder under field conditions. Nutrients, anti-nutritive components, and secondary metabolites of Agb0101 were analyzed and compared with those of its non-transgenic counterpart. The amounts of proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, and ferulic acid in brown rice from Agb0101 were comparable to those of its non-transgenic counterpart. Statistical comparisons to test for equivalence showed that all the analyzed components in the insect-resistant rice plants were substantially equivalent to those of its non-transgenic counterpart. Furthermore, most of the measured values from Agb0101 were within the range of values reported for other commercial rice varieties.', 'en_US'),
(4117, 'Susceptibility to the Cry1F toxin of field populations of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mediterranean maize cultivation regions.', 'Maize hybrids expressing the Cry1F toxin provide efficient control of lepidopteran pests. The Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèvre), is one of the most damaging pests of maize in the Mediterranean basin. In this work we firstly determined the efficacy of maize hybrids expressing the Cry1F toxin (event TC1507) to control neonates of S. nonagrioides. Leaf tissue feeding bioassays revealed that TC1507 maize is highly effective against this pest, and the percentage mortality obtained was comparable to that obtained with a Cry1Ab-expressing maize hybrid (Compa CB, event 176), which is known to be highly efficacious against S. nonagrioides. Secondly, interpopulation variation in the susceptibility to the Cry1F insecticidal protein was established for nine field-collected populations of S. nonagrioides (three Spanish, two French, two Italian, one Greek, and one Turkish). Estimates of the susceptibility of larvae to the Cry1F toxin showed low variability in lethal concentrations and growth inhibition concentrations among field populations. Moreover, no significant differences were found when they were grouped by geographical areas [Western Mediterranean (Spain and France) versus Eastern Mediterranean (Italy, Greece and Turkey)] or by history of exposure to Bt plants (Spanish vs. other populations). Therefore, the minor differences found in field populations can be attributed to natural variation in sensitivity to Cry1F. The importance of establishing baselines of susceptibility for resistance detection is discussed. Future changes in susceptibility of S. nonagrioides populations to Cry1F could be documented based on this baseline data.', 'en_US'),
(4118, 'Interactions between Bt-expressing tomato and non-target insects: the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and its natural enemies.', 'Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner toxins are highly specific in terms of insect pest targeted. For example, Cry3Bb is active against Coleoptera. As a consequence, in the framework of using genetically modified plants expressing different Bt toxins in sustainable agriculture, there is a growing interest about the impact of these crops on the environment and on non-target organisms. The effects of genetically modified Bt-tomato plants expressing the toxin Cry3Bb on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and its natural enemies, the generalist predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner and the endoparasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi Haliday, were assessed under laboratory conditions. No significant differences between performance of M. euphorbiae were observed on genetically modified tomato plants (line UC82Bt) with respect to their near-isogenic control line (line UC82). Immunoassays did not detect Cry3Bb protein in M. euphorbiae developing on Bt-expressing tomato plants. Similarly, no significant differences were found on the longevity and prey consumption of M. caliginosus when fed aphids reared on UC82Bt or on UC82. Moreover, the genetic modification did not affect the attractiveness of uninfested tomato plants toward A. ervi. It is therefore concluded that Cry3Bb-expressing tomato plants did not show any acute adverse effects on the biological parameters of the non-target herbivore M. euphorbiae or its natural enemies, M. caliginosus and A. ervi, under laboratory conditions.', 'en_US'),
(4119, 'Navigating a critical juncture for sustainable weed management.', 'Agricultural weed management has become entrenched in a single tactic—herbicide—resistant crops—and needs greater emphasis on integrated practices that are sustainable over the long term. In response to the outbreak of glyphosate-resistant weeds, the seed and agrichemical industries are developing crops that are genetically modified to have combined resistance to glyphosate and synthetic auxin herbicides. This technology will allow these herbicides to be used over vastly expanded areas and will likely create three interrelated challenges for sustainable weed management. First, crops with stacked herbicide resistance are likely to increase the severity of resistant weeds. Second, these crops will facilitate a significant increase in herbicide use, with potential negative consequences for environmental quality. Finally, the short-term fix provided by the new traits will encourage continued neglect of public research and extension in integrated weed management. Here, we discuss the risks to sustainable agriculture from the new resistant crops and present alternatives for research and policy.', 'en_US'),
(4120, 'New hope for dedicated genetically engineered bioenergy feedstocks?', 'The unique regulatory requirements and costs of genetic engineering (GE) are likely to inhibit commercialization of dedicated bioenergy crops due to the relatively small current market. Two recent regulatory approvals for GE plants, however, may signal a shift in policy and an opening of a door to a streamlined federal regulatory pathway for commercialization for non-food plants. The change, however, may shift regulatory battles from the federal to the state and local level, as each state has independent authority to regulate plants under respective noxious weed/plant protection statutes. This previously dormant state regulatory power could result in even more complex barriers to commercialization of GE bioenergy crops--replacing the regulatory delays embedded in the federal system with regulatory chaos at the state and local level.', 'en_US'),
(4121, 'Metabolomic plasticity in GM and non-GM potato leaves in response to aphid herbivory and virus infection.', 'An important aspect of ecological safety of genetically modified (GM) plants is the evaluation of unintended effects on plant–insect interactions. These interactions are to a large extent influenced by the chemical composition of plants. This study uses NMR-based metabolomics to establish a baseline of chemical variation to which differences between a GM potato line and its parent cultivar are compared. The effects of leaf age, virus infection, and aphid herbivory on plant metabolomes were studied. The metabolome of the GM line differed from its parent only in young leaves of noninfected plants. This effect was small when compared to the baseline. Consistently, aphid performance on excised leaves was influenced by leaf age, while no difference in performance was found between GM and non-GM plants. The metabolomic baseline approach is concluded to be a useful tool in ecological safety assessment.', 'en_US'),
(4122, 'Increased frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in China.', 'Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill some key insect pests, but evolution of resistance by pests can reduce their efficacy. The main approach for delaying pest adaptation to Bt crops uses non-Bt host plants as “refuges” to increase survival of susceptible pests. To delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac, the United States and some other countries have required refuges of non-Bt cotton, while farmers in China have relied on “natural” refuges of non-Bt host plants other than cotton. The “natural” refuge strategy focuses on cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), the primary target of Bt cotton in China that attacks many crops, but it does not apply to another major pest, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), which feeds almost entirely on cotton in China. Here we report data showing field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ac by pink bollworm in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Laboratory bioassay data from 51 field-derived strains show that the susceptibility to Cry1Ac was significantly lower during 2008 to 2010 than 2005 to 2007. The percentage of field populations yielding one or more survivors at a diagnostic concentration of Cry1Ac increased from 0% in 2005–2007 to 56% in 2008–2010. However, the median survival at the diagnostic concentration was only 1.6% from 2008 to 2010 and failure of Bt cotton to control pink bollworm has not been reported in China. The early detection of resistance reported here may promote proactive countermeasures, such as a switch to transgenic cotton producing toxins distinct from Cry1A toxins, increased planting of non-Bt cotton, and integration of other management tactics together with Bt cotton.', 'en_US'),
(4123, 'How useful are the concepts of familiarity, biological integrity, and ecosystem health for evaluating damages by GM crops?', 'In the discussion about consequences of the release of genetically modified (GM) crops, the meaning of the term “environmental damage” is difficult to pin down. We discuss some established concepts and criteria for understanding and evaluating such damages. Focusing on the concepts of familiarity, biological integrity, and ecosystem health, we argue that, for the most part, these concepts are highly ambiguous. While environmental damage is mostly understood as significant adverse effects on conservation resources, these concepts may not relate directly to effects on tangible natural resources but rather to parameters of land use or ecological processes (e.g., the concept of biological integrity). We stress the importance of disclosing the normative assumptions underlying damage concepts and procedures for the evaluation of damages by GM crops. A conceptualization of environmental damage should precede its operationalization. We recommend an unambiguous definition for damage developed earlier and recommend that evaluation criteria be based on this. However, a general damage definition cannot replace case-specific operationalization of damage, which remains an important future challenge.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4124, 'Gene flow and simulation of transgene dispersal from hybrid poplar plantations.', 'Summary\r\n• Gene flow is a primary determinant of potential ecological impacts of transgenic trees. However, gene flow is a complex process that must be assessed in the context of realistic genetic, management, and environmental conditions.\r\n• We measured gene flow from hybrid poplar plantations using morphological and genetic markers, and developed a spatially explicit landscape model to simulate pollination, dispersal, establishment, and mortality in the context of historical and projected disturbance and land-use regimes.\r\n• Most pollination and seed establishment occurred within 450 m of the source, with a very long tail. Modeled transgene flow was highly context-dependent, strongly influenced by the competitive effects of transgenes, transgenic fertility, plantation rotation length, disturbance regime, and spatial and temporal variation in selection. The use of linked infertility genes even if imperfect, substantially reduced transgene flow in a wide range of modeled scenarios. The significance of seed and vegetative dispersal was highly dependent on plantation size.\r\n• Our empirical and modeling studies suggest that transgene spread can be spatially extensive. However, the amount of spread is highly dependent on ecological and management context, and can be greatly limited or prevented by management or mitigation genes such as those that cause sexual infertility.', 'en_US'),
(4125, 'Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?', 'One of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable. While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.', 'en_US'),
(4126, 'Determination of insecticidal Cry1Ab protein in soil collected in the final growing seasons of a nine-year field trial of Bt-maize MON810.', 'Cultivation of genetically modified maize (Bt-maize; event MON810) producing recombinant &amp;#948;-endotoxin Cry1Ab, leads to introduction of the insecticidal toxin into soil by way of root exudates and plant residues. This study investigated the fate of Cry1Ab in soil under long-term Bt-maize cultivation in an experimental field trial performed over nine growing seasons on four South German field sites cultivated with MON810 and its near isogenic non Bt-maize variety. Cry1Ab protein was quantified in soil (&lt;2 mm size) using an in-house validated ELISA method. The assay was validated according to the criteria specified in European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The assay enabled quantification of Cry1Ab protein at a decision limit (CC&amp;#945;) of 2.0 ng Cry1Ab protein g&amp;#8722;1 soil with analytical recovery in the range 49.1–88.9%, which was strongly correlated with clay content. Cry1Ab protein was only detected on one field site at concentrations higher than the CC&amp;#945;, with 2.91 and 2.57 ng Cry1Ab protein g&amp;#8722;1 soil in top and lower soil samples collected 6 weeks after the eighth growing season. Cry1Ab protein was never detected in soil sampled in the spring before the next farming season at any of the four experimental sites. No experimental evidence for accumulation or persistence of Cry1Ab protein in different soils under long-term Bt-maize cultivation can be drawn from this field study.', 'en_US'),
(4127, 'Effects of ionic strength and sesquioxides on adsorption of toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki on soils.', 'Chemical reactions and fate of the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the soil environment are causing increasing concerns due to the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bt plants. In this study, the effect of ionic strength (0–1 000 mmol kg&amp;#8722;1) adjusted by NaCl or CaCl2 on adsorption of Bt toxin by a lateritic red soil, a paddy soil and these soils after chemical removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides, as well as by pure minerals (goethite, hematite and gibbsite) which are widespread in these soils, were studied. The results indicated that when the supporting electrolyte was NaCl, the adsorption of Bt toxin by the lateritic red soil and paddy soil increased rapidly until the ionic strength reached 250 mmol kg&amp;#8722;1 and then gradually slowed down with the increase of ionic strength; while in case the supporting electrolyte was CaCl2, the adsorption of Bt toxin enhanced significantly at low ionic strength (&lt; 10 mmol kg&amp;#8722;1) and then decreased as the ionic strength increased. The adsorption of Bt toxin by the tested minerals and soils after the removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides also increased with increasing ionic strength controlled by NaCl. Removing organic-bound Fe and Al oxides obviously increased the adsorption of Bt toxin in the tested soils. Differently, removing free Fe and Al oxides increased the Bt adsorption by the paddy soil, but decreased the adsorption by the lateritic red soil. The study indicated that the varieties of ionic strength and the presence of Fe and Al oxides affected the adsorption of Bt toxin by the soils, which would contribute to the further understanding of the fate of Bt toxin in the soil environment and provide references for the ecological risk assessment of transgenic Bt plants.', 'en_US'),
(4128, 'Modeling the impact of cross-pollination and low toxin expression in corn kernels on adaptation of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to transgenic insecticidal corn.', 'We used a mathematical model with processes reflecting larval mortality resulting from feeding on cross-pollinated ears or Bt ears of corn to analyze the risk of evolution of Cry-toxin resistance in Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). In the simulations, evolution of resistance was delayed equally well by both seed mixtures and blocks with the same proportion of refuge. Our results showed that Bt-pollen drift has little impact on the evolution of Bt resistance in O. nubilalis. However, low-toxin expression in ears of transgenic corn can reduce the durability of transgenic corn expressing single toxin, whereas durability of pyramided corn hybrids is not significantly reduced. The toxin-survival rate of heterozygous larvae in Bt-corn ears expressing one or two proteins has more impact on evolution of Bt resistance in O. nubilalis than the parameters related to larval movement to Bt ears or the toxin-survival rate of the homozygous susceptible larvae in Bt ears. Bt resistance evolves slower when toxin mortality is distributed across the first two larval stadia than when only the first instars are susceptible to Bt toxins. We suggest that stakeholders examine toxin-survival rates for insect pests and take into account that instars may feed on different parts of Bt corn.', 'en_US'),
(4129, 'Effect of transgenic Bt cotton on bioactivities and nutrients in rhizosphere soil.', 'The influence of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton (BtXincai1) and its corresponding nontransgenic isoline (Xincai1) on the microorganisms, enzyme activity, and nutrient content of rhizosphere soil was studied through experiments in potted plants. The calcareous drab soil samples were collected (0–15 cm deep) from an experimental field in Shanxi Agricultural University (China) in 2005. The pots were categorized in different groups with replicates for each variety (transgenic BtXincai1 and general Xincai1). The rhizosphere soil samples were collected at different growth periods (seedling, bud, flowering, peak boll, boll opening, and harvest). The Bt protein and other microbial properties in the soil samples were determined by using selected methods (material and methods session). The results demonstrated that the concentration of the Bt protein in the rhizosphere soil of BtXincai1 reached a peak at 56.14 ng g&amp;#8722;1 during the flowering period. However, the Bt protein would not continuously accumulate in the soil. The rhizosphere soil of BtXincai1 was more suitable for the growth and proliferation of bacteria and fungi but it had no significant impact on the number of actinomycetes. BtXincai1 had some inhibitory effects on alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil, and it might promote dehydrogenase activity during the blooming period. However, it had no significant influence on protease, urease, or sucrase activities. Further, it had no significant impact on the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, or potassium in rhizosphere soil. It could significantly decrease the content of available phosphorus during the flowering period. Based on this study, the sensitive reactions of microorganisms and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase might be considered as three potential indexes for assessing the risk posed by transgenic Bt cotton to soil ecology.', 'en_US'),
(4130, 'Assessing the role of non-cotton refuges in delaying Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in West Africa.', 'Non-cotton host plants without Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins can provide refuges that delay resistance to Bt cotton in polyphagous insect pests. It has proven difficult, however, to determine the effective contribution of such refuges and their role in delaying resistance evolution. Here, we used biogeochemical markers to quantify movement of Helicoverpa armigera moths from non-cotton hosts to cotton fields in three agricultural landscapes of the West African cotton belt (Cameroon) where Bt cotton was absent. We show that the contribution of non-cotton hosts as a source of moths was spatially and temporally variable, but at least equivalent to a 7.5% sprayed refuge of non-Bt cotton. Simulation models incorporating H. armigera biological parameters, however, indicate that planting non-Bt cotton refuges may be needed to significantly delay resistance to cotton producing the toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab. Specifically, when the concentration of one toxin (here Cry1Ac) declined seasonally, resistance to Bt cotton often occurred rapidly in simulations where refuges of non-Bt cotton were rare and resistance to Cry2Ab was non-recessive, because resistance was essentially driven by one toxin (here Cry2Ab). The use of biogeochemical markers to quantify insect movement can provide a valuable tool to evaluate the role of non-cotton refuges in delaying the evolution of H. armigera resistance to Bt cotton.', 'en_US'),
(4131, 'Remaining dynamics of Cry1Ab proteins from transgenic Bt corn in soil.', 'In order to evaluate the effect of inoculated bacteria: Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas putida and Azotobacter chroococcum on yield and yield components of corn cultivars SC-704 an experiment factorial under randomized complete block design with 4 replications was carried out in Astara, 2009. Seed treatments include inoculation with each of the bacteria as a single triple, double, triple and non-inoculated (control), respectively. The results showed that application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increased plant height, grain yield, grain weight, biological yield and all characters was significant between the bacteria at (p&lt;0/05). Also, the results revealed that increasing the number of bacterial inoculation average yield and yield components increased as the highest yield in the three inoculation treatments Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum to rate 13281 kg ha-1 and test it reliable to attendance control to rate 7853 kg ha-1 obtained and the other relationship. Inoculation treatments showed a lot of difference.', 'en_US'),
(4132, 'Current progress of biosafe selectable markers in plant transformation.', 'Plant transformation plays a crucial role in modern plant breeding system, leading to the improvement of agronomical traits and fundamental studies of plant science. To develop an efficient and reliable transformation approach, selectable marker is the prerequisite and extremely useful in enabling successful transformation. A number of environmental safe and user-friendly selectable marker genes have been exploited in recent years and utilized to mitigate as a result of concerns for bio-security. Considering the different function of each of the marker genes, these are generally divided into four groups namely positive, visual, negative and pathogen-based, respectively, depending on their selection mechanism. This review describes the mechanism of each of these categories of selected markers and summarizes the current progress in genetic transformation, helping researchers to make better judgement on the choice of selectable markers and accelerate their potential application during plant genetic transformation.', 'en_US'),
(4133, 'Short communication. Estimation of cross-fertilization rate in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).', 'Safflower is a promising oilseed crop for the production of specialty oils in the Mediterranean area. Oil quality traits such as high oleic acid content, high linoleic acid content, high saturated fatty acid content, or high gamma-tocopherol content have been developed in this crop. The traits are controlled by the genotype of the developing embryo and therefore they are influenced by the presence of foreign pollen. The objective of this research was to study the rate of cross-fertilization in safflower using the high oleic acid trait as a biochemical marker. An experiment in which each high oleic plant was surrounded by 24 low oleic acid plants was conducted over three environments in the same location at Córdoba, Spain. The average rate of cross-fertilization in the three environments was 5.7, 12.1, and 13.2%, though higher frequencies up to 35.9% were detected at the single-plant level and up to 58.3% at the single-head level. The low average outcrossing frequencies identified in this research indicate no need for large isolation distances between conventional cultivars and cultivars with special oil characteristics. However, the occurrence of a significant outcrossing rate should be taken into consideration if transgenic safflower is to be cultivated close to conventional safflower or in areas of distribution of wild Carthamus species.', 'en_US'),
(4134, 'Composition of transgenic soybean seeds with higher gamma-linolenic acid content is equivalent to that of conventional control.', '&amp;#947;-Linolenic acid (GLA) has been used as a general nutraceutical for pharmacologic applications, particularly in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema. Four transgenic soybean lines that produce GLA at high yields (4.21% of total fatty acids, up to 1002-fold) were generated through the stable insertion of the Delta-6-fatty acid desaturase gene isolated from Borago officinalis into the genome of a conventional soybean cultivar. As part of the safety assessment of genetically engineered crops, the transgenic soybean seeds were compared with their parental soybean seeds (nontransgenic) by applying the principle of substantial equivalence. Compositional analyses were conducted by measuring the fatty acids, proximate analysis (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrates, TDF, and ash contents), amino acids, lectins, and trypsin inhibitor activity. The present results showed that the specific transgenic cultivar studied was similar to the conventional control.', 'en_US'),
(4135, 'Role of transgenic plants in agriculture and biopharming.', 'At present, environmental degradation and the consistently growing population are two main problems on the planet earth. Fulfilling the needs of this growing population is quite difficult from the limited arable land available on the globe. Although there are legal, social and political barriers to the utilization of biotechnology, advances in this field have substantially improved agriculture and human life to a great extent. One of the vital tools of biotechnology is genetic engineering (GE) which is used to modify plants, animals and microorganisms according to desired needs. In fact, genetic engineering facilitates the transfer of desired characteristics into other plants which is not possible through conventional plant breeding. A variety of crops have been engineered for enhanced resistance to a multitude of stresses such as herbicides, insecticides, viruses and a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses in different crops including rice, mustard, maize, potato, tomato, etc. Apart from the use of GE in agriculture, it is being extensively employed to modify the plants for enhanced production of vaccines, hormones, etc. Vaccines against certain diseases are certainly available in the market, but most of them are very costly. Developing countries cannot afford the disease control through such cost-intensive vaccines. Alternatively, efforts are being made to produce edible vaccines which are cheap and have many advantages over the commercialized vaccines. Transgenic plants generated for this purpose are capable of expressing recombinant proteins including viral and bacterial antigens and antibodies. Common food plants like banana, tomato, rice, carrot, etc. have been used to produce vaccines against certain diseases like hepatitis B, cholera, HIV, etc. Thus, the up- and down-regulation of desired genes which are used for the modification of plants have a marked role in the improvement of genetic crops. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the role of genetic engineering in generating transgenic lines/cultivars of different crops with improved nutrient quality, biofuel production, enhanced production of vaccines and antibodies, increased resistance against insects, herbicides, diseases and abiotic stresses as well as the safety measures for their commercialization.', 'en_US'),
(4136, 'The Norwegian gene technology act -- in an international perspective.', 'The Norwegian Gene Technology Act came into force on 1 September 1993. It is an implementation of the EU directives EEC90/219 (Contained use) and EEC90/220 (Deliberate release) according to the economic agreement between Norway and EU (EEA). The directive on deliberate release has since been replaced by a new directive, EU/1829/2003. The main difference between the old directive and this new one from 2003 is that EU has placed a limit for content of GM traces in products and that if the product contains more than 2% of a genetically modified ingredient, the product must be labelled that it contains GMO.\r\n\r\nThe Norwegian Gene Technology Act builds on the same principles as the OECD Guidelines and the EU directives: that any use or release GMOs should not have any adverse effects on health nor environment. In addition to these two requirements, the Norwegian Act has three more: (1) the GMO should promote sustainable development, (2) the GMO should be ethically justifiable and (3) the GMO should be beneficial to society. The question is whether these extra criteria make it more difficult to get a permission under the Act in Norway, or whether they may indeed promote a GMO that fulfils the extra criteria and hence may allow a different type of product to be released in Norway than elsewhere?\r\n', 'en_US'),
(4137, 'Transgenic potatoes for potato cyst nematode control can replace pesticide use without impact on soil quality.', 'Current and future global crop yields depend upon soil quality to which soil organisms make an important contribution. The European Union seeks to protect European soils and their biodiversity for instance by amending its Directive on pesticide usage. This poses a challenge for control of Globodera pallida (a potato cyst nematode) for which both natural resistance and rotational control are inadequate. One approach of high potential is transgenically based resistance. This work demonstrates the potential in the field of a new transgenic trait for control of G. pallida that suppresses root invasion. It also investigates its impact and that of a second transgenic trait on the non-target soil nematode community. We establish that a peptide that disrupts chemoreception of nematodes without a lethal effect provides resistance to G. pallida in both a containment and a field trial when precisely targeted under control of a root tip-specific promoter. In addition we combine DNA barcoding and quantitative PCR to recognise nematode genera from soil samples without microscope-based observation and use the method for nematode faunal analysis. This approach establishes that the peptide and a cysteine proteinase inhibitor that offer distinct bases for transgenic plant resistance to G. pallida do so without impact on the non-target nematode soil community.', 'en_US'),
(4138, 'A built-in mechanism to mitigate the spread of insect-resistance and herbicide-tolerance transgenes into weedy rice populations.', 'Background:  The major challenge of cultivating genetically modified (GM) rice (Oryza sativa) at the commercial scale is to prevent the spread of transgenes from GM cultivated rice to its coexisting weedy rice (O. sativa f. spontanea). The strategic development of GM rice with a built-in control mechanism can mitigate transgene spread in weedy rice populations.\r\n\r\nMethodology/Principal Findings:  An RNAi cassette suppressing the expression of the bentazon detoxifying enzyme CYP81A6 was constructed into the T-DNA which contained two tightly linked transgenes expressing the Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ab and the glyphosate tolerant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), respectively. GM rice plants developed from this T-DNA were resistant to lepidopteran pests and tolerant to glyphosate, but sensitive to bentazon. The application of bentazon of 2000 mg/L at the rate of 40 mL/m2, which is approximately the recommended dose for the field application to control common rice weeds, killed all F2 plants containing the transgenes generated from the Crop-weed hybrids between a GM rice line (CGH-13) and two weedy rice strains (PI-63 and PI-1401).\r\n\r\nConclusions/Significance:  Weedy rice plants containing transgenes from GM rice through gene flow can be selectively killed by the spray of bentazon when a non-GM rice variety is cultivated alternately in a few-year interval. The built-in control mechanism in combination of cropping management is likely to mitigate the spread of transgenes into weedy rice populations.', 'en_US'),
(4139, 'Application of omics technologies for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants: Arabidopsis and modified defence mechanisms as a model study.', 'As a result of rapid biotechnological developments in the past century, genetically modified (GM) crops were developed and introduced for field application. Despite the advantages of these crops and the professional marketing policies, people also started questioning the safety of GM products for humans and the environment. In response to that, scientific advisory bodies (such as COGEM, The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification) suggested that, among other measurements, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) of a GM crop should be done before introduction into the field. Ecological knowledge about the possible effects was considered a vital component of that assessment. In 2007, the Dutch Government initiated the ERGO (Ecology Regarding Gene-modified Organisms) research programme to generate a scientific basis for a sound ecological risk analysis. The main objective of the ERGO-programme was to develop ecology-based guidelines for how to best assess the possible ecological side-effects of new GM crops. Also the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognised the interaction of a GM crop with non-target organisms as a potential environmental risk and therefore they provided guidelines for selection of a range of non-target organisms and phenotypes to be studied under laboratory conditions as part of a GM crop risk assessment study. These guidelines formed the basis for the ERGO research themes.\r\n\r\nParallel to the new biotechnological developments leading to the introduction of GM plants into the environment, new analytical techniques were also introduced that revolutionized the field of analytical biology. High throughput analytical platforms, collectively called omics technologies, created opportunities for untargeted analysis of cellular components with biological and ecological functions including mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics).  These analytical platforms were recommended by several researchers in the field of GM food/feed safety for the analysis and comparison of a GM product with its safe counterpart. However, EFSA failed to formulate concrete rules about the application of the omics platforms in GM risk assessment perhaps due to a lack of consensus about where and how to employ these technologies in the whole ERA of GM plants. In the ERGO programme, exploration of the potential to apply omics platforms for ERA of GM crops was therefore one of the objectives.\r\n\r\nThis PhD thesis originates from one of the ERGO themes, assessment of the effect of genetic modification on non-target organisms. Under this theme with three PhD students a multidisciplinary approach was pursued to provide guidelines for how to evaluate non-target effects of GM crops altered in insect resistance using ecological methods as well as omics platforms. In this PhD thesis, I set out to find solutions for some of the limitations in the application of omics platforms such as the lack of a statistical method to evaluate the differences between GM vs. wild type plants at the omics level and the question what would be a fair reference for the judgement about the effect of genetic modification. As a model for the evaluation of the impact of genetic modification on the omics phenotype we used three insect defence traits that we introduced using genetic modification into several different Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. The first trait, indirect defence, was the production of the volatile (E)-nerolidol which has been shown to attract predatory mites that can control spider mites. The other two traits were direct defence traits and consisted of overexpression of the transcription factor (MYB28) to boost aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis and the introduction of Cry1from Bacillus thuringiensis encoding the Bt toxin that is effective against lepidopteran insects (caterpillars). As a reference for comparison of the effects of the genetic modification, we used a panel of wild type A. thaliana accessions that were selected in this study and publically available data of different accessions and individuals of a RIL population that together constitute the baseline, the variation present in the non-GM background germplasm.', 'en_US'),
(4140, 'Effects of conventionally bred and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize varieties on soil microbial biomass and activity.', 'Genetically modified (GM) maize containing genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was cultivated on 29% of the total maize production area worldwide in 2009. Most studies to date compare Bt-maize varieties with their near isogenic lines; however, there is little information on the variability of conventional maize breeding lines and how the effects of Bt varieties are ranked within. In our study on the potential risks of Bt-maize varieties, we analyzed tissue quality and compared the effects of ten conventional and GM maize varieties on soil microbiological properties in a replicated climate chamber experiment. All maize varieties were cultivated twice in the same soil microcosm. Shoot yields and soluble C in leaf tissue of Bt varieties were higher than the ones of non-Bt. Soil dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 5% under Bt varieties compared to non-Bt, while most of the other soil microbial properties (soil microbial biomass, basal respiration) showed no significant differences between Bt and non-Bt varieties. The leaves and roots of one Bt variety were decomposed to a greater extent than the ones of its near isogenic line; the conventional breeding lines also showed higher values. Changes in crop and soil parameters were found when comparing the first and the second crops, but the effects of repeated cropping were the same for all tested varieties. For the studied parameters, the variation among non-Bt-maize varieties was similar to the difference between Bt and non-Bt varieties.', 'en_US'),
(4141, 'Comparison of salt stress resistance genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that extent of transcriptomic change may not predict secondary phenotypic or fitness effects.', 'Engineered abiotic stress resistance is an important target for increasing agricultural productivity. There are concerns, however, regarding possible ecological impacts of transgenic crops. In contrast to the first wave of transgenic crops, many abiotic stress resistance genes can initiate complex downstream changes. Transcriptome profiling has been suggested as a comprehensive non-targeted approach to examine the secondary effects. We compared phenotypic and transcriptomic effects of constitutive expression of genes intended to confer salt stress tolerance by three different mechanisms: a transcription factor, CBF3/DREB1a; a metabolic gene, M6PR, for mannitol biosynthesis; and the Na+/H+ antiporter, SOS1. Transgenic CBF3, M6PR and SOS1 Arabidopsis thaliana were grown together in the growth chamber, greenhouse and field. In the absence of salt, M6PR and SOS1 lines performed comparably with wild type; CBF3 lines exhibited dwarfing as reported previously. All three transgenes conferred fitness advantage when subjected to 100 mm NaCl in the growth chamber. CBF3 and M6PR affected transcription of numerous abiotic stress-related genes as measured by Affymetrix microarray analysis. M6PR additionally modified expression of biotic stress and oxidative stress genes. Transcriptional effects of SOS1 in the absence of salt were smaller and primarily limited to redox-related genes. The extent of transcriptome change, however, did not correlate with the effects on growth and reproduction. Thus, the magnitude of global transcriptome differences may not predict phenotypic differences upon which environment and selection act to influence fitness. These observations have implications for interpretation of transcriptome analyses in the context of risk assessment and emphasize the importance of evaluation within a phenotypic context.', 'en_US'),
(4142, 'Integrating diverse scientific and practitioner knowledge in ecological risk analysis: a case study of biodiversity risk assessment in South Africa.', 'Ecological risk analysis (ERA) is a structured evaluation of threats to species, natural communities, and ecosystem processes from pollutants and toxicants and more complicated living stressors such as invasive species, genetically modified organisms, and biological control agents. Such analyses are typically conducted by a narrowly-focused group of scientific experts using technical information. We evaluate whether the inclusion of more diverse experts and practitioners in ERA improved the ecological knowledge base about South African biodiversity and the potential impacts of genetically modified (GM) crops. We conducted two participatory ERA workshops in South Africa, analyzing potential impacts of GM maize on biodiversity. The first workshop involved only four biological scientists, who were joined by 18 diverse scientists and practitioners in the second, and we compared the ERA process and results between the two using descriptive statistics and semi-structured interview responses. The addition of diverse experts and practitioners led to a more comprehensive understanding of biological composition of the agro-ecosystem and a more ecologically relevant set of hazards, but impeded hazard prioritization and the generation of precise risk assessment values. Results suggest that diverse participation can improve the scoping or problem formulation of the ERA, by generating an ecologically robust set of information on which to base the subsequent, more technical risk assessment. The participatory ERA process also increased the transparency of the ERA by exposing the logic and rationale for decisions made at each step.', 'en_US'),
(4143, 'How to manage the impact of gene flow on oilseed rape grain quality? Simulation case studies of three contrasted landscapes.', 'Grain admixture due to gene flow of oilseed rape (OSR) could be economically damaging. Different strategies are currently used or proposed to manage grain quality, ranging from homogenisation at the silo level to tactical decision rules at the field level. The relevance of these general strategies was appraised in the case of genetically modified (GM) OSR in three contrasted regions in Europe: Beauce Blésoise (France), Schleswig-Flensburg (Germany), and Fife (UK). Field patterns, crop allocation and agricultural practices were derived from existing datasets and complementary field surveys. Then a gene flow simulator was used to assess how the local contexts influenced the grain admixture between GM and non-GM OSR (without separation measures). The simulations showed that grain admixtures in fields followed a leptokurtic curve. While, however, the worst case was similar in the three regions, the median differed greatly depending on contextual factors such as the size and arrangement of fields. Grain admixture very rarely exceeded the 0.9% threshold for non-GM products if assessed at the level of the silo, at which the grains from all non-GM crops were combined, while maintaining crops below the threshold at the field level required management of a few high risk situations. Analysing grain admixtures and commercial risks at different decision levels (field, silo) demonstrated the efficiency of “flexible” as opposed to “rigid” measures, but this technical analysis did not take other criteria like regulatory issues into account.', 'en_US'),
(4144, 'Preliminary sampling of arthropod fauna of transgenic cassava in confined field trial.', 'Water (Basin and pitfall) and sweepnet traps were used to ascertain the population dynamics of the arthropod fauna of transgenic cassava in a confined field trial (CFT) at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria. The trial took place from August to November, in 2009 and February to July, in 2010 to identify the major arthropods associated with the crop and to monitor changes in their populations for effective management. Trapped arthropods were sorted and identified by means of a hand lens and a taxonomic key and their relative abundance determined. Most of the order (seven out of the eight recorded) were trapped in the basin and sweepnet traps. Twenty families and numerous mostly unidentified genera and species were collected during the sampling period. Isoptera were the most abundant group, most of which were trapped while foraging and prospecting for nectar, mate, oviposition site, or were accidentally caught. This was followed by Coleoptera and Orthoptera. The least abundant order was Spirostreptida. Basin traps capture the highest number of arthropods of diverse families, followed by pitfall then sweepnet. A lower arthropod weekly mean abundance was recorded in 2009 (129.55) than in 2010 (132.08).', 'en_US'),
(4145, 'GM wheat development in China: current status and challenges to commercialization.', 'Genetic modification facilitates research into fundamental questions of plant functional genomics and provides a route for developing novel commercial varieties. In 2008, significant financial resources were supplied by the Chinese government for research and development (R&amp;D) into genetic modification of the major crop species. This project was aimed at providing an opportunity for crop improvement while accentuating the development of a safe, precise, and effective wheat genetic transformation system suitable for commercialization. The focus here is on one of the key crops included in this project, wheat, to provide an insight into the main transformation methods currently in use, the target traits of major importance, and the successful applications of wheat genetic improvement in China. Furthermore, the biosafety and regulatory issues of major concern and the strategies to produce ‘clean’ transgenic wheat plants will also be discussed. This commentary is intended to be a helpful insight into the production and commercialization of transgenic wheat in China and to put these activities into a global context.', 'en_US'),
(4146, 'Effect of plant population and fertilizer levels on Cry 1 protein content in transgenic Bt cotton.', 'The field experiment was conducted during kharif  2008 and 2009 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to study the effect of various plant populations and fertilizer levels on Bt toxin content in Bt cotton. The results showed that Bt toxins levels were not significantly affected by plant population at all  stages of crop growth. However, Bt toxin level increased with increased fertilizer doses at all stages of the crop growth. Significantly higher Bt toxins were recorded in 150 per cent RDF as compared to RDF at 60 and 90 DAS during 2009 and 90 DAS during 2008.                                                                                                                    ', 'en_US'),
(4147, 'Relationships among persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis and cowpea trypsin inhibitor proteins, microbial properties and enzymatic activities in rhizosphere soil after repeated cultivation with transgenic cotton.', 'We evaluated the effect of transgenic cottons (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt with cowpea trypsin inhibitor (Bt–CpTI)) on soil ecosystems after three and four years of growth. The persistence and the relationships among insecticidal crystal proteins 1Ac (Cry1Ac) and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) proteins derived from transgenic cottons, microbial properties, and enzymatic activities in the rhizosphere soil were investigated in the repeated cultivation experiment. The Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins persisted in the rhizosphere soil of transgenic cotton, whereas no proteins were detected in the rhizosphere soil of non-transgenic cotton. The persistence of CpTI inhibited the degradation of Cry1Ac protein in the rhizosphere soil of Bt–CpTI cotton. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the year of cultivation, the variety of cotton, the transgenic trait, and their interactions significantly influenced the microbial properties and the enzymatic activities in rhizosphere soil. Overall, the repeated cultivation of transgenic cotton had significantly negative effects on the microbial properties and the enzymatic activities in rhizosphere soil compared to those in the rhizosphere soil of non-transgenic cotton.', 'en_US'),
(4148, 'Global regulatory burden for field testing of genetically modified trees.', 'Field trials are widely known to be essential for understanding the value and adaptability of trees produced via conventional and transgenic biotechnologies. However, obtaining permission for transgenic field trials is often considered to be very difficult in many countries. To understand the extent of regulatory requirements around the world and the burdens they impose, we surveyed 36 scientists and practitioners from 20 different countries who had experience or direct knowledge of regulatory compliance with field trials of transgenic trees. Results showed that permits and monitoring were universally required, and that public disclosure of field trial locations was required in three quarters of countries. Other major findings were that: separate approvals for different constructs, tree species, and trial locations were required in more than three quarters of the countries; characterization of each transgene insertion event was required as part of the application in four fifths of countries; and the application process itself was perceived as the largest single burden. Regulatory tiers that differentiate different kinds of transgenic trees based on perceived risk were present in only one fifth of countries. The data confirm the widespread perception among scientists that the costs and burdens of conducting field trials with transgenic trees are nearly universal substantial impediments to scientific and breeding progress.', 'en_US'),
(4149, 'Bt-cotton: refuge in seed-mix -- some clarifications on its need and viability.', 'This note has reference to the correspondence: ‘Bt cotton: refuge in mixed bag’ by Muralimohan and Srinivasa . In fact, their article itself was in response to an earlier correspondence entitled ‘Bt resistance in Helicoverpa species: Indian policy needs urgent revision’ by Hanur, in which the author has advocated ‘refuge in mixed bag’. Since Muralimohan and Srinivasa have raised certain concerns and opined against the use of ‘mixed bag’, I have made an attempt to address their concerns, clarify certain doubts and also explain the need for this approach.', 'en_US'),
(4150, 'Characterization of maize allergens -- MON810 vs. its non-transgenic counterpart.', 'One of the main concerns about genetically modified foods and their potential impacts on human health is that the introduction of a new/ altered gene may putatively alter the expression of others, namely endogenous allergens. We intended to evaluate, and to compare, using quantitative real time RT-PCR technique, the expression of 5 already known maize allergens (Zea m14, Zea m25, Zea m27kD, 50kD Zein and trypsin inhibitor) in MON 810 vs. its non-transgenic counterpart, throughout seed development (10, 16 and 23 days after pollination). We have shown that none of the tested allergen genes presented differential expression, with statistic significance, along all tested seed development stages, in MON810 vs. its conventional counterpart.\r\n\r\nWe have also used bidimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting with plasma from two maize allergic subjects to characterize their immunologic responses against MON 810 vs. its non-transgenic control. Immunoreactive spots were characterized by MS.\r\n\r\nWe have identified fourteen new IgE-binding proteins present in both transgenic and non-transgenic maize.', 'en_US'),
(4151, 'Infertility resulting from transgenic I-PpoI male Anopheles gambiae in large cage trials.', 'Objectives: Anopheles gambiae is the primary vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and is a potential target of genetic control programs. We determined the capacity of male A. gambiae created by germline transformation to introduce infertility into stable age-distribution populations. We also determined effects of the transgenes on life history.\r\n\r\nMethods: Stable age-distribution populations of A. gambiae mosquitoes were established in large indoor cages. Male mosquitoes carrying an I-PpoI homing endonuclease gene were introduced at ×5 and ×10 release rates where they competed with target male mosquitoes for matings. Similar trials were conducted in small cages with an additional ×1 release level.\r\n\r\nResults: Infertility was successfully introduced into all target populations. In supporting experiments, complete female infertility was observed in all strains and species of the A. gambiae complex to which transgenic males were mated. Life history experiments demonstrated that reductions in I-PpoI male vigor exist in the form of reduced adult male emergence, longevity and competitiveness.\r\n\r\nDiscussion: A. gambiae I-PpoI males are capable of introducing high levels of infertility in target populations in indoor cage trials. This was accomplished despite losses of vigor resulting from the HEG transgene. These results motivate further trials of sexually I-PpoI A. gambiae in outdoor cage and field trials.', 'en_US'),
(4152, 'Impact of Bt transgenic cottons and insecticides on target and non-target insect pests, natural enemies and seed cotton yield in India.', 'Genetically engineered cottons expressing ä-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis have been adopted on a largescale worldwide. Therefore, we studied the efficacy of Bt cottons for the management of bollworms, their effects on nontarget insects, and seedcotton yield under insecticide protected and unprotected conditions. Helicoverpa armigera and Earias vittella damage was significantly lower in Bt than in non-Bt cottons, while no significant differences were observed in egg-laying by H. armigera. The populations of major non-target sucking insect pests such as Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Oxycarenus laetus, Dysdercus koenigii and Nezara viridula and the generalist predators, viz Cheilomenes sexmaculatus, Chrysopa spp., and spiders did not differ significantly between Bt and non-Bt cottons. Insecticide application resulted in resurgence of cotton aphid and whitefly, possibly because of elimination of natural enemies or better growth of plants uder protected conditions. Abundance of bollworms, non-target pests, and generalist predators was significantly greater before insecticide sprays than after insecticide application, except in a few cases. Bollworm damage was lower and seedcotton yields higher in Bt than in non-Bt cottons. The present studies indicated that Bt cotton hybrids are effective for the management of bollworms and yield more, and do not have any adverse effects on the abundance of generalist predators.', 'en_US'),
(4153, 'Wetland and riparian plant communities at risk of invasion by transgenic herbicide-resistant Agrostis spp. in central Oregon.', 'Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and redtop (A. gigantea) are introduced turfgrasses that are naturalized throughout the northern U.S. Interest in creeping bentgrass has risen following the 2003 escape of a genetically modified (GM), herbicide-resistant cultivar near Madras, Oregon. The objectives of this study were to characterize the floristic attributes of the plant communities associated with naturalized Agrostis populations in the Madras area, and to identify plant communities at risk of invasion by transgenic Agrostis. Vegetation data collected from 62 stratified random vegetation plots with and without A. stolonifera and A. gigantea identified 11 distinct plant communities. Community composition was strongly correlated with an indirect soil moisture index based on the wetland status of individual species. Results indicate that wetland plant communities are at the highest risk of invasion by transgenic A. stolonifera. Also, inter-specific gene flow to A. gigantea could affect additional habitats and plant communities where A. stolonifera is not found. Both A. stolonifera and A. gigantea were invasive in wetland and riparian settings in the Madras study area, and introducing glyphosate (e.g., Roundup®, Rodeo®) herbicide tolerance into these populations would eliminate the primary means of control for these species.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4154, 'Contamination and management of resistance evolution to high-dose transgenic insecticidal crops.', 'For maize and cotton, transgenic varieties that express toxins derived from Bacillus thuriengensis (Bt) are now planted in several countries. To slow resistance evolution, the “high-dose/refuge” strategy is broadly implemented in which resistance is recessive and some fields (or areas within fields) are planted exclusively with Bt crops and other fields planted exclusively with non-transgenic refuge crops for susceptible insects. This strategy, however, could potentially be undermined by contamination. Here, we investigate general models of resistance evolution for high-dose events in which fields are contaminated due to the inadvertent mixing of seeds, volunteer plants, or pollen flow between Bt and non-Bt varieties coupled with seed-saving by farmers. Contamination of the refuge by Bt plants increases selection for resistance, thereby speeding resistance evolution. Nonetheless, in most situations this effect is small. Contamination of Bt fields by non-transgenic plants might be expected to have the opposite effect and always reduce the rate of resistance evolution. While this is often the case, it is not always so. If larvae move among plants within a field, then high movement rates may reverse the effect of contamination of Bt fields to slow resistance evolution. Furthermore, if the dispersal rates of adult females between Bt and refuge fields are low, then contamination of Bt fields may speed resistance. These results suggest that contamination has the potential to undermine the efficacy of the high-dose/refuge strategy, yet depending upon the particular pest and situation, contamination may not be a concern.', 'en_US'),
(4155, 'Genetically modified Bt maize lines containing cry3Bb1, cry1A105 or cry1Ab2 do not affect the structure and functioning of root-associated endophyte communities.', 'Transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins may contribute to a decreased need for chemical pesticides, providing benefits for human health and the environment. However, there is public concern regarding the environmental safety of transgenic crops, which relates also to potential adverse effects on plant-microbe interactions by affecting the plant-associated, endophytic microflora. Thus, we compared the endophytic bacterial communities in plants of the three transgenic Bt maize lines MON89034 (cry3Bb1), MON88017 (cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2) and the stacked event MON88017xMON89034 (cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1), with those of the respective near-isogenic line, and with those in plants of three additional, conventional maize lines. The maize plants were grown in a containment system on two different soils which were commonly used for maize cultivation in Lower Austria.\r\n\r\nWe obtained 700 bacterial endophytes and characterized them regarding their phylogenetic diversity and specific plant growth promoting functions, including the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Both the soil environment and the plant cultivar had an effect on the phylogenetic diversity of the endophytic communities, but there were no specific effects of the transgenic varieties. Diversity measures of endophytic isolates were not different in Bt- versus non-Bt maize varieties. A variable number of isolates showed ACC deaminase activity irrespective of the soil and plant cultivar. Generally, the number of high IAA producers appeared to be affected by the soil environment but not by the plant cultivar. Cultivation-independent profiling via terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that maize root endophytes were differentially composed dependent on soil type and plant cultivar, but they were not discriminated with respect to Bt- versus non-Bt varieties. In conclusion, maize endophyte communities studied were highly diverse and showed a high potential for plant growth promotion, emphasizing their importance in modern agricultural systems irrespective of the maize cultivar, including Bt-modifications.', 'en_US'),
(4156, 'Field trials to evaluate effects of continuously planted transgenic insect-resistant cottons on soil invertebrates.', 'Impacts on soil invertebrates are an important aspect of environmental risk assessment and post-release monitoring of transgenic insect-resistant plants. The purpose of this study was to research and survey the effects of transgenic insect-resistant cottons that had been planted over 10 years on the abundance and community structure of soil invertebrates under field conditions. During 3 consecutive years (2006–2008), eight common taxa (orders) of soil invertebrates belonging to the phylum Arthropoda were investigated in two different transgenic cotton fields and one non-transgenic cotton field (control). Each year, soil samples were taken at four different growth stages of cotton (seedling, budding, boll forming and boll opening). Animals were extracted from the samples using the improved Tullgren method, counted and determined to the order level. The diversity of the soil fauna communities in the different fields was compared using the Simpson''s, Shannon''s diversity indices and evenness index. The results showed a significant sampling time variation in the abundance of soil invertebrates monitored in the different fields. However, no difference in soil invertebrate abundance was found between the transgenic cotton fields and the control field. Both sampling time and cotton treatment had a significant effect on the Simpson''s, Shannon''s diversity indices and evenness index. They were higher in the transgenic fields than the control field at the growth stages of cotton. Long-term cultivation of transgenic insect-resistant cottons had no significant effect on the abundance of soil invertebrates. Collembola, Acarina and Araneae could act as the indicators of soil invertebrate in this region to monitor the environmental impacts of transgenic plants in the future.', 'en_US'),
(4157, 'Challenges in the environmental monitoring of genetically modified plants.', 'According to genetic engineering legislation in Switzerland, the cultivation of genetically modified plants (GMPs) must be accompanied by environmental monitoring. This environmental monitoring is intended to identify any negative effects on the environment as early as possible so that necessary remedial measures can be taken. Accordingly, the authorities must be in a position to recognise changes in the environment and classify them as environmental harm. In our opinion, however, environmental monitoring is only partially suitable for reducing uncertainties which might still exist after the risk assessment of GMPs. From a scientific point of view, there are four difficulties with such decisions. The first three difficulties concern methodological limitations in scientific data collection. The fourth difficulty stems from the controversial assessment of the environmental effects of GMPs. Thus, it is nowadays unclear just which environmental changes are effectively to be evaluated as constituting harm. In this article, we analyse the four challenges and suggest possible strategies for countering them. Any remaining uncertainties should ideally be investigated during risk assessment before approval is granted. Regulatory authorities should recognise the limitations of environmental- monitoring programs for decision-making during cultivation of GMPs.', 'en_US'),
(4158, 'Evidence of reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in multiple lines of Bt maize.', 'Premise of the study: Insect-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize is widely cultivated, yet few studies have examined the interaction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with different lines of Bt maize. As obligate symbionts, AMF may be sensitive to genetic changes within a plant host. Previous evaluations of the impact of Bt crops on AMF have been inconsistent, and because most studies were conducted under disparate experimental conditions, the results are difficult to compare.\r\n\r\nMethods: We evaluate AMF colonization in nine Bt maize lines, differing in number and type of engineered trait, and five corresponding near-isogenic parental (P) base hybrids in greenhouse microcosms. Plants were grown in 50% local agricultural soil with low levels of fertilization, and AMF colonization was evaluated at 60 and 100 d. Nontarget effects of Bt cultivation on AMF colonization were tested in a subsequently planted crop, Glycine max, which was seeded into soil that had been preconditioned for 60 d with Bt or P maize.\r\n\r\nKey results: We found that Bt maize had lower levels of AMF colonization in their roots than did the non-Bt parental lines. However, reductions in AMF colonization were not related to the expression of a particular Bt protein. There was no difference in AMF colonization in G. max grown in the Bt- or P-preconditioned soil.\r\n\r\nConclusions: These findings are the first demonstration of a reduction in AMF colonization in multiple Bt maize lines grown under the same experimental conditions and contribute to the growing body of knowledge examining the unanticipated effects of Bt crop cultivation on nontarget soil organisms.', 'en_US'),
(4159, 'Assessing compositional variability through graphical analysis and bayesian statistical approaches: case studies on transgenic crops.', 'New transgenic (GM) crops are subjected to extensive safety assessments that include compositional comparisons with conventional counterparts as a cornerstone of the process. The influence of germplasm, location, environment, and agronomic treatments on compositional variability is, however, often obscured in these pair-wise comparisons. Furthermore, classical statistical significance testing can often provide an incomplete and over-simplified summary of highly responsive variables such as crop composition. In order to more clearly describe the influence of the numerous sources of compositional variation we present an introduction to two alternative but complementary approaches to data analysis and interpretation. These include i) exploratory data analysis (EDA) with its emphasis on visualization and graphics-based approaches and ii) Bayesian statistical methodology that provides easily interpretable and meaningful evaluations of data in terms of probability distributions. The EDA case-studies include analyses of herbicide-tolerant GM soybean and insect-protected GM maize and soybean. Bayesian approaches are presented in an analysis of herbicide-tolerant GM soybean. Advantages of these approaches over classical frequentist significance testing include the more direct interpretation of results in terms of probabilities pertaining to quantities of interest and no confusion over the application of corrections for multiple comparisons. It is concluded that a standardized framework for these methodologies could provide specific advantages through enhanced clarity of presentation and interpretation in comparative assessments of crop composition.', 'en_US'),
(4160, 'Will they stay or will they go? The political influence of GM-averse importing companies on biosafety decision makers in Africa.', 'Presumed but unproven trade risks are considered a significant factor in the reluctance of African countries to use potentially beneficial genetically modified (GM) crops. We model a threat from an importer to a local policy maker announcing an upcoming confined field trial of a GM crop as a dynamic game of incomplete information and illustrate our analysis with a stochastic simulation. The results show that provided the cost of threatening is small, and the cost of going out of the country is significant, the importer will threaten to go out and may effectively lower the probability of commercializing a GM crop.', 'en_US'),
(4161, 'Impact of gene stacking on gene flow: the case of maize.', 'To respect the European labelling threshold for the adventitious presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and feed, stakeholders mainly rely on real-time PCR analysis, which provides a measurement expressed as a percentage of GM-DNA. However, this measurement veils the complexity of gene flow, especially in the case of gene stacking. We have investigated the impact of gene stacking on adventitious GM presence due to pollen flow and seed admixture as well as its translation in terms of the percentage of GM-DNA in a non-GM maize harvest. In the case of varieties bearing one to four stacked events, we established a set of relationships between the percentage of GM kernels and the percentage of GM-DNA in a non-GM harvest as well as a set of relationships between the rate of seed admixture and the percentages of GM material in a non-GM harvest. Thanks to these relationships, and based on simulations with a gene flow model, we have been able to demonstrate that the number of events and the stacking structure of the emitting fields impact the ability of a non-GM maize producer to comply with given GM kernel or GM-DNA thresholds. We also show that a great variability in the rates of GM kernels, embryos and DNA results from seed admixture. Finally, the choice of a unit of measurement for a GM threshold in seed lots can have opposite effects on the ability of farmers to comply with a given threshold depending on whether they are crop or seed producers.', 'en_US'),
(4162, 'Bt rice expressing Cry1Ab does not stimulate an outbreak of its non-target herbivore, Nilaparvata lugens.', 'In this study, the non-target effects of Bt rice “KMD2” expressing a Cry1Ab protein on the performance of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, over multiple generations were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, BPH was reared to observe the impact of the Bt rice as compared to its parental non-Bt cultivar Xiushui 11, while the population dynamics and oviposition performance of BPH were investigated in the field. The survival of BPH nymphs fed Bt and non-Bt rice did not differ significantly. The nymph developmental duration of BPH was significantly delayed by the Bt rice by comparison with the non-Bt rice for the 1st and 2nd but not the 4th generation. Most importantly, the fecundity of BPH on the Bt rice was significantly decreased in every generation when compared with the non-Bt rice. In the field investigations, the population density of BPH nymphs was significantly lower in the Bt rice field. However, the temporal pattern of population dynamics of BPH adults was similar between the Bt and non-Bt rice, presumably due to migratory interference of the adults. In the Bt rice field, the percentage of tillers with eggs and the number of eggs per tiller were also significantly lower from tillering to mature stage. Additionally, Cry1Ab protein could not be detected in guts from single BPH adults. In general, our results suggest that the Bt rice “KMD2” could not stimulate an outbreak of BPH.', 'en_US'),
(4163, 'Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: a literature review.', 'The aim of this systematic review was to collect data concerning the effects of diets containing GM maize, potato, soybean, rice, or triticale on animal health. We examined 12 long-term studies (of more than 90 days, up to 2 years in duration) and 12 multigenerational studies (from 2 to 5 generations). We referenced the 90-day studies on GM feed for which long-term or multigenerational study data were available. Many parameters have been examined using biochemical analyses, histological examination of specific organs, hematology and the detection of transgenic DNA. The statistical findings and methods have been considered from each study. Results from all the 24 studies do not suggest any health hazards and, in general, there were no statistically significant differences within parameters observed. However, some small differences were observed, though these fell within the normal variation range of the considered parameter and thus had no biological or toxicological significance. If required, a 90-day feeding study performed in rodents, according to the OECD Test Guideline, is generally considered sufficient in order to evaluate the health effects of GM feed. The studies reviewed present evidence to show that GM plants are nutritionally equivalent to their non-GM counterparts and can be safely used in food and feed.', 'en_US'),
(4164, 'The structuring of GMO release and evaluation in EU law.', 'Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their behavior in the environment are complex and can only be assessed if the different components are distinguished. This article examines, how by EU law the real causation processes from the GMO release to various endpoints are dissected, individually analysed and then again viewed in their entirety. In addition, the articles includes, how the intellectual process of assessment is divided into the steps of tiered generation, shared submission and structured evaluation of relevant knowledge. The framework proposed for such an examination allows to identify strengths and weaknesses of GMO risk assessment in the EU.', 'en_US'),
(4165, 'Changes in the prevalence of weed species in the major agronomic crops of the southern United States: 1994/1995 to 2008/2009.', 'Changes in the weed flora of cropping systems reflect the impacts of factors that create safe sites for weed establishment and facilitate the influx and losses to and from the soil seedbank. This analysis of the annual surveys of the Southern Weed Science Society documents changes in the weed flora of the 14 contiguous southern states since the advent of transgenic, herbicide-resistant crops. In 1994 and 2009, the top five weeds in corn were morningglories, Texas millet, broadleaf signalgrass, johnsongrass, and sicklepod; in this same period Palmer amaranth, smartweeds, and goosegrass had the greatest increases in importance in corn. In cotton, morningglories and nutsedges were among the top five most troublesome weeds in 1995 and 2009. Palmer amaranth, pigweeds, and Florida pusley were also among the five most troublesome species in 2009; the weeds with the largest increases in importance in cotton were common ragweed and two species with tolerance to glyphosate, Benghal dayflower and Florida pusley. In soybean, morningglories, nutsedges, and sicklepod were among the top five weed species in 1995 and 2009. Two species with glyphosate resistance, Palmer amaranth and horseweed, were the second and fourth most troublesome weeds of soybean in 2009. In wheat, the top four weeds in 2008 were the same as those in 1994 and included Italian ryegrass, wild garlic, wild radish, and henbit. Crop production in the southern region is a mosaic of various crop rotations, soil types, and types of tillage. During the interval between the surveys, the predominant change in weed management practices in the region and the nation was the onset and rapid dominance of the use of glyphosate in herbicide-resistant cultivars of corn, cotton, and soybean. Because of the correspondence between the effects of glyphosate on the respective weed species and the observed changes in the weed flora of the crops, it is likely the very broad use of glyphosate was a key component shaping the changes in weed flora. Only eight of the top 15 most troublesome weeds of cotton and soybean, the crops with the greatest use of glyphosate, were the same in 1995 and 2009. In contrast, in corn and wheat where adoption of glyphosate-resistant cultivars lags or is absent, 12 of the 15 most troublesome weeds were the same in 1994 and 2008. These findings show on a regional scale that weeds adapt to recurrent selection from herbicides, currently the predominant weed management tool. Future research should seek methods to hinder the rapid spread of herbicide-tolerant and evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species. As new tools are developed, research should focus on ways to preserve the efficacy of those tools through improved stewardship.', 'en_US'),
(4166, 'Competition of transgenic volunteer corn with soybean and the effect on western corn rootworm emergence.', 'Glyphosate-resistant (GR) volunteer corn has emerged as a problematic weed in cornsoybean rotational systems, partly because of the rapid increase in adoption of corn hybrids that contain traits for both glyphosate and insect resistance. Volunteer GR corn can decrease soybean yields. The objectives of this study were to quantify the impact of volunteer corn on soybean growth and yield and determine how volunteer corn densities affect western corn rootworm (WCR) emergence. Volunteer corn seed was hand-planted at targeted densities of 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 seeds m&amp;#8722;2 at soybean planting and 21 d after planting to evaluate both early- and late-emerging cohorts. WCR emergence was assessed with the use of field emergence traps placed over individual corn plants in the 0.5- and 16-plants-m&amp;#8722;2 plots in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, WCR emergence traps were also placed over individual and clumped volunteer corn plants at densities of two and eight plants m&amp;#8722;2. Soybean yield reductions ranged from 10 to 41% where early-emerging volunteer corn densities ranged from 0.5 to 16 plants m&amp;#8722;2. No soybean yield loss occurred with the late-emerging cohort of volunteer corn. Twice as many adult WCRs emerged from a single volunteer corn plant growing at densities of 8 and 16 plants m&amp;#8722;2, compared with plots containing 0.5 and 2 plants m&amp;#8722;2. These results demonstrate that controlling volunteer corn will not only prevent soybean yield loss, but also may reduce the risk of WCR larval survival after exposure to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner derived) corn.', 'en_US'),
(4167, 'Two-year field study shows little evidence that PPO-transgenic rice affects the structure of soil microbial communities.', 'There is global concern about the environmental consequences associated with transgenic crops. Their effects on the soil ecosystem are of special interest when assessing ecological safety and integrity. Although many efforts have been made to develop crops genetically modified to have resistance to protoporphyrin oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides, little is known about their influence on soil microbial communities. We conducted a 2-year field study and an analysis via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to assess the impacts of PPO-transgenic rice on bacterial and fungal communities. In the first year we sampled the rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil, while in the second year we sampled rhizosphere soil only. No differences were observed in the diversity indices and community composition of microbial communities between transgenic rice and its parental non-transgenic counterpart (cultivar Dongjin). Instead, community variation was strongly dependent on growth stage and year. Therefore, we observed no adverse effects by these crops of modified rice on the microbial community composition in paddy soils.', 'en_US'),
(4168, 'Commercializing genetically modified crops under EU regulations: objectives and barriers.', 'Agriculture faces serious problems in feeding 9 billion people by 2050: production must be increased and ecosystem services maintained under conditions for growing crops that are predicted to worsen in many parts of the world. A proposed solution is sustainable intensification of agriculture, whereby yields are increased on land that is currently cultivated, so sparing land to deliver other ecosystem services. Genetically modified (GM) crops are already contributing to sustainable intensification through higher yields and lower environmental impacts, and have potential to deliver further significant improvements. Despite their widespread successful use elsewhere, the European Union (EU) has been slow to introduce GM crops: decisions on applications to import GM commodities are lengthy, and decision-making on applications to cultivate GM crops has virtually ceased. Delayed import approvals result in economic losses, particularly in the EU itself as a result of higher commodity prices. Failure to grant cultivation approvals costs EU farmers opportunities to reduce inputs, and results in loss of agricultural research and development from the EU to countries such as the United States and China. Delayed decision-making in the EU ostensibly results from scientific uncertainty about the effects of using GM crops; however, scientific uncertainty may be a means to justify a political decision to restrict cultivation of GM crops in the EU. The problems associated with delayed decision-making will not improve until there is clarity about the EU’s agricultural policy objectives, and whether the use of GM crops will be permitted to contribute to achieving those objectives.', 'en_US'),
(4169, 'Gene technology regulation in Australia: a decade of a federal implementation of a statutory legal code in a context of constituent states taking divergent positions.', 'Gene technology is regulated in Australia by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), a federal government agency with responsibility for managing health and environmental risks of GM organisms under the Gene Technology Act 2000. The OGTR liaises with other national agencies, governments of States and Territories of Australia and local councils. Current national risk management regulation is the result of three decades of experience with oversight of gene technology. A major operational feature of Australian regulation is reliance on Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBCs) located within the regulated institutions. In 2009–2010 the OGTR managed 45 licenses relating to GM crop field trials, and inspected crop trials that included canola, wheat, barley, banana, sugarcane, cotton, Indian mustard and grapevines. States and Territories of Australia make decisions on market related (non-safety) issues, and adopt different political stances with respect to commercialization of GM crops. Some Australian states support environmental release of licensed GM crops (e.g., Queensland), others ban them (Tasmania), while some have re-positioned themselves, after initially opposing commercialization, to currently allowing regulated commercial use (Victoria, Western Australia). Flexibility exhibited by the Australian regulatory system is facilitated by separation of political decision-making in the Gene Technology Ministerial Council away from the OGTR.', 'en_US'),
(4170, 'There\\''s a long, long trail a-winding: the complexities of GM foods regulation, a cautionary tale from the UK.', 'The evolution of the regulatory process for genetically modified (GM) food in the United Kingdom is reviewed from its formal inception in 1988 to the present, drawing out lessons which have been learned from a series of cases brought to the committee for approval. The unexpected but highly professional anti-GM campaign is described, and issues regarding public perceptions of risk are discussed. Recent failures to find a consensus solution in the United Kingdom are described, and a proposal is made for a way forward.', 'en_US'),
(4171, 'European attitudes on the regulation of modern biotechnology and their consequences.', 'Modern biotechnology has gradually attracted ever greater interest over the past four decades, from ever-widening communities across the world—from academic scientists, of course, and then from industrialists, journalists, medical specialists, agricultural practitioners, environmental “experts,” economists, trading companies—and, so far as it concerns regulation, above all from political interests whose product is indeed legislation. As the interests widened, conflicts developed: between departments, between sectors, between countries and between international agencies. The European Community made choices, bitterly contested; the battles on conducting and regulating the field release of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) were usually won—at least in Europe—by the environment ministries, often in conflict with agriculture and/or the research and science ministries. The result has been the construction over the past 30 y of an ever heavier regulatory burden on those who seek to develop and launch products based on the use of modern biotechnology. The pretense is labeled “the precautionary principle.” No lives have been saved, but many jobs have been created in bureaucracies large and small around the world. So far as academia was concerned, their experiments and field trials were repeatedly wrecked by NGOs (non-governmental organizations) claiming thus to have saved mankind and the environment. This is a story of grave political failure in Europe with globally adverse consequences.', 'en_US'),
(4172, 'Coexistence, North American style: regulation and litigation.', 'Globally, biotech crops have left a legacy of success and some notable failures due to regulatory and litigious barriers to entry, with a pipeline of potentially beneficial biotech agricultural products lined up and awaiting approval. Compared with traditional agriculture, these crops provide significant health benefits to environmental and human health benefits, including organic systems. While the rest of the world has increased acreage of biotech crops at a steady annual rate of 10%, North America—the birthplace of most biotech crops—has reached a critical turning point in its regulatory evolution. Biotech crops can play a major role in creating a more sustainable agricultural landscape, which is increasingly well-documented, but future commercial use may be hampered by regulation and litigation that place organic and non-GMO agriculture on a pedestal, which could force many biotech crops into containment. If producers of biotech crops are required to prevent their crops from contaminating these other, high premium specialty crops through migration, innovation in agricultural biotechnology will suffer (as the European experience with agricultural biotechnology clearly demonstrates).', 'en_US'),
(4173, 'Biosafety legislation and biotechnology development gains momentum in Africa.', 'Opinion in Africa over the use of genetically modified crops for food has been divided, honed by more than a decade of arguments in Europe and elsewhere.1 Fortunately, the perceived image of a passive Africa in this game is changing rapidly with clear positions on how to harness modern biotechnology.\r\n\r\nThis article examines the status of biosafety regulation across Africa, pertinent challenges and the extent to which regulation fosters or constrains the development of agricultural biotechnology.', 'en_US'),
(4174, 'The emerging international regulatory framework for biotechnology.', 'Debate about the potential risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to the environment or human health spurred attention to biosafety. Biosafety is associated with the safe use of GMOs and, more generally, with the introduction of non-indigenous species into natural or managed ecosystems. Biosafety regulation—the policies and procedures adopted to ensure the environmentally safe application of modern biotechnology—has been extensively discussed at various national and international forums. Much of the discussion has focused on developing guidelines, appropriate legal frameworks and, at the international level, a legally binding international biosafety protocol—the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Protocol is one among various international instruments and treaties that regulate specific aspects relevant to agricultural biotechnology. The present article presents the main international instruments relevant to biosafety regulation, and their key provisions. While international agreements and standards provide important guidance, they leave significant room for interpretation, and flexibility for countries implementing them. Implementation of biosafety at the national level has proven to be a major challenge, particularly in developing countries, and consequently the actual functioning of the international regulatory framework for biotechnology is still in a state of flux.', 'en_US'),
(4175, 'Consumption of Bt rice pollen expressing Cry2Aa does not cause adverse effects on adult Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).', 'Adults of Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder are prevalent pollen feeders in rice fields in China. They are therefore exposed to insecticidal proteins when foraging insect-resistant genetically engineered rice pollen containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of Cry2Aa-expressing transgenic rice (T2A-1) pollen on fitness of adult C. sinica. Survival, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and adult dry weight did not differ between lacewings that had consumed Bt or non-Bt rice pollen. To ensure lacewing adults were not sensitive to Cry2Aa protein independent from the plant background and to add certainty to the toxicity assessment, C. sinica adults were fed with an artificial diet containing Cry2Aa protein at an approximately 10 times higher concentration than in rice pollen. Artificial diet containing potassium arsenate (PA) was included as a positive control. No difference was detected for any of the life-table parameters tested between Cry2Aa-containing and pure diet. In contrast, the pre-oviposition, fecundity and dry weight of C. sinica were significantly adversely affected by feeding on PA-containing diet. In both bioassays, the uptake of Cry protein by adult C. sinica and the bioactivity of Cry protein in the food sources were confirmed by ELISA measurements and sensitive insect bioassays, respectively. These results indicate that adults of C. sinica are not affected by Cry2Aa-expressing rice pollen and are not sensitive to Cry2Aa protein at concentrations exceeding the levels in pollen, thus demonstrating that growing Bt rice expressing Cry2Aa protein will pose a negligible risk to adult C. sinica.', 'en_US'),
(4176, 'Assessment of prey-mediated effects of the coleopteran-specific toxin Cry3Bb1 on the generalist predator Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).', 'A laboratory study was carried out to assess the potential prey-mediated effects of Cry3Bb1-expressing Bt maize on the fitness and predatory ability of Atheta coriaria Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), using Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey. The concentration of Cry3Bb1 toxin through the trophic chain significantly decreased from Bt maize (21.7 &amp;#956;g g&amp;#8722;1 FW) to mites (5.6 &amp;#956;g g&amp;#8722;1 FW) and then to A. coriaria adults (1.4 &amp;#956;g g&amp;#8722;1 FW), but not from mites to A. coriaria L1–L3 larvae (4.1–4.6 &amp;#956;g g&amp;#8722;1 FW). Interestingly, the toxin levels detected in A. coriaria larvae represent more than 20% of the concentration found in Bt maize, and the toxin was detected up to 48 h after exposure. To our knowledge, this is the highest level of exposure ever reported in a predatory beetle to the Cry3Bb1 protein. When A. coriaria larvae were reared on Bt-fed mites, Bt-free mites or rearing food, no significant differences among treatments were observed in development, morphological measurements of sclerotized structures and body weight. Moreover, no negative effects on reproductive parameters were reported in adults feeding on Bt-fed prey after 30 days of treatment, and survival was not affected after 60 days of exposure. Similarly, predatory ability and prey consumption of A. coriaria larvae and adults were not affected by exposure to the toxin. All together, these results indicate a lack of adverse effects on A. coriaria, a species commonly used as a biological control agent. The use of A. coriaria as a surrogate species for risk assessment of GM crops that express insecticidal proteins is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(4177, 'Gene flow among wild and domesticated almond species: insights from chloroplast and nuclear markers.', 'Hybridization has played a central role in the evolutionary history of domesticated plants. Notably, several breeding programs relying on gene introgression from the wild compartment have been performed in fruit tree species within the genus Prunus but few studies investigated spontaneous gene flow among wild and domesticated Prunus species. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of genetic relationships and levels of gene flow between domesticated and wild Prunus species is needed. Combining nuclear and chloroplastic microsatellites, we investigated the gene flow and hybridization among two key almond tree species, the cultivated Prunus dulcis and one of the most widespread wild relative Prunus orientalis in the Fertile Crescent. We detected high genetic diversity levels in both species along with substantial and symmetric gene flow between the domesticated P. dulcis and the wild P. orientalis. These results were discussed in light of the cultivated species diversity, by outlining the frequent spontaneous genetic contributions of wild species to the domesticated compartment. In addition, crop-to-wild gene flow suggests that ad hoc transgene containment strategies would be required if genetically modified cultivars were introduced in the northwestern Mediterranean.', 'en_US'),
(4178, 'Reciprocal gene flow between conventional and genetically modified soybean cultivars.', 'The objective of this work was to determine the reciprocal gene flow between two soybean cultivars, one tolerant and the other sensitive to glyphosate, as well as to use estimators to determine the outcrossing rate in the population and the number of hybrid seeds in the progeny. The experiment was composed of four blocks of 40 soybean rows, of which 20 rows of each cultivar (CD217 and CD219RR). At the R8 stage, five rows, distant 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 m from the adjacent cultivar, were harvested, threshed and analyzed as for the occurrence of gene flow. As phenotypical markers, the trait color of flowers, hypocotil and pubescence, as well as the tolerance to glyphosate were used. The cultivars contrast for all the analyzed traits, each one conditioned by a single gene with two alleles, in a complete dominance interaction. In the tolerant cultivar progeny, the largest outcross rate was 0.27%, and in the sensitive cultivar progeny, 0.83% was identified; by the dilution effect hypothesis, the outcross rates in natural populations would be 0.104 and 0.388%, respectively. The reciprocal gene flow between CD217 and CD219RR cultivars is not the same in both directions. The proposed estimators are useful for determining the hybrid rates in seed samples.', 'en_US'),
(4179, 'Impact of Bt cotton on insect biodiversity in cotton ecosystem in India.', 'Biotechnology in general and insect-resistant transgenic crops in particular has played a significant role in reducing crop losses caused by insect pests. The commercialization of Bt transgenic cotton in India has significantly increased the cotton production from about 10 million bales in 2001-2002 to 34 million bales in 2009-2010. The deployment of Bt cotton in India has significantly reduced the numbers and volume of insecticide sprays, bollworms population, production cost and environmental contamination.  However, reduction in insecticide sprays, especially during flowering and boll formation has led to resurgence of some minor pests such as tobacco caterpillar, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, green stink bug, and serpentine leaf miner. The reduced insecticide use and personal experience of farmers of not having negative impact of Bt cotton on the population buildup of bee colonies, has encouraged beekeepers to keep their bee hives in Bt cotton in Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab in India. From the field scale studies it is also apparent that there are no adverse effects of Bt cotton on the arthropod diversity and natural enemy functions in the cotton ecosystem, and if any are much lower than that of use of insecticides, which have little ecological impact. However, Indian  experience  with Bt cotton  cultivation reveals  that  the  development  of resistance  in  target  pests  to  Bt  can''t  be  ignored,  and  the  resistance  monitoring  and management strategies are essential and need greater attention to sustain Bt technology.', 'en_US'),
(4180, 'Economic implications of low-level presence in a zero-tolerance European import market: the case of Canadian triffid flax.', 'Triffid is the name given to a genetically modified (GM) variety of flaxseed that was developed in the late 1980s at the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre. The variety was designed to thrive in soil containing residues from sulfonylurea-type herbicides and offered greater weed control options to flax growers. In 1998, Triffid received Canadian and American feed and food regulatory approvals and entered a seed multiplication program. The following year, Europe threatened to stop importing Canadian flax should GM flax enter into commercial production. By April 2001, Triffid was deregistered and all remaining seed was supposedly destroyed. However, in late 2009, Triffid flax was unexpectedly detected in EU food products and in subsequent flax imports into Europe from Canada. In response to this, the EU immediately halted Canadian flax imports.\r\n\r\nThis article documents Canadian costs of the Triffid flax issue as an example of low level presence (LLP) of an unapproved transformation event in a zero-tolerance European market. It explores/evaluates the impacts (economic and social costs) on the Canadian industry—including the development of a stewardship program and testing protocols, the engagement and relationship strategies utilized in negotiations with the EU to resolve market access, and the overall industry response to the issue (from producers to exporters).\r\n\r\nThe article presents survey responses from more than 270 Western Canadian flax farmers. This survey data provides new insights as to how farmers manage LLP on-farm. The production attributes that are examined range from field agronomics to ability to export. Specifically, it examines how farmers have dealt with flax, in terms of production and sale, since the Fall of 2009. Detailed analysis is provided for the following supply chain components: on-farm testing, carryover costs, and opportunity costs. Finally, the article provides some insights as to who farmers trust in terms of communicating information to them on how to best manage this situation.', 'en_US'),
(4181, 'Biological confinement strategies for seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow of GM canola (Brassica napus L.).', 'Canola (Brassica napus) varieties containing inherent restrictions on gene flow may address problems of seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of 1) low-dormancy varieties in avoiding GM soil seedbanks and volunteers, and 2) cleistogamous (clg) genotypes to avoid outcrossing.\r\n\r\nGM and non-GM varieties with altered seed ingredients had a wide dormancy range that turned out to be genetically determined. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identified four QTLs, which together explained 35% of the phenotypic variance. The fiber content of the seeds appeared to additionally affect seed dormancy. A qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for clg canola by cloning and sequencing of clg1-specific DNA fragments. Detection of characteristic bands in 0.1% clg spiked samples illustrated the sensitivity of this method.\r\n\r\nThe inherent traits of low dormancy and cleistogamy may be feasible tools to minimize gene flow and may be considered for coexistence of GM and non-GM canola.', 'en_US'),
(4182, 'Understanding agricultural species metapopulation biology and ecology and the implications for coexistence in low level of presence scenarios.', 'The intraspecific movement of novel traits in agriculture involves a metapopulation that includes cropped, volunteer, and feral subpopulations as well as a latent population comprised of any viable seed anywhere within the agro-ecosystem and agricultural supply chain. An assessment of novel trait movement risk or containment requirements relies on a good understanding of volunteer and feral populations as well as a deep understanding of supply-chain operations, processes, protocols, and equipment. For coexistence scenarios where threshold levels are low, an assessment of the potential success of trait containment will be overestimated if there is a poor understanding of the species metapopulation. The biology and ecology of cropped species varies with respect to the potential for intraspecific trait movement, and some species, such as alfalfa, may pose a much greater challenge in terms of trait containment than spring wheat, for example, although agronomic practices do mitigate these differences and one should not assume that a species’ nature alone will determine trait containment. We show examples of this for canola, spring wheat, and alfalfa and explain the implications for coexistence in low level of presence scenarios.', 'en_US'),
(4183, 'Biosafety of genetically modified organisms in the Latin American and the Caribbean region: main needs and opportunities for strategic capacity building.', 'Biotechnology has the potential to help improve food production in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a continent where agriculture plays a dominant role in peoples’ lives and in trade. It is therefore critical that recombinant DNA (rDNA) biotechnology is regulated in such a manner as to capture its benefits and to minimize any potential risks. In order to best understand biosafety needs in LAC, an email-based stakeholder consultation was carried out, augmented by personal communications with well-informed respondents, and integrated into a desktop study incorporating information from recent peer-reviewed literature. The resultant qualitative study tracked developments in rDNA biotechnology and biosafety in the region and reviewed regulatory capacity as well as the legacies of previous capacity-building projects in these areas to culminate in a snapshot of the present situation. It demonstrated that approximately half of the 31 countries represented in the study are not carrying out any domestic research and development on genetically modified organisms (GMOs); furthermore, the majority have not developed GM products beyond the proof-of-concept stage. Only 58% of the study countries appear to have operational biosafety regulatory systems in place. Acknowledging that methods of delivering capacity building should be tailored to specific demand-driven needs, the study identified possible knowledge and expertise gaps in the region, to be used as a basis for possible training and/or support interventions.', 'en_US'),
(4184, 'Field trials and tribulations-making sense of the regulations for experimental field trials of transgenic crops in Europe.', 'Transgenic plants that are being developed for commercial cultivation must be tested under field conditions to monitor their effects on surrounding wildlife and conventional crops. Developers also use this opportunity to evaluate the performance of transgenic crops in a typical environment, although this is a matter of commercial necessity rather than regulatory compliance. Most countries have adapted existing regulations or developed new ones to deal specifically with transgenic crops and their commodities. The European Union (EU) is renowned, or perhaps notorious, for having the broadest and most stringent regulations governing such field trials in the world. This reflects its nominal adherence to the precautionary approach, which assumes all transgenic crops carry an inherent risk. Therefore, field trials in the EU need to demonstrate that the risk associated with deploying a transgenic crop has been reduced to the level where it is regarded as acceptable within the narrowly defined limits of the regulations developed and enforced (albeit inconsistently) by national and regional governments, that is, that there is no greater risk than growing an equivalent conventional crop. The involvement of national and regional competent authorities in the decision-making process can add multiple layers of bureaucracy to an already-intricate process. In this review, we use country-based case studies to show how the EU, national and regional regulations are implemented, and we propose strategies that could increase the efficiency of regulation without burdening developers with further unnecessary bureaucracy.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4185, 'Effects of consumption of Bt-maize (MON 810) on the collembolan Folsomia candida, over multiple generations: a laboratory study.', 'The effect of long-term feeding on Bt-maize by collembolans in the laboratory is virtually unestablished. That is why the aim of the present study was to test whether the reproduction, fecal pellet production or food preference of the collembolan F. candida is affected when fed on Bt-maize for several consecutive generations. The collembolans were fed with Bt-maize for 0, 6, 16 and 22 months and the number of eggs and fecal pellets were determined. The experiment was repeated seven months later with the same populations. Food preference tests were additionally performed. Significant differences were found in food consumption, egg production and food preference between populations in some cases, but no time-response effect was observed. In conclusion, several generations feeding of F. candida on Cry1Ab toxin containing Bt-maize seems not to be harmful to this collembolan species.', 'en_US'),
(4186, 'Are adult Crambid Snout Moths (Crambinae) and larval stages of Lepidoptera suitable tools for an environmental monitoring of transgenic crops? -- Implications of a field test.', 'Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) have been suggested for the environmental monitoring of genetically modified (GM) crops due to their suitability as ecological indicators, and because of the possible adverse impact of the cultivation of current transgenic crops. The German Association of Engineers (VDI) has developed guidelines for the standardized monitoring of Lepidoptera describing the use of light traps for adult moths, transect counts for adult butterflies, and visual search for larvae. The guidelines suggest recording adults of Crambid Snout Moths during transect counts in addition to butterflies, and present detailed protocols for the visual search of larvae. In a field survey in three regions of Germany, we tested the practicability and effort-benefit ratio of the latter two VDI approaches. Crambid Snout Moths turned out to be suitable and practical indicators, which can easily be recorded during transect counts. They were present in 57% of the studied field margins, contributing a substantial part to the overall Lepidoptera count, thus providing valuable additional information to the monitoring results. Visual search of larvae generated results in an adequate effort-benefit ratio when searching for lepidopteran larvae of common species feeding on nettles. Visual search for larvae living on host plants other than nettles was time-consuming and yielded much lower numbers of recorded larvae. Beating samples of bushes and trees yielded a higher number of species and individuals. This method is especially appropriate when hedgerows are sampled, and was judged to perform intermediate concerning the relationship between invested sampling effort and obtained results for lepidopteran larvae. In conclusion, transect counts of adult Crambid Moths and recording of lepidopteran larvae feeding on nettles are feasible additional modules for an environmental monitoring of GM crops. Monitoring larvae living on host plants other than nettles and beating samples of bushes and trees can be used as a supplementary tool if necessary or desired.', 'en_US'),
(4187, 'Similar genetic basis of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in boll-selected and diet-selected strains of pink bollworm.', 'Genetically engineered cotton and corn plants producing insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests. Yet, evolution of resistance by pests threatens long-term insect control by these transgenic Bt crops. We compared the genetic basis of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in two independently derived, laboratory-selected strains of a major cotton pest, the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella [Saunders]). The Arizona pooled resistant strain (AZP-R) was started with pink bollworm from 10 field populations and selected with Cry1Ac in diet. The Bt4R resistant strain was started with a long-term susceptible laboratory strain and selected first with Bt cotton bolls and later with Cry1Ac in diet. Previous work showed that AZP-R had three recessive mutations (r1, r2, and r3) in the pink bollworm cadherin gene (PgCad1) linked with resistance to Cry1Ac and Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac. Here we report that inheritance of resistance to a diagnostic concentration of Cry1Ac was recessive in Bt4R. In interstrain complementation tests for allelism, F1 progeny from crosses between AZP-R and Bt4R were resistant to Cry1Ac, indicating a shared resistance locus in the two strains. Molecular analysis of the Bt4R cadherin gene identified a novel 15-bp deletion (r4) predicted to cause the loss of five amino acids upstream of the Cry1Ac-binding region of the cadherin protein. Four recessive mutations in PgCad1 are now implicated in resistance in five different strains, showing that mutations in cadherin are the primary mechanism of resistance to Cry1Ac in laboratory-selected strains of pink bollworm from Arizona.', 'en_US'),
(4188, 'Effect of Cry1Ab protein on rhizobacterial communities of Bt-maize over a four-year cultivation period.', 'Background:  Bt-maize is a transgenic variety of maize expressing the Cry toxin from Bacillus turingiensis. The potential accumulation of the relative effect of the transgenic modification and the cry toxin on the rhizobacterial communities of Bt-maize has been monitored over a period of four years.\r\n\r\nMethodology/Principal Findings:  The accumulative effects of the cultivation of this transgenic plant have been monitored by means of high throughput DNA pyrosequencing of the bacterial DNA coding for the 16S rRNA hypervariable V6 region from rhizobacterial communities. The obtained sequences were subjected to taxonomic, phylogenetic and taxonomic-independent diversity studies. The results obtained were consistent, indicating that variations detected in the rhizobacterial community structure were possibly due to climatic factors rather than to the presence of the Bt-gene. No variations were observed in the diversity estimates between non-Bt and Bt-maize.\r\n\r\nConclusions/Significance:  The cultivation of Bt-maize during the four-year period did not change the maize rhizobacterial communities when compared to those of the non-Bt maize. This is the first study to be conducted with Bt-maize during such a long cultivation period and the first evaluation of rhizobacterial communities to be performed in this transgenic plant using Next Generation Sequencing.', 'en_US'),
(4189, 'Compositional assessment of carotenoid-biofortified rice using substantial equivalence.', 'One important aspect in assessing the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops for human consumption is characterizing their nutrient composition. A &amp;#946;-carotene-biofortified rice was generated by inserting phytoene synthase (Psy) and carotene desaturase (Crtl) genes isolated from Capsicum and Pantoea into the genome of a conventional variety of rice (Nakdongbyeo). Nutrients (proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins), anti-nutritive components (trypsin inhibitors and phytic acid), and ferulic acid in GM rice were compared with those in the parent line Nakdongbyeo. Statistical comparisons to test for equivalence showed that all of the analyzed components in the GM plants were equivalent to those in its non-transgenic counterpart, and most nutritional components fell within the range of values reported for other commercial lines, indicating the safety of the GM plant.', 'en_US'),
(4190, 'Analysis of U.S. genetically engineered crop regulation and litigation.', 'The commercial potential of genetically engineered (GE) crops has not been fully realized in the United States. Over the past decade, environmental litigation dramatically affected the pace of GE crop development, testing, and deregulation. The U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) regulates GE organisms that may pose a risk to plant or animal health. However, recent litigation initiated by nongovernmental organizations such as the Center for Food Safety and the International Center for Technology Assessment has exposed APHIS''s vulnerability to lawsuits under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for failing to assess the environmental risks of novel GE crops. In these cases, APHIS committed two types of mistakes. First, APHIS did not differentiate between traditional GE crops whose risks are well characterized and novel GE crops that may raise unique environmental risks and societal issues based on their distinctive biology. Consequently, it did not adequately evaluate the legally defined environmental risks of these novel crops. Second, APHIS did not fully appreciate NEPA''s sweeping scope and focus on procedural compliance to ensure transparent and thorough environmental decision making. As a result, APHIS impeded the development and commercialization of GE crops and must take a more defensive posture in the future to deter costly and lengthy NEPA litigation in the case of novel GE crops.', 'en_US'),
(4191, 'Morphological variation in the wild-weedy complex of Sorghum bicolor in situ in western Kenya: preliminary evidence of crop-to-wild gene flow?', 'Crop wild relatives are important components of agroecosystems and have over the years been exploited in breeding programs as sources of genes for novel traits. Information on the extent and patterns of variability is important in formulating effective conservation and utilization strategies for existing crop wild relative populations. We conducted surveys and collections of wild and weedy accessions of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in Lambwe Valley in western Kenya in order to investigate occurrence, distribution, and morphological variability in the wild-weedy complex of S. bicolor under local agroecological conditions. We also attempted to understand the role, if any, of crop-to-wild gene flow in structuring variability within and among populations. The morphological data presented here showed wide variability within wild-weedy sorghum populations with respect to habitats and morphotypes. True wild sorghum populations in national parks and the sugarcane belt were clearly distinguishable from the putative hybrids or intermediate forms found in sorghum fields, in sorghum field margins, and, to some extent, by the roadside near sorghum fields. The existence of these intermediate forms is empirical evidence of introgression between cultivated sorghum and its wild-weedy relatives. Extensive introgression, especially within in situ conservation areas and/or in areas of high diversity, would lead to genetic erosion and possible depletion of these important wild sorghum genetic resources.', 'en_US'),
(4192, 'Observational science in the environmental risk assessment and management of GMOs.', '', 'en_US'),
(4193, 'Assessment of the influence of field size on maize gene flow using SSR analysis.', 'One of the factors that may influence the rate of cross-fertilization is the relative size of the pollen donor and receptor fields. We designed a spatial distribution with four varieties of genetically-modified (GM) yellow maize to generate different sized fields while maintaining a constant distance to neighbouring fields of conventional white kernel maize. Samples of cross-fertilized, yellow kernels in white cobs were collected from all of the adjacent fields at different distances. A special series of samples was collected at distances of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 m following a transect traced in the dominant down-wind direction in order to identify the origin of the pollen through SSR analysis. The size of the receptor fields should be taken into account, especially when they extend in the same direction than the GM pollen flow is coming. From collected data, we then validated a function that takes into account the gene flow found in the field border and that is very useful for estimating the % of GM that can be found in any point of the field. It also serves to predict the total GM content of the field due to cross fertilization. Using SSR analysis to identify the origin of pollen showed that while changes in the size of the donor field clearly influence the percentage of GMO detected, this effect is moderate. This study demonstrates that doubling the donor field size resulted in an approximate increase of GM content in the receptor field of 7%. This indicates that variations in the size of the donor field have a smaller influence on GM content than variations in the size of the receptor field.', 'en_US'),
(4194, 'A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing rhIGF-1 protein in C57BL/6J rats.', 'Genetically modified plants expressing disease resistance traits offer new treatment strategies for human diseases, but at the same time present a challenge in terms of food safety assessment. The present 90-day feeding study was designed to assess the safety of transgenic rice expressing the recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) compared to its parental wild rice. Male and female C57BL/6J rats were given a nutritionally balanced purified diet with 20% transgenic rhIGF-1 rice or 20% parental rice for 90 days. This corresponds to a mean daily rhIGF-1 protein intake of approximately 217.6 mg/kg body weight based on the average feed consumption. In the animal study a range of biological, biochemical, clinical, microbiological and pathological parameters were examined and several significant differences were observed between groups, but none of the effects were considered to be adverse. In conclusion, no adverse or toxic effects on C57BL/6J rats were observed in the design used in this 90-day study. These results will provide valuable information for the safety assessment of genetically modified food crops.', 'en_US'),
(4195, 'Assessing the ecological risks from the persistence and spread of feral populations of insect-resistant transgenic maize.', 'One source of potential harm from the cultivation of transgenic crops is their dispersal, persistence and spread in non-agricultural land. Ecological damage may result from such spread if the abundance of valued species is reduced. The ability of a plant to spread in non-agricultural habitats is called its invasiveness potential. The risks posed by the invasiveness potential of transgenic crops are assessed by comparing in agronomic field trials the phenotypes of the crops with the phenotypes of genetically similar non-transgenic crops known to have low invasiveness potential. If the transgenic and non-transgenic crops are similar in traits believed to control invasiveness potential, it may be concluded that the transgenic crop has low invasiveness potential and poses negligible ecological risk via persistence and spread in non-agricultural habitats. If the phenotype of the transgenic crop is outside the range of the non-transgenic comparators for the traits controlling invasiveness potential, or if the comparative approach is regarded as inadequate for reasons of risk perception or risk communication, experiments that simulate the dispersal of the crop into non-agricultural habitats may be necessary. We describe such an experiment for several commercial insect-resistant transgenic maize events in conditions similar to those found in maize-growing regions of Mexico. As expected from comparative risk assessments, the transgenic maize was found to behave similarly to non-transgenic maize and to be non-invasive. The value of this experiment in assessing and communicating the negligible ecological risk posed by the low invasiveness potential of insect-resistant transgenic maize in Mexico is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(4196, 'Virus infections in wild plant populations are both frequent and often unapparent.', 'Premise of the study: Pathogens are thought to regulate host populations. In agricultural crops, virus infection reduces yield. However, in wild plants little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of virus prevalence. Thus, pathogen effects on plant population dynamics are unclear. Prevalence data provide necessary background for (1) evaluating the effects of virus infection on plant population size and dynamics and (2) improving risk assessment of virus-resistant transgenic crops.\r\n\r\nMethods: We used ELISA and RT-PCR to survey wild Cucurbita pepo populations over 4 years for five viruses, aphid-transmitted viruses of the genus Potyvirus as a group and PCR to survey for virus-resistance transgenes. In addition, we surveyed the literature for reports of virus prevalence in wild populations.\r\n\r\nKey results: In 21 C. pepo populations, virus prevalence (0–74%) varied greatly among populations, years, and virus species. In samples analyzed by both ELISA and RT-PCR, RT-PCR detected 6–44% more viruses than did ELISA. Eighty percent of these infections did not cause any visually apparent symptoms. In our samples, the virus-resistance transgene was not present. In 30 published studies, 92 of 146 tested species were infected with virus, and infection rates ranged from 0.01–100%. Most published studies used ELISA, suggesting virus prevalence is higher than reported.\r\n\r\nConclusions: In wild C. pepo, the demographic effects of virus are likely highly variable in space and time. Further, our literature survey suggests that such variation is probably common across plant species. Our results indicate that risk assessments for virus-resistant transgenic crops should not rely on visual symptoms or ELISA and should include data from multiple populations over multiple years.', 'en_US'),
(4197, 'Weed control and yield comparisons of glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant corn grown in rotation.', 'Information on long-term glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.) production on weed control and rotation benefits is lacking. A six-year field study was conducted from 2004 to 2009 at Stoneville, MS, to examine the effects of rotating glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant corn under reduced tillage conditions on weed control, soil weed seedbanks, and yield. The four rotation systems were glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant corn grown continuously and in rotation with two herbicide programs, post-emergence-only herbicides (POST) and preemergence herbicides followed by POST (PRE + POST). Control of 13 predominant weed species in glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant corn was &gt;95%, regardless of herbicide program, with the exception of johnsongrass and yellow nutsedge, both perennial weeds. Johnsongrass and yellow nutsedge control was lower in the continuous glufosinate-resistant corn system compared with other rotation systems. Yellow nutsedge control was higher with the PRE + POST (89% to 99%) compared with the POST-only (72% to 86%) treatment. Corn yields were similar regardless of rotation when a corn cultivar stacked with both glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant traits was used. The PRE + POST program gave 5% to 10% higher yield than the POST-only program in four of six years. The seedbank for yellow nutsedge and predominant grass and broadleaf weeds was not significant among the four rotation systems. Seedbanks for grasses and yellow nutsedge were higher in the POST-only program (20.5 and 1.8 per core of 678 cm3, respectively) compared with the PRE + POST program (9.5 and 0.4 per core, respectively). These results indicate that johnsongrass and yellow nutsedge control could be reduced in continuous glufosinate-resistant corn and could be mitigated by rotating with glyphosate-resistant corn.', 'en_US'),
(4198, 'Scale effect on rice pollen-mediated gene flow: implications in assessing transgene flow from genetically engineered plants.', 'Transgene flow from genetically engineered (GE) crops to non-GE varieties and wild relatives via pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) may create food and environmental biosafety concerns. Assessing the level of PMGF from GE crops is required before commercialization. Whether the level of PMGF estimated at relatively small scales can sufficiently represent the actual scenario at large production scales remains unresolved. Here, we estimated average PMGF frequencies from three insect-resistant GE rice lines to their non-GE counterparts at four scales ranging from 9 to 576&amp;#8201;m2, having the number of GE to non-GE plants constantly at the ratio of 8:1. Based on nearly 1.3 million examined seedlings from non-GE rice plots, very low frequencies (&lt;0.1%) of transgene flow were detected. The highest frequencies were found in plots at the smallest scales. Scale had a significantly negative effect on the frequency of PMGF in rice, with decreased gene flow at increased scale. An extended PMGF model could well represent the experimental data. Field experiments at relatively small scales combined with mathematical modelling could provide useful prediction on the level of rice transgene flow at large production scales. This is probably applicable for other crop species with wind- and self-pollination.', 'en_US'),
(4199, 'Maize x teosinte hybrid cobs do not prevent crop gene introgression.', 'Maize x Teosinte Hybrid Cobs Do Not Prevent Crop Gene Introgression. Whether introgression from crops to wild relatives can occur is an important component of transgene risk assessment. In the case of maize, which co-occurs with its wild relative teosinte in Mexico, the possibility of introgression has been controversial. Maize is cross-compatible with teosinte, and spontaneous hybridization is known to occur. Some scientists have hypothesized that the maize x teosinte cob infructescence will prevent progeny dispersal, thus preventing introgression. Motivated by a prior study where we found maize x teosinte hybrid fruits naturally dispersed under field conditions, we tested whether hybrid cobs hold their fruits as tightly as maize cobs. We found the force required to detach hybrid fruits was substantially and significantly less than that for maize. Consequently, we expect that introgression of transgenes from maize into teosinte in Mexico should occur largely unimpeded by the hybrid cob.La mazorca o elote híbrido de maíz x teocintle no impide la introgresión de genes transgénicos provenientes del cultivo. La introgresión entre el maíz cultivado y el maíz silvestre, o teocintle, es un componente importante en la evaluación ambiental relacionada con los riesgos de la introducción de genes transgénicos. La posibilidad de introgresión entre el maíz domesticado y el teocintle ha sido un tema controversial, en particular en México, donde maíz y teocintle coexisten. El maíz es compatible con el teocintle y la hibridización espontánea ocurre entre ellos. Algunos científicos han planteado como hipótesis que al cruzar el maíz con teocintle, la estructura interna de la infrutescencia que sujeta los frutos conocida como la mazorca de maíz o el elote, impide la dispersión de la progenie evitando que la introgresión ocurra. Los resultados de un estudio previo evidencian la dispersión de los frutos híbridos del maíz x teocintle en condiciones naturales. Motivados por estos resultados, hemos decidido investigar si la mazorca o el elote de las infrutescencias del híbrido sujetan los frutos con una fuerza comparable o mayor a la del maíz. Nuestras mediciones implican que la fuerza necesaria para liberar los frutos híbridos son substancial y significativamente menores que aquellas necesarias para desprender los frutos del maíz. Como conclusión sugerimos que en México, la mazorca o el elote no representan una barrera que impida la introgresión de los genes transgénicos del maíz al teocintle.', 'en_US'),
(4200, 'Ameliorating risk: culturable and metagenomic monitoring of the 14 year decline of a genetically engineered microorganism at a bioremediation field site.', 'In 1996, the first EPA sanctioned release of a recombinant microbe (Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44) into the subsurface soil environment was initiated in a replicated semi-contained array of soil lysimeters. With an aim to access the survivability/environmental fate of HK44, soil sampling was performed 14 years post release. Although after extensive sampling culturable HK44 cells were not found, qPCR and metagenomic analyses indicated that genetic signatures of HK44 cells still persisted in the soils, with genes diagnostic for the bioluminescent transposon carried by strain HK44 (luxA and tetA) being found at low concentrations (&lt; 5000 copies/g). Additionally, metagenome analysis of lysimeter 2 using amplicon pyrosequencing showed that Burkholderia was more abundant in the sample extracted before storage at 4°C than after storage at 4°C (79% and 5.6% Burkholderia sequences, respectively).', 'en_US'),
(4201, 'Long-term effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on the non-target Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) maintained for multiple generations.', 'The effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton on non-target Aphis gossypii were assessed by comparing the life-table parameters of aphids that fed on Bt vs. non-Bt cotton cultivars for the first and 37th generations. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect the transmission of the Bt protein from Bt cotton to A. gossypii and their honeydew. We found that the life-table parameters of A. gossypii that fed on Bt cotton for the first and 37th generations did not differ significantly from those of the non-Bt-fed individuals. However, the Bt protein was detected by ELISA in the Bt cotton leaves, and the content varied significantly at different growth stages. Furthermore, trace amounts of the Bt protein were detected in some of the Bt-fed aphids, and the honeydew of the Bt-fed aphids contained over 10 ng/g Bt protein. These results indicate that although trace amounts of the Bt protein were ingested, the Bt cotton had no significant negative impacts on A. gossypii in either the short or long term.', 'en_US'),
(4202, 'Delaying corn rootworm resistance to Bt corn.', 'Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins for insect control have been successful, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. To delay pest resistance to Bt crops, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required refuges of host plants that do not produce Bt toxins to promote survival of susceptible pests. Such refuges are expected to be most effective if the Bt plants deliver a dose of toxin high enough to kill nearly all hybrid progeny produced by matings between resistant and susceptible pests. In 2003, the EPA first registered corn, Zea mays L., producing a Bt toxin (Cry3Bb1) that kills western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, one of the most economically important crop pests in the United States. The EPA requires minimum refuges of 20% for Cry3Bb1 corn and 5% for corn producing two Bt toxins active against corn rootworms. We conclude that the current refuge requirements are not adequate, because Bt corn hybrids active against corn rootworms do not meet the high-dose standard, and western corn rootworm has rapidly evolved resistance to Cry3Bb1 corn in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. Accordingly, we recommend increasing the minimum refuge for Bt corn targeting corn rootworms to 50% for plants producing one toxin active against these pests and to 20% for plants producing two toxins active against these pests. Increasing the minimum refuge percentage can help to delay pest resistance, encourage integrated pest management, and promote more sustainable crop protection.', 'en_US'),
(4203, 'Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on evolution of pink bollworm resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac.', 'The evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, fitness costs may act to delay pest resistance to Bt toxins. Meta-analysis of results from four previous studies revealed that the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) imposed a 20% fitness cost for larvae of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), that were homozygous for resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, but no significant fitness cost was detected for heterozygotes. We conducted greenhouse and laboratory selection experiments to determine whether S. riobrave would delay the evolution of pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac. We mimicked the high dose/refuge scenario in the greenhouse with Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants and refuges of non-Bt cotton plants, and in the laboratory with diet containing Cry1Ac and refuges of untreated diet. In both experiments, half of the replicates were exposed to S. riobrave and half were not. In the greenhouse, S. riobrave did not delay resistance. In the laboratory, S. riobrave delayed resistance after two generations but not after four generations. Simulation modeling showed that an initial resistance allele frequency &gt;0.015 and population bottlenecks can diminish or eliminate the resistance-delaying effects of fitness costs. We hypothesize that these factors may have reduced the resistance-delaying effects of S. riobrave in the selection experiments. The experimental and modeling results suggest that entomopathogenic nematodes could slow the evolution of pest resistance to Bt crops, but only under some conditions.', 'en_US'),
(4204, 'Information tools for environmental risk assessment of low level presence: an introduction to the reviews of the environmental safety of proteins used in genetically engineered plants.', '', 'en_US'),
(4205, 'A review of the environmental safety of the CP4 EPSPS protein.', '', 'en_US'),
(4206, 'Impact of Bt transgenic cotton on population dynamics of aphids and natural enemies.', '', 'en_US'),
(4207, 'The VIRCA project: virus resistant cassava for Africa.', 'The VIRCA (Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa) project is a collaborative program between the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, USA the National Crops Resources Research Institute, Uganda and the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya. VIRCA is structured to include all aspects of the intellectual property, technology, regulatory, biosafety, quality control, communication and distribution components required for a GM crop development and delivery process. VIRCA''s goal is to improve cassava for resistance to the viral diseases cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) using pathogen-derived RNAi technology, and to field test, obtain regulatory approval for and deliver these products to small landholder farmers. During Phase I of the project, proof of concept was achieved by production and testing of virus resistant plants under greenhouse and confined field trials in East Africa. In VIRCA Phase II, two farmer-preferred varieties will be modified for resistance to CBSD and CMD, and lead events identified after molecular and field screening. In addition to delivery of royalty-free improved planting materials for farmers, VIRCA capacity building activities are enhancing indigenous capability for crop biotechnology in East Africa.', 'en_US'),
(4208, 'Surveying of pollen-mediated crop-to-crop gene flow from a wheat field trial as a biosafety measure.', 'Outcrosses from genetically modified (GM) to conventional crops by pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) are a concern when growing GM crops close to non-GM fields. This also applies to the experimental releases of GM plants in field trials. Therefore, biosafety measures such as isolation distances and surveying of PMGF are required by the regulatory authorities in Switzerland. For two and three years, respectively, we monitored crop-to-crop PMGF from GM wheat field trials in two locations in Switzerland. The pollen donors were two GM spring wheat lines with enhanced fungal resistance and a herbicide tolerance as a selection marker. Seeds from the experimental plots were sampled to test the detection method for outcrosses. Two outcrosses were found adjacent to a transgenic plot within the experimental area. For the survey of PMGF, pollen receptor plots of the conventional wheat variety Frisal used for transformation were planted in the border crop and around the experimental field up to a distance of 200 m. Although the environmental conditions were favorable and the donor and receptor plots flowered at the same time, only three outcrosses were found in approximately 185,000 tested seedlings from seeds collected outside the experimental area. All three hybrids were found in the border crop surrounding the experimental area, but none outside the field. We conclude that a pollen barrier (border crop) and an additional isolation distance of 5 m is a sufficient measure to reduce PMGF from a GM wheat field trial to cleistogamous varieties in commercial fields below a level that can be detected.', 'en_US'),
(4209, 'Global impact of biotech crops: Environmental effects, 1996-2010.', 'This paper updates the assessment of the impact commercialized agricultural biotechnology is having on global agriculture, from some important environmental perspectives. It focuses on the impact of changes in pesticide use and greenhouse gas emissions arising from the use of biotech crops. The technology has reduced pesticide spraying by 443 million kg (-9.1%) and, as a result, decreased the environmental impact associated with herbicide and insecticide use on these crops [as measured by the indicator the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)] by 17.9%. The technology has also significantly reduced the release of greenhouse gas emissions from this cropping area, which, in 2010, was equivalent to removing 8.6 million cars from the roads.', 'en_US'),
(4210, 'Assessment of the high-dose concept and level of control provided by MON 87701 x MON 89788 soybean against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil.', 'BACKGROUND: Genetically modified MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean (Glycine max), which expresses the Cry1Ac and EPSP-synthase proteins, has been registered for commercial use in Brazil. To develop an Insect Resistance Management (IRM) program for this event, laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess the high-dose concept and level of control it provides against Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens.\r\nRESULTS: The purified Cry1Ac protein was more active against A. gemmatalis [LC50 (FL 95%) = 0.23 (0.15–0.34) µg Cry1Ac mL&amp;#8722;1 diet] than P. includens [LC50 (FL 95%) = 3.72 (2.65–4.86) µg Cry1Ac mL&amp;#8722;1 diet]. In bioassays with freeze-dried MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean tissue diluted 25 times in an artificial diet, there was 100% mortality of A. gemmatalis and up to 95.79% mortality for P. includens. In leaf-disc bioassays and under conditions of high artificial infestation in the greenhouse and natural infestation in the field, MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean showed a high level of efficacy against both target pests.\r\nCONCLUSIONS: The MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean provides a high level of control against A. gemmatalis and P. includes, but a high-dose event only to A. gemmatalis.', 'en_US'),
(4211, 'Approval of GM crops: socio-economic considerations in developing countries.', 'Socio-economic considerations associated with the application of gene technologies have been a major concern, especially in developing countries, which are caught between the potentials of biotechnology for development, on the one hand, and their adverse socio-economic impacts, on the other. Globally, the experience of countries even with the most advanced regimes for incorporating these issues shows that addressing them effectively remains a challenge. The Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, the only global instrument for governance of genetically modified crops, does not address these considerations. Thus policy frameworks depend primarily on domestic concerns and priorities. Recent attempts to separate socio-economic assessment from biosafety assessment processes and conduct the two in parallel appear to embody a more pragmatic approach. The proposed Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill must draw upon this international experience and associated insight.', 'en_US'),
(4212, 'DNA barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions.', 'Transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis have been widely introduced into Genetically Modified (GM) crops to confer protection against insect pests. Concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called Non Target Organisms, NTOs) represents a major element of the Environmental Risk Assessments (ERAs) used by all countries prior to commercial release. Compiling a comprehensive list of potentially susceptible NTOs is therefore a necessary part of an ERA for any Cry toxin-containing GM crop. In partly-characterised and biodiverse countries, NTO identification is slowed by the need for taxonomic expertise and time to enable morphological identifications. This limitation represents a potentially serious barrier to timely adoption of GM technology in some developing countries. We consider Bt Cry1A cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria as an exemplar to demonstrate how COI barcoding can provide a simple and cost-effective means of addressing this problem. Over a period of eight weeks, we collected 163 insects from cowpea flowers across the agroecological and geographic range of the crop in Nigeria. These individuals included 32 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) spanning four Orders and that could mostly be assigned to genus or species level. They included 12 Lepidopterans and two Coleopterans (both potentially sensitive to different groups of Cry proteins). Thus, barcode-assisted diagnoses were highly harmonised across groups (typically to genus or species level) and so were insensitive to expertise or knowledge gaps. Decisively, the entire study was completed within four months at a cost of less than 10,000 US$. The broader implications of the findings for food security and the capacity for safe adoption of GM technology are briefly explored.', 'en_US'),
(4213, 'Effects of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on peripheral immune response and digestive fate of the cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin.', 'Background:  The objective of this study was to evaluate potential long-term (110 days) and age-specific effects of feeding genetically modified Bt maize on peripheral immune response in pigs and to determine the digestive fate of the cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin.\r\nMethodology/Principal Findings:  Forty day old pigs (n = 40) were fed one of the following treatments: 1) isogenic maize-based diet for 110 days (isogenic); 2) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 110 days (Bt); 3) Isogenic maize-based diet for 30 days followed by Bt maize-based diet for 80 days (isogenic/Bt); and 4) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 30 days followed by isogenic maize-based diet for 80 days (Bt/isogenic). Blood samples were collected during the study for haematological analysis, measurement of cytokine and Cry1Ab-specific antibody production, immune cell phenotyping and cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin detection. Pigs were sacrificed on day 110 and digesta and organ samples were taken for detection of the cry1Ab gene and the truncated Bt toxin. On day 100, lymphocyte counts were higher (P&lt;0.05) in pigs fed Bt/isogenic than pigs fed Bt or isogenic. Erythrocyte counts on day 100 were lower in pigs fed Bt or isogenic/Bt than pigs fed Bt/isogenic (P&lt;0.05). Neither the truncated Bt toxin nor the cry1Ab gene were detected in the organs or blood of pigs fed Bt maize. The cry1Ab gene was detected in stomach digesta and at low frequency in the ileum but not in the distal gastrointestinal tract (GIT), while the Bt toxin fragments were detected at all sites in the GIT.\r\nConclusions/Significance:  Perturbations in peripheral immune response were thought not to be age-specific and were not indicative of Th 2 type allergenic or Th 1 type inflammatory responses. There was no evidence of cry1Ab gene or Bt toxin translocation to organs or blood following long-term feeding.', 'en_US'),
(4214, 'Characterization of digestive enzymes of bruchid parasitoids-initial steps for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified legumes.', 'Genetically modified (GM) legumes expressing the &amp;#945;-amylase inhibitor 1 (&amp;#945;AI-1) from Phaseolus vulgaris L. or cysteine protease inhibitors are resistant to several bruchid pests (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In addition, the combination of plant resistance factors together with hymenopteran parasitoids can substantially increase the bruchid control provided by the resistance alone. If the strategy of combining a bruchid-resistant GM legume and biological control is to be effective, the insecticidal trait must not adversely affect bruchid antagonists. The environmental risk assessment of such GM legumes includes the characterization of the targeted enzymes in the beneficial species and the assessment of the in vitro susceptibility to the resistance factor. The digestive physiology of bruchid parasitoids remain relatively unknown, and their susceptibility to &amp;#945;AI-1 has never been investigated. We have detected &amp;#945;-amylase and serine protease activities in all five bruchid parasitoid species tested. Thus, the deployment of GM legumes expressing cysteine protease inhibitors to control bruchids should be compatible with the use of parasitoids. In vitro inhibition studies showed that sensitivity of &amp;#945;-amylase activity to &amp;#945;AI-1 in the parasitoids was comparable to that in the target species. Direct feeding assays revealed that harmful effects of &amp;#945;-amylase inhibitors on bruchid parasitoids cannot be discounted and need further evaluation.', 'en_US'),
(4215, 'Recent and projected increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration can enhance gene flow between wild and genetically altered rice (Oryza sativa).', 'Although recent and projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide can alter plant phenological development, these changes have not been quantified in terms of floral outcrossing rates or gene transfer. Could differential phenological development in response to rising CO2 between genetically modified crops and wild, weedy relatives increase the spread of novel genes, potentially altering evolutionary fitness? Here we show that increasing CO2 from an early 20th century concentration (300 µmol mol&amp;#8722;1) to current (400 µmol mol&amp;#8722;1) and projected, mid-21st century (600 µmol mol&amp;#8722;1) values, enhanced the flow of genes from wild, weedy rice to the genetically altered, herbicide resistant, cultivated population, with outcrossing increasing from 0.22% to 0.71% from 300 to 600 µmol mol&amp;#8722;1. The increase in outcrossing and gene transfer was associated with differential increases in plant height, as well as greater tiller and panicle production in the wild, relative to the cultivated population. In addition, increasing CO2 also resulted in a greater synchronicity in flowering times between the two populations. The observed changes reported here resulted in a subsequent increase in rice dedomestication and a greater number of weedy, herbicide-resistant hybrid progeny. Overall, these data suggest that differential phenological responses to rising atmospheric CO2 could result in enhanced flow of novel genes and greater success of feral plant species in agroecosystems.', 'en_US'),
(4216, 'The green fence of Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) prevents pollen dispersal of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa).', 'Transgene escape mediated by pollen dispersal is one of the preeminent concerns about genetically modified crops, including rice. In this study, the rice pollen donor of non-glutinous Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. ‘Tainung 67’ [TNG 67] had a greater potential of pollen flow, which was shown by the greater quantity, germination rate, and viability of pollen, than the other rice pollen donor of transgenic AAN. The pollen-mediated gene flow was detected by the frequency of outcrossed seeds in a “checker-board pattern” and alternating row arrangement of rice pollen donor (TNG 67 or AAN) and pollen recipient (glutinous rice ‘TNG 73’) in the fields. We conducted field experiments to assess rice pollen dispersal with or without a “green” fence of Chinese hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., of approximately 2 m in height and 0.6 m in thickness. Without a green fence, the outcrossing rate of TNG 73 seeds decreased with increasing distance from the pollen donor, from 1.68% at 1 m to 0.01% at 35 m, with no outcrossing beyond 40 m. The outcrossing rate varied with the direction of pollen donor, from 0.05% in the northeastern direction to 0.78% in the southern direction, which was caused by prevailing wind direction. With the green fence, no seeds of TNG 73 were outcrossed. Since a buffer zone of at least 40 m is needed to prevent outcrossing of rice by pollen dispersal in an open field, planting of Chinese hibiscus around the rice field as a green fence would be an effective measure for preventing transgene escape mediated by pollen flow.', 'en_US'),
(4217, 'The current state of the environmental impact assessment of abiotic stress-tolerant genetically modified plants in the U.S., Canada, Australia, EU and Japan.', 'Abiotic stress–tolerant genetically modified (GM) plants are expected to be next-generation plants that will bring stable yields to cope with future population growth and climate changes due to global warming. However, tolerance to abiotic stress may affect the fitness and possibilities to invade natural environments more than herbicide-tolerance and insect resistance, which have already been approved; therefore, it has been pointed out that the modified plants may have a larger niche than the host plants. Although methods of environmental impact assessments for abiotic stress–tolerant GM plants have been discussed in international meetings, a clear answer has not been reached. These new GM crops have been experimentally grown in fields in the U.S., Canada, Australia, EU and Japan. Our study on the legal framework used when these countries assessed the safety of the plants, together with information about the agricultural background, showed that the countries used the current assessment system without any changes, or expanded the interpretation of the current assessment system or added new methods to the system for the environmental impact assessments of abiotic stress-tolerant GM plants. A new method of assessment involving population dynamic models has been proposed. It may be possible to construct a uniform world standard method based on this proposal by using true abiotic stress&amp;#8722;tolerant GM plants.', 'en_US'),
(4218, 'Field trials with lignin-modified transgenic trees.', 'For the last 20 years, as a complement to biochemical approaches, lignin-modified transgenic trees have proven to be invaluable tools for deciphering the lignin biosynthetic pathway and increasing our knowledge about the role of lignins in wood-specific properties important for tree physiology. In addition, their evaluation in the field has been very useful for the identification of possible routes to improve wood properties for specific industrial uses, initially pulp and paper making and now biofuel production. In this chapter, we review our present knowledge gained through numerous studies analysing transgenic trees, with emphasis on field trial evaluations, for assessing the effects of lignin modification on wood properties and tree physiology. All the data presented here led to the conclusion that, prior to use in forestry for pulp and paper or bioenergy production, the fitness of lignin-modified transgenic trees required careful evaluation in a variety of field environments. Although limited in number, environmental studies failed to indicate any strong effects of lignin-modified transgenic trees on the ecosystem. Finally, this review helps to identify some promising options where biotech trees could be used to further optimize the production of wood for human uses.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(4219, 'A three generation study with high-lysine transgenic rice in Sprague-Dawley rats.', 'Lysine-rich rice (LR) is a transgenic rice produced by fusion protein expressed genes into the germline of rice seeds. Compositional analysis of LR showed that the absolute concentration of lysine was significantly higher as compared to a near-isogenic non-transgenic rice. Lysine is believed to be the first limiting essential amino acid in rice, it is important to improve lysine content on rice nutritional quality. Here we report the results of a three generation study comparing the outcome in rats fed the transgenic rice to those fed conventional, near-isogenic rice or a control diet. In the study, both clinical performance variables and pathological responses such as body weight, food consumption, reproductive data, hematological parameters, serum chemistry and relative organ weights were examined respectively. It was evident that there were no adverse effects observed in rats that were fed transgenic rice compared with non-transgenic rice. There were significant differences in some hematology, serum chemistry parameters and relative organ weights in rats consuming the transgenic rice diet or non-transgenic rice diet compared with the control diet, but no macroscopic or histological adverse effects were observed. So the results from this study demonstrate that LR rice is as safe as near-isogenic non-transgenic rice.', 'en_US'),
(4220, 'When and where a seed mix refuge makes sense for managing insect resistance to Bt plants.', 'Planting of a separate structured refuge for Bt crops as part of an insect resistance management (IRM) strategy to delay resistance evolution is the most common method of refuge deployment but this strategy depends on growers planting a refuge. A seed mix refuge interspersed with a pyramided Bt product is an alternative strategy that addresses the risk of growers not planting a refuge. However, concerns exist regarding how larval movement between Bt and non-Bt plants might influence resistance evolution in a seed mix field. To understand when seed mixes are an appropriate IRM strategy, a deterministic model run probabilistically was used to examine the evolution of Bt resistance in seed mix and structured refuges under varying levels of Bt efficacy, pest fitness, refuge size, larval movement, movement penalty and grower compliance. Results from modeling simulations show that the addition of a second and third Bt toxin can delay resistance evolution longer than a single toxin, making a seed mix refuge strategy a viable option where refuge compliance is a concern. In seed mixes, resistance was shown to evolve faster compared to a responsibly implemented structured refuge and evolved fastest in seed mixes when larval movement rates were high. However, when mortality from larval movement was included in model simulations, the selection pressure from Bt was reduced and two or three Bt-pyramids with a 5% seed mix refuge were at least as durable as the same products with a 5% structured refuge, depending upon refuge compliance. These simulations show that, across a range of conditions, seed mix refugia provide an effective alternative IRM tactic for delaying resistance evolution. Under some conditions use of seed mix refugia may be a superior IRM tactic leading to longer delays to resistance, and greater durability, compared to structured refugia and is a risk adverse tactic in situations when no refuge is planted.', 'en_US'),
(4221, 'Soil microbiology in glyphosate-resistant corn cropping systems.', 'Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), &amp;#946;-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, &amp;#946;-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased &amp;#946;-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased &amp;#946;-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.', 'en_US'),
(4222, 'A molecular framework for risk assessment of a virus-tolerant transgenic pepper line.', 'The Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-CP) gene-transgenic pepper lines exhibit high tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strains. In this study, E7, one of the CMVP0-CP transgenic chili pepper events selected by screening was further characterized. Southern blotting and inverse PCR analysis revealed that the E7 event contains a single copy of the inserted gene cassette whose flanking sequences appear to be noncoding and intergenic. We searched for pepper-specific DNA sequence candidates as an endogenous reference gene for GM-pepper detection. We found that only one copy of CaSIG4 and lipocalin genes are present in the pepper genome and their sequences were determined to be pepper-specific. The characterization of the genomic sequences flanking the transgene, as well as the availability of the pepper-specific single copy CaSIG4 and lipocalin genes as endogenous reference genes, enabled the design of E7-event-specific PCR-based quantitative detection methods. The CMV-CP protein levels in the CMV-inoculated wild-type pepper tissues were approximately 60 times higher than those in the uninoculated and CMV-inoculated E7 pepper tissues. These results suggested that the amount of CMV-CP expressed in transgenic pepper tissue was negligible relative to the amount of CMV-CP in the virus-infected wild-type pepper consumed by human beings. This work may prove useful for risk assessment studies of transgenic pepper lines. Furthermore, the characterized single copy genes, lipocalin and CaSIG4, may be used to develop a method to detect gene copy number variations in the pepper genome.', 'en_US'),
(4223, 'Bt maize -- a potential contribution to integrated production?', 'Bt maize represents a targeted and efficient measure for controlling certain pests. Replacing broad-spectrum insecticides with Bt maize produces environmental benefits, for example because this approach does not harm beneficial organisms. Growers can produce high-quality products with low time and resource investment. Resistance evolution and potential secondary pest outbreaks are risks for the sustainable use of Bt maize that require appropriate management plans (refuges, encouragement of natural enemies) and monitoring. Despite higher seed prices and administrative requirements, Bt-maize growers in areas with high pest pressure have generally been able to increase their gross margin. With the non-authorisation of Bt maize in several European countries, however, not all producers can make use of this economic potential. In the context of integrated production, Bt maize could be used in combination with other measures.', 'en_US'),
(4224, 'Diverse genetic basis of field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton in cotton bollworm from China.', 'Evolution of pest resistance reduces the efficacy of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) used in sprays or in transgenic crops. Although several pests have evolved resistance to Bt crops in the field, information about the genetic basis of field-evolved resistance to Bt crops has been limited. In particular, laboratory-selected resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac based on recessive mutations in a gene encoding a toxin-binding cadherin protein has been identified in three major cotton pests, but previous work has not determined if such mutations are associated with field-selected resistance to Bt cotton. Here we show that the most common resistance alleles in field populations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, selected with Bt cotton in northern China, had recessive cadherin mutations, including the deletion mutation identified via laboratory selection. However, unlike all previously studied cadherin resistance alleles, one field-selected cadherin resistance allele conferred nonrecessive resistance. We also detected nonrecessive resistance that was not genetically linked with the cadherin locus. In field-selected populations, recessive cadherin alleles accounted for 75–84% of resistance alleles detected. However, most resistance alleles occurred in heterozygotes and 59–94% of resistant individuals carried at least one nonrecessive resistance allele. The results suggest that resistance management strategies must account for diverse resistance alleles in field-selected populations, including nonrecessive alleles.', 'en_US'),
(4225, 'The effects of Bt Cry1Ah toxin on worker honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana).', 'We conducted feeding trials in a laboratory setting to test for possible adverse effects of Cry1Ah toxin mixed thoroughly into sugar syrup (60% w/v sucrose solution) at three concentrations (10 &amp;#956;g/mL, 10 ng/mL, and 1 ng/mL) on the survival, pollen consumption, and hypopharyngeal gland mass of Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana. No significant differences in the survival of A. mellifera or A. cerana were found among groups fed on sugar syrup with or without Cry1Ah toxin. No significant differences were found in the longevity of A. mellifera fed sugar syrup with Cry1Ah toxin compared with the control. No differences were detected in the pollen consumption of A. mellifera ligustica and A. cerana cerana. No significant differences were found in the hypopharyngeal gland weight of 12-day-old honeybees A. mellifera ligustica and A. cerana cerana fed on sugar syrup with Cry1Ah toxin compared with the control. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the risks of transgenic corn crops for honeybees.', 'en_US'),
(4226, 'Consequences of a coexistence policy on the adoption of GMHT crops in the European Union.', 'This article examines the adoption of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) crops in the European Union (EU) prior to its commercial release. A set of potential drivers including the implementation of coexistence measures by farmers, farmers’ own motivational factors (e.g. economic, environmental and technical factors) and perceived social pressure to accept or reject adoption may influence European Union farmers’ willingness to adopt GMHT oilseed rape and GMHT maize. The analysis includes economic and sociological factors. Results show that coexistence measures may hamper GMHT adoption in the EU.', 'en_US'),
(4227, 'Implications of mandatory labeling of GM food in India: evidence from the supply side.', 'We assess the supply-side economic implications of introducing a strict mandatory labeling policy for genetically modified (GM) food in India as proposed in 2006. We apply our analysis to the case of cottonseed oil and soybean oil, two products that would be the first affected by such regulation. We find that GM food labeling would generate adjustment and implementation costs and consumer benefits would not always be visible and would highly depend on the degree of enforcement.', 'en_US'),
(4228, 'Reproductive biology of Bt-resistant and susceptible field-collected larvae of the maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).', 'The maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is of economic importance throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The seasonal activity pattern of this pest is characterized by two to three distinct generations during spring and summer followed by a diapause period of approximately six months during autumn and winter. Genetically modified Bt maize (MON810) that expresses an insecticidal Cry1Ab protein has been deployed in South Africa since 1998 to manage stem borers. The first report of field resistance of B. fusca to Bt maize was made during the 2006 cropping season. Resistant strains of this pest are expected have reduced fitness compared to susceptible individuals. Information regarding fitness of resistant individuals that survive on Bt maize could contribute to the understanding of resistance evolution as well as to development of improved resistance management strategies. Life history parameters of different B. fusca populations were compared in a laboratory study using diapause (spring) as well as second-generation (summer) populations. Sex ratio, pupal mass, fecundity and longevity of moths of field-collected Bt-resistant and susceptible B. fusca populations were compared. Slight adverse effects of Bt maize on fitness of the resistant summer-population were observed. The sex ratio was biased towards males in some resistant populations and towards females in susceptible populations. The resistant population had a lower mean pupal mass, shorter longevity of moths and reduced fecundity.', 'en_US'),
(4229, 'In vitro uptake of 140 kDa Bacillus thuringiensis nematicidal crystal proteins by the second stage juvenile of Meloidogyne hapla.', 'Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are piercing/sucking pests, which cause severe damage to crops worldwide, and are difficult to control. The cyst and root-knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary endoparasites that develop specialized multinucleate feeding structures from the plant cells called syncytia or giant cells respectively. Within these structures the nematodes produce feeding tubes, which act as molecular sieves with exclusion limits. For example, Heterodera schachtii is reportedly unable to ingest proteins larger than 28 kDa. However, it is unknown yet what is the molecular exclusion limit of the Meloidogyne hapla. Several types of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins showed toxicity to M. hapla. To monitor the entry pathway of crystal proteins into M. hapla, second-stage juveniles (J2) were treated with NHS-rhodamine labeled nematicidal crystal proteins (Cry55Aa, Cry6Aa, and Cry5Ba). Confocal microscopic observation showed that these crystal proteins were initially detected in the stylet and esophageal lumen, and subsequently in the gut. Western blot analysis revealed that these crystal proteins were modified to different molecular sizes after being ingested. The uptake efficiency of the crystal proteins by the M. hapla J2 decreased with increasing of protein molecular mass, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Our discovery revealed 140 kDa nematicidal crystal proteins entered M. hapla J2 via the stylet, and it has important implications in designing a transgenic resistance approach to control RKN.', 'en_US'),
(4230, 'Vip3A resistance alleles exist at high levels in Australian targets before release of cotton expressing this toxin.', 'Crops engineered to produce insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionised pest control in agriculture. However field-level resistance to Bt has developed in some targets. Utilising novel vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips), also derived from Bt but genetically distinct from Cry toxins, is a possible solution that biotechnical companies intend to employ. Using data collected over two seasons we determined that, before deployment of Vip-expressing plants in Australia, resistance alleles exist in key targets as polymorphisms at frequencies of 0.027 (n = 273 lines, 95% CI = 0.019–0.038) in H. armigera and 0.008 (n = 248 lines, 0.004–0.015) in H. punctigera. These frequencies are above mutation rates normally encountered. Homozygous resistant neonates survived doses of Vip3A higher than those estimated in field-grown plants. Fortunately the resistance is largely, if not completely, recessive and does not confer resistance to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab already deployed in cotton crops. These later characteristics are favourable for resistance management; however the robustness of Vip3A inclusive varieties will depend on resistance frequencies to the Cry toxins when it is released (anticipated 2016) and the efficacy of Vip3A throughout the season. It is appropriate to pre-emptively screen key targets of Bt crops elsewhere, especially those such as H. zea in the USA, which is not only closely related to H. armigera but also will be exposed to Vip in several varieties of cotton and corn.', 'en_US'),
(4231, 'The effects of seed size on hybrids formed between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild brown mustard (B. juncea).', 'Background: Seed size has significant implications in ecology, because of its effects on plant fitness. The hybrid seeds that result from crosses between crops and their wild relatives are often small, and the consequences of this have been poorly investigated. Here we report on plant performance of hybrid and its parental transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild B. juncea, all grown from seeds sorted into three seed-size categories.\r\nMethodology/Principal Findings: Three seed-size categories were sorted by seed diameter for transgenic B. napus, wild B. juncea and their transgenic and non-transgenic hybrids. The seeds were sown in a field at various plant densities. Globally, small-seeded plants had delayed flowering, lower biomass, fewer flowers and seeds, and a lower thousand-seed weight. The seed-size effect varied among plant types but was not affected by plant density. There was no negative effect of seed size in hybrids, but it was correlated with reduced growth for both parents.\r\nConclusions: Our results imply that the risk of further gene flow would probably not be mitigated by the small size of transgenic hybrid seeds. No fitness cost was detected to be associated with the Bt-transgene in this study.', 'en_US'),
(4232, 'Modelling gene flow between fields of white clover with honeybees as pollen vectors.', 'The portion-dilution model is a parametric restatement of the conventional view of animal pollination; it predicts the level of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal. In this study, the model was applied to white clover (Trifolium repens) and its most frequent pollinator, the honeybee (Apis mellifera). One of the three parameters in the portion-dilution model is the mean number of flowers a pollinator visits in one foraging bout. An alternative method to estimate this parameter was developed that was not depending on pollinator hive-seeking behaviour. The new estimation method, based on nectar collection, seems to be a good alternative, when reliable observation on visiting behaviour of pollinators is not possible. The gene flow in white clover was modelled. Where fields were assumed to be well separated, and only a low fraction of bees travelled between fields, the gene flow was estimated to be 0.7%, but subjected to large uncertainty. In a worst case scenario with adjacent fields—one with a genetically modified (GM) T. repens cultivar and the other with a conventional T. repens cultivar—and where all arriving bees were expected to transfer GM pollen, the median gene flow was modelled to be 7% with an estimated 95% percentile of 70%. The results show that the European Union threshold limit of 0.9% GM admixture for food and feed will likely be exceeded at times and especially organic farmers that do not accept GM admixture and often have clover and clover–grass fields might face challenges with admixture of GM.', 'en_US'),
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INSERT INTO `bibliography_journal_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `description`, `locale`) VALUES
(1, 'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(2, 'Journal of the American Oil Chemists'' Society', '', 'en_US'),
(3, 'HortScience', '', 'en_US'),
(4, 'Nature', '', 'en_US'),
(5, 'Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(6, 'Journal of Animal Science', '', 'en_US'),
(7, 'Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology', '', 'en_US'),
(8, 'FEBS Letters', '', 'en_US'),
(9, 'Federal Register', '', 'en_US'),
(10, 'Food Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(11, 'The Toxicologist', '', 'en_US'),
(12, 'Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology', '', 'en_US'),
(13, 'Plant Breeding', '', 'en_US'),
(14, 'Nature Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(15, 'Journal of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(16, 'European Food Research and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(17, 'Plant Physiology Supplement', '', 'en_US'),
(18, 'Journal of Invertebrate Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(19, 'Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications', '', 'en_US'),
(20, 'Crop Science', '', 'en_US'),
(21, 'Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(22, 'Trends in Food Science & Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(23, 'Plant Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(24, 'Allergy', '', 'en_US'),
(25, 'Toxicological Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(26, 'Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(27, 'Lancet', '', 'en_US'),
(28, 'Poultry Science', '', 'en_US'),
(29, 'Bio/Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(30, 'Journal of Economic Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(31, 'Environmental Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(32, 'Agronomy Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(33, 'Science', '', 'en_US'),
(34, 'Farm Management', '', 'en_US'),
(35, 'Plant Molecular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(36, 'Feedstuffs', '', 'en_US'),
(37, 'Food Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(38, 'In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant', '', 'en_US'),
(39, 'Food Control', '', 'en_US'),
(40, 'American Journal of Clinical Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(41, 'Mais', '', 'en_US'),
(42, 'Journal of Dairy Science', '', 'en_US'),
(43, 'Maydica', '', 'en_US'),
(44, 'Phytopathology', '', 'en_US'),
(45, 'Plant Disease', '', 'en_US'),
(46, 'American Phytopathological Society APSnet Plant Pathology On-Line', '', 'en_US'),
(47, 'Biotech in Brief', '', 'en_US'),
(48, 'British Journal of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(49, 'Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B: Livestock Feeds and Feeding', '', 'en_US'),
(50, 'Trends in Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(51, 'Cereal Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(52, 'Molecular Genetics and Genomics', '', 'en_US'),
(53, 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(54, 'Applied and Environmental Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(55, 'Transgenic Research', '', 'en_US'),
(56, 'Theoretical and Applied Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(57, 'Euphytica', '', 'en_US'),
(58, 'FEMS Microbiology Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(59, 'Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes', '', 'en_US'),
(60, 'Applied Plant Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(61, 'Biocontrol Science and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(62, 'Trends in Ecology and Evolution', '', 'en_US'),
(63, 'Molecular Biology in Crop Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(64, 'Journal of Environmental Monitoring', '', 'en_US'),
(65, 'Functional Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(66, 'Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech', '', 'en_US'),
(67, 'Ecological Applications', '', 'en_US'),
(68, 'Journal of Vegetation Science', '', 'en_US'),
(69, 'Molecular Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(70, 'Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(71, 'Eucarpia', '', 'en_US'),
(72, 'Biotechnology and Development Monitor', '', 'en_US'),
(73, 'Sexual Plant Reproduction', '', 'en_US'),
(74, 'OIKOS', '', 'en_US'),
(75, 'Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics', '', 'en_US'),
(76, 'Oppdragsmelding', '', 'en_US'),
(77, 'Field Crops Research', '', 'en_US'),
(78, 'Trends in Plant Science', '', 'en_US'),
(79, 'American Journal of Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(80, 'Conservation Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(81, 'Molecular Breeding', '', 'en_US'),
(82, 'Biological Conservation', '', 'en_US'),
(83, 'Journal of Applied Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(84, 'Weeds', '', 'en_US'),
(85, 'Applied Soil Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(86, 'Recent Research Developments in Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(87, 'Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata', '', 'en_US'),
(88, 'Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura', '', 'en_US'),
(89, 'Antenna', '', 'en_US'),
(90, 'Pedobiologia', '', 'en_US'),
(91, 'Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference', '', 'en_US'),
(92, 'Acta Gossypii Sinica', '', 'en_US'),
(93, 'Canadian Journal of Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(94, 'Soil Biology and Biochemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(95, 'Current Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(96, 'Journal of Cotton Science', '', 'en_US'),
(97, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : Series B : Biological sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(98, 'Bioscience', '', 'en_US'),
(99, 'Annual Review of Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(100, 'American Journal of Potato Research', '', 'en_US'),
(101, 'Pesticide Science', '', 'en_US'),
(102, 'Seminars in Virology', '', 'en_US'),
(103, 'Molecular Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(104, 'Virus Research', '', 'en_US'),
(105, 'FDA Veterinarian Newsletter', '', 'en_US'),
(106, 'Food and Chemical Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(107, 'Natural Toxins', '', 'en_US'),
(108, 'Journal of Applied Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(109, 'Advances in Food Nutrition Research', '', 'en_US'),
(110, 'Nutrition Research', '', 'en_US'),
(111, 'Food and Agricultural Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(112, 'Toxicology Letters', '', 'en_US'),
(113, 'Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture', '', 'en_US'),
(114, 'Journal of Medicinal Food', '', 'en_US'),
(115, 'Current Problems in Paediatrics', '', 'en_US'),
(116, 'International Rice Research Notes', '', 'en_US'),
(117, 'ISAAA Briefs', '', 'en_US'),
(118, 'Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America', '', 'en_US'),
(119, 'Annual Review of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(120, 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', '', 'en_US'),
(121, 'Trends in Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(122, 'Economic Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(123, 'Pest Management Science', '', 'en_US'),
(124, 'Agribusiness', '', 'en_US'),
(125, 'American Journal of Agricultural Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(126, 'AgBioForum', '', 'en_US'),
(127, 'Current Opinion in Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(128, 'Agricultural Outlook', '', 'en_US'),
(129, 'Weed Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(130, 'Economic Perspectives', '', 'en_US'),
(131, 'Annals of Applied Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(132, 'British Sugar Beet Review', '', 'en_US'),
(133, 'Technical Report', '', 'en_US'),
(134, 'Diversity', '', 'en_US'),
(135, 'Washington Legal Foundation Critical Legal Issues: Working Paper Series', '', 'en_US'),
(136, 'Lipids', '', 'en_US'),
(137, 'Nutrition Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(138, 'BioDrugs', '', 'en_US'),
(139, 'FASEB Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(140, 'Scientific American', '', 'en_US'),
(141, 'Nutrition Today', '', 'en_US'),
(142, 'Vaccine', '', 'en_US'),
(143, 'Journal of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics', '', 'en_US'),
(144, 'Plant Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(145, 'Biotechnology Advances', '', 'en_US'),
(146, 'Nature Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(147, 'Journal of Infectious Diseases', '', 'en_US'),
(148, 'Agriculture Research Service Magazine', '', 'en_US'),
(149, 'Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs', '', 'en_US'),
(150, 'Genome', '', 'en_US'),
(151, 'African Crop Science Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(152, 'Archives of Virology', '', 'en_US'),
(153, 'Journal of Virology', '', 'en_US'),
(154, 'Agricultural Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(155, 'Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(156, 'Electronic Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(157, 'Apidologie', '', 'en_US'),
(158, 'Environmental Science and Pollution Research International', '', 'en_US'),
(159, 'Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(160, 'Acta Botanica Neerlandica', '', 'en_US'),
(161, 'Australia New Zealand Journal of Public Health', '', 'en_US'),
(162, 'International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health', '', 'en_US'),
(163, 'Journal of Commercial Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(164, 'Heredity', '', 'en_US'),
(165, 'Developmental Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(166, 'International Journal of Food Science and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(167, 'Journal of General Virology', '', 'en_US'),
(168, 'American Potato Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(169, 'Planta', '', 'en_US'),
(170, 'New England Journal of Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(171, 'Molecular Plant Pathology On-Line', '', 'en_US'),
(172, 'International Archives of Allergy and Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(173, 'Biotechnology and Bioengineering', '', 'en_US'),
(174, 'Current Opinion in Plant Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(175, 'FEMS Microbiology Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(176, 'Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica Supplement', '', 'en_US'),
(177, 'Food Additives and Contaminants', '', 'en_US'),
(178, 'Research in Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(179, 'Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(180, 'Annual Review of Phytopathology', '', 'en_US'),
(181, 'Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(182, 'Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(183, 'Annual Review of Plant Molecular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(184, 'Oecologia', '', 'en_US'),
(185, 'Pesticide Outlook', '', 'en_US'),
(186, 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition - Supplement', '', 'en_US'),
(187, 'Agricultural Economic Report', '', 'en_US'),
(188, 'Journal of AOAC International', '', 'en_US'),
(189, 'Analytica Chimica Acta', '', 'en_US'),
(190, 'Outlook on Agriculture', '', 'en_US'),
(191, 'Acta Horticulturae', '', 'en_US'),
(192, 'Opportunities for Molecular Biology in Crop Production', '', 'en_US'),
(193, 'Journal of Experimental Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(194, 'Biological Research', '', 'en_US'),
(195, 'Appetite', '', 'en_US'),
(196, 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(197, 'Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', '', 'en_US'),
(198, 'Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(199, 'FDA Consumer', '', 'en_US'),
(200, 'Current Allergy and Asthma Reports', '', 'en_US'),
(201, 'Environmental Health Perspectives', '', 'en_US'),
(202, 'Environmental Science and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(203, 'Food and Drug Law Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(204, 'Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism', '', 'en_US'),
(205, 'Biomedical and Environmental Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(206, 'Biotechniques', '', 'en_US'),
(207, 'Medical Anthropology Quarterly', '', 'en_US'),
(208, 'Nature Review of Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(209, 'Risk Analysis', '', 'en_US'),
(210, 'International Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(211, 'Medical Journal of Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(212, 'Revista Española De Salud Publica', '', 'en_US'),
(213, 'British Medical Bulletin', '', 'en_US'),
(214, 'International Journal of Food Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(215, 'British Medical Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(216, 'Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(217, 'Yakugaku Zasshi', '', 'en_US'),
(218, 'Molecular and General Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(219, 'Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(220, 'Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(221, 'Chinese Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(222, 'International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(223, 'Acta Virologica', '', 'en_US'),
(224, 'Bulletin de l''Académie Nationale de Médecine', '', 'en_US'),
(225, 'Journal of the American Medical Association', '', 'en_US'),
(226, 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(227, 'Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(228, 'Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research', '', 'en_US'),
(229, 'Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(230, 'Weed Research', '', 'en_US'),
(231, 'Feed Compounder', '', 'en_US'),
(232, 'Biofutur', '', 'en_US'),
(233, 'Gewasbescherming', '', 'en_US'),
(234, 'Chemistry and Industry', '', 'en_US'),
(235, 'Russian Journal of Plant Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(236, 'Agrarforschung', '', 'en_US'),
(237, 'Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics', '', 'en_US'),
(238, 'Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz', '', 'en_US'),
(239, 'Plant Protection Quarterly', '', 'en_US'),
(240, 'New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science', '', 'en_US'),
(241, 'Annales de Zootechnie', '', 'en_US'),
(242, 'Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease', '', 'en_US'),
(243, 'Australian Journal of Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(244, 'Plant Science', '', 'en_US'),
(245, 'International Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(246, 'Journal of Environment and Development', '', 'en_US'),
(247, 'Critical Reviews in Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(248, 'Cereal Foods World', '', 'en_US'),
(249, 'Journal of New Seeds', '', 'en_US'),
(250, 'Informe Agropecuario (Belo Horizonte)', '', 'en_US'),
(251, 'Farm & Food', '', 'en_US'),
(252, 'Agrarwirtschaft', '', 'en_US'),
(253, 'Canadian Journal of Plant Science', '', 'en_US'),
(254, 'Florida Entomologist', '', 'en_US'),
(255, 'International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(256, 'Research Series - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station', '', 'en_US'),
(257, 'California Agriculture', '', 'en_US'),
(258, 'SCN News', '', 'en_US'),
(259, 'Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(260, 'Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition/Naringsforskning', '', 'en_US'),
(261, 'Global Environmental Change', '', 'en_US'),
(262, 'New Genetics and Society', '', 'en_US'),
(263, 'Current Science', '', 'en_US'),
(264, 'Journal of Food and Drug Analysis', '', 'en_US'),
(265, 'EMBO Reports', '', 'en_US'),
(266, 'Comptes Rendus de l''Academie d''Agriculture de France', '', 'en_US'),
(267, 'Journal of Entomological Science', '', 'en_US'),
(268, 'Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England', '', 'en_US'),
(269, 'Alimentaria', '', 'en_US'),
(270, 'OCL - Oleagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides', '', 'en_US'),
(271, 'Journal of International Development', '', 'en_US'),
(272, 'Journal of Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(273, 'Crop Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(274, 'Phytoprotection', '', 'en_US'),
(275, 'World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(276, 'Aspects of Applied Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(277, 'Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(278, 'Ecosystem Health', '', 'en_US'),
(279, 'Hereditas (Landskrona)', '', 'en_US'),
(280, 'Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (Universidad de Buenos Aires)', '', 'en_US'),
(281, 'NATO Science Series Series A: Life Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(282, 'Silvae Genetica', '', 'en_US'),
(283, 'Integrated Pest Management Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(284, 'Global Issues Series', '', 'en_US'),
(285, 'Microbial Interactions in Agriculture and Forestry Vol 2', '', 'en_US'),
(286, 'Genes and Development', '', 'en_US'),
(287, 'Historia, Ciencias, Saude - Manguinhos', '', 'en_US'),
(288, 'Food Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(289, 'FEMS Microbiology Letters', '', 'en_US'),
(290, 'World Farmers'' Times', '', 'en_US'),
(291, 'Journal of Environmental Quality', '', 'en_US'),
(292, 'AgBiotechNet', '', 'en_US'),
(293, 'Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions', '', 'en_US'),
(294, 'Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(295, 'Current Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(296, 'Basic and Applied Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(297, 'Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau', '', 'en_US'),
(298, 'Journal of Insect Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(299, 'Ernahrungsforschung', '', 'en_US'),
(300, 'Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center - Special Circular', '', 'en_US'),
(301, 'Journal of Plant Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(302, 'Australian Cottongrower', '', 'en_US'),
(303, 'Current Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(304, 'Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety', '', 'en_US'),
(305, 'International Forestry Review', '', 'en_US'),
(306, 'World Development', '', 'en_US'),
(307, 'Microbiological Research', '', 'en_US'),
(308, 'Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture', '', 'en_US'),
(309, 'Journal of Food Science', '', 'en_US'),
(310, 'Plant Cell Reports', '', 'en_US'),
(311, 'Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(312, 'Agroanalysis', '', 'en_US'),
(313, 'Annals of Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(314, 'Australasian Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(315, 'Cerevisia', '', 'en_US'),
(316, 'Seed Science Research', '', 'en_US'),
(317, 'Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(318, 'American Naturalist', '', 'en_US'),
(319, 'Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics', '', 'en_US'),
(320, 'Agrolinks', '', 'en_US'),
(321, 'Weed Science', '', 'en_US'),
(322, 'Weed Biology and Management', '', 'en_US'),
(323, 'Australian Journal of Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(324, 'Journal of Plant Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(325, 'Journal of Intellectual Property Rights', '', 'en_US'),
(326, 'Southwestern Entomologist', '', 'en_US'),
(327, 'International Journal of Pest Management', '', 'en_US'),
(328, 'South African Journal of Plant and Soil', '', 'en_US'),
(329, 'Mitteilungen aus Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene', '', 'en_US'),
(330, 'Human and Ecological Risk Assessment', '', 'en_US'),
(331, 'Molecular Ecology Notes', '', 'en_US'),
(332, 'Food Technology and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(333, 'Informatore Agrario', '', 'en_US'),
(334, 'European Journal of Plant Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(335, 'Economic and Political Weekly', '', 'en_US'),
(336, 'Current Opinion in Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(337, 'Archives of Animal Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(338, 'Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice', '', 'en_US'),
(339, 'Environment and Development Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(340, 'Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(341, 'Environmental Conservation', '', 'en_US'),
(342, 'Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung', '', 'en_US'),
(343, 'Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(344, 'Vegetable Science', '', 'en_US'),
(345, 'Economic Policy', '', 'en_US'),
(346, 'Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(347, 'Hereditas (Beijing)', '', 'en_US'),
(348, 'Cellular and Molecular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(349, 'Food Research International', '', 'en_US'),
(350, 'International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research', '', 'en_US'),
(351, 'Fish and Fisheries', '', 'en_US'),
(352, 'BioControl', '', 'en_US'),
(353, 'Fertiliser News', '', 'en_US'),
(354, 'European Review of Agricultural Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(355, 'Feed International', '', 'en_US'),
(356, 'Forestry Chronicle', '', 'en_US'),
(357, 'Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(358, 'Livestock Production Science', '', 'en_US'),
(359, 'Food Policy', '', 'en_US'),
(360, 'Advances in Agronomy', '', 'en_US'),
(361, 'Entomological Knowledge', '', 'en_US'),
(362, 'Journal of Nematology', '', 'en_US'),
(363, 'Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B', '', 'en_US'),
(364, 'International Journal of Plant Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(365, 'AMBIO', '', 'en_US'),
(366, 'Plant Biotechnology Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(367, 'Journal of Applied Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(368, 'Journal of Agricultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(369, 'Resistant Pest Management Newsletter', '', 'en_US'),
(370, 'Annals of Saudi Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(371, 'Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(372, 'Feed Mix', '', 'en_US'),
(373, 'Clinical and Experimental Allergy', '', 'en_US'),
(374, 'Virus Genes', '', 'en_US'),
(375, 'Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics', '', 'en_US'),
(376, 'Social Studies of Science', '', 'en_US'),
(377, 'Journal of Food Products Marketing', '', 'en_US'),
(378, 'Journal of Agribusiness', '', 'en_US'),
(379, 'Environmental and Resource Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(380, 'Antonie van Leeuwenhoek', '', 'en_US'),
(381, 'Journal of Aquatic Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(382, 'Zoological Studies', '', 'en_US'),
(383, 'Journal of Plant Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(384, 'Agriculture Information Bulletin - United States Department of Agriculture', '', 'en_US'),
(385, 'Journal of Commodity Science', '', 'en_US'),
(386, 'Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(387, 'Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(388, 'Food Quality and Preference', '', 'en_US'),
(389, 'Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(390, 'Toxicon', '', 'en_US'),
(391, 'Ecology Letters', '', 'en_US'),
(392, 'Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health', '', 'en_US'),
(393, 'Journal of the Chinese Society for Horticultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(394, 'Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(395, 'Toxicologic Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(396, 'EFI Proceedings', '', 'en_US'),
(397, 'Biochemical Society Transactions', '', 'en_US'),
(398, 'Asian Biotechnology and Development Review', '', 'en_US'),
(399, 'Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing', '', 'en_US'),
(400, 'Food Service Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(401, 'Technical Bulletin - Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development', '', 'en_US'),
(402, 'Journal of Food Engineering', '', 'en_US'),
(403, 'Review of Agricultural Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(404, 'Technical Bulletin - Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station', '', 'en_US'),
(405, 'Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(406, 'DJF Rapport, Markburg', '', 'en_US'),
(407, 'Gesunde Pflanzen', '', 'en_US'),
(408, 'Acta Agronomica Hungarica', '', 'en_US'),
(409, 'Phytoma', '', 'en_US'),
(410, 'Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi = Journal of the Food Hygienics Society of Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(411, 'Acta Alimentaria', '', 'en_US'),
(412, 'Journal of Veterinary Medical Science', '', 'en_US'),
(413, 'Revue Française d''Allergologie et d''Immunologie Clinique', '', 'en_US'),
(414, 'Food and Nutrition Bulletin', '', 'en_US'),
(415, 'Journal of the American Dietetic Association', '', 'en_US'),
(416, 'Planta Daninha', '', 'en_US'),
(417, 'Infection and Immunity', '', 'en_US'),
(418, 'Tecnica Molitoria', '', 'en_US'),
(419, 'Ecotoxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(420, 'British Food Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(421, 'Animal Welfare', '', 'en_US'),
(422, 'Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(423, 'Phytochemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(424, 'Biochimie', '', 'en_US'),
(425, 'Journal of Food Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(426, 'Journal of Evolutionary Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(427, 'Ecological Modelling', '', 'en_US'),
(428, 'Aquaculture Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(429, 'Environmental Biosafety Research', '', 'en_US'),
(430, 'World''s Poultry Science Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(431, 'Revista de Nutricao', '', 'en_US'),
(432, 'Economie Rurale', '', 'en_US'),
(433, 'Science in China Series C - Life Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(434, 'Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung', '', 'en_US'),
(435, 'JAALD, Bulletin of the Japan Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists', '', 'en_US'),
(436, 'National Journal of Plant Improvement', '', 'en_US'),
(437, 'New Phytologist', '', 'en_US'),
(438, 'Seed Testing International', '', 'en_US'),
(439, 'Indian Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(440, 'New Medit', '', 'en_US'),
(441, 'Chinese Journal of Biological Control', '', 'en_US'),
(442, 'Journal of Plant Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(443, 'Journal of Northeast Forestry University', '', 'en_US'),
(444, 'International Journal of Sustainble Develeopment and World Ecology', '', 'en_US'),
(445, 'Agricultural Sciences in China', '', 'en_US'),
(446, 'Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent', '', 'en_US'),
(447, 'Discussion Paper Series - Centre for Economic Policy Research', '', 'en_US'),
(448, 'Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(449, 'National Medical Journal of India', '', 'en_US'),
(450, 'Journal of Rural Development', '', 'en_US'),
(451, 'Nutrition and Health', '', 'en_US'),
(452, 'Review of African Political Economy', '', 'en_US'),
(453, 'Fisheries Research', '', 'en_US'),
(454, 'Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(455, 'Canadian Journal of Forest Research', '', 'en_US'),
(456, 'Journal of Jilin Agricultural University', '', 'en_US'),
(457, 'Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology', '', 'en_US'),
(458, 'Biology and Fertility of Soils', '', 'en_US'),
(459, 'Journal of Crop Production: Agriculture management in global context', '', 'en_US'),
(460, 'European Journal of Soil Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(461, 'European Journal of Soil Science', '', 'en_US'),
(462, 'Journal of the Lepidopterists'' Society', '', 'en_US'),
(463, 'International Journal of Phytoremediation', '', 'en_US'),
(464, 'Bee World', '', 'en_US'),
(465, 'International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(466, 'Accreditation and Quality Assurance', '', 'en_US'),
(467, 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(468, 'Food Reviews International', '', 'en_US'),
(469, 'Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety', '', 'en_US'),
(470, 'Journal of Cleaner Production', '', 'en_US'),
(471, 'Ecological Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(472, 'Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(473, 'European Journal of Agronomy', '', 'en_US'),
(474, 'Grower', '', 'en_US'),
(475, 'NABC Report', '', 'en_US'),
(476, 'Biodiversity and Conservation', '', 'en_US'),
(477, 'Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(478, 'Ecological Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(479, 'Nutrition Research Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(480, 'Molecules and Cells', '', 'en_US'),
(481, 'Development Polciy Review', '', 'en_US'),
(482, 'Proteomics', '', 'en_US'),
(483, 'Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science', '', 'en_US'),
(484, 'Plant Health Progress', '', 'en_US'),
(485, 'Environmental Law and Management', '', 'en_US'),
(486, 'Australian Journal of Agricultural Research', '', 'en_US'),
(487, 'Ethology', '', 'en_US'),
(488, 'Journal of Applied Ichthyology', '', 'en_US'),
(489, 'Experimental and Applied Acarology', '', 'en_US'),
(490, 'Hydrobiologia', '', 'en_US'),
(491, 'Journal of the World Aquaculture Society', '', 'en_US'),
(492, 'Marine Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(493, 'Biological Control', '', 'en_US'),
(494, 'The Florida Entomologist', '', 'en_US'),
(495, 'Ecological Monographs', '', 'en_US'),
(496, 'Progress in Natural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(497, 'Genetics', '', 'en_US'),
(498, 'Systematic Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(499, 'Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution', '', 'en_US'),
(500, 'Botanica Helvetica', '', 'en_US'),
(501, 'International Journal of Remote Sensing', '', 'en_US'),
(502, 'Joural of Insect Physiology', '', 'en_US'),
(503, 'Molecular Nutrition & Food Research', '', 'en_US'),
(504, 'Journal of Crop Improvement', '', 'en_US'),
(505, 'The European Food Safety Authority Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(506, 'Plant and Soil', '', 'en_US'),
(507, 'Bulletin de l''OIV', '', 'en_US'),
(508, 'Transactions of the American Fisheries Society', '', 'en_US'),
(509, 'Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism', '', 'en_US'),
(510, 'Biology of Reproduction', '', 'en_US'),
(511, 'China Cotton', '', 'en_US'),
(512, 'European Journal of Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(513, 'Bulletin of the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region', '', 'en_US'),
(514, 'Molecular and Cellular Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(515, 'Journal of Insect Conservation', '', 'en_US'),
(516, 'Bulletin of Marine Science', '', 'en_US'),
(517, 'Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly', '', 'en_US'),
(518, 'Journal of Applied Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(519, 'IDS Bulletin', '', 'en_US'),
(520, 'Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica C', '', 'en_US'),
(521, 'Journal of Theoretical Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(522, 'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment', '', 'en_US'),
(523, 'Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society', '', 'en_US'),
(524, 'Eurpean Journal of Agronomy', '', 'en_US'),
(525, 'Journal of Environmental Planning and Management', '', 'en_US'),
(526, 'Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(527, 'Soil Biology & Biochemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(528, 'Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(529, 'Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(530, 'Environmental Pollution', '', 'en_US'),
(531, 'Environmental Impact Assessment Review', '', 'en_US'),
(532, 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(533, 'Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(534, 'Agricultural Research', '', 'en_US'),
(535, 'Aquatic Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(536, 'Comments on Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(537, 'Archives of Pharmacal Research', '', 'en_US'),
(538, 'Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications', '', 'en_US'),
(539, 'Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica', '', 'en_US'),
(540, 'Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy', '', 'en_US'),
(541, 'Sciences des Aliments', '', 'en_US'),
(542, 'African Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(543, 'Animal Feed Science and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(544, 'The Journal of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(545, 'Insect Science', '', 'en_US'),
(546, 'Nutrition and Food Science', '', 'en_US'),
(547, 'Environmental Science and Policy', '', 'en_US'),
(548, 'International Journal of Consumer Studies', '', 'en_US'),
(549, 'International Journal of Tropical Insect Science', '', 'en_US'),
(550, 'Biotechnology Progress', '', 'en_US'),
(551, 'Journal of International Biotechnology Law', '', 'en_US'),
(552, 'Food Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(553, 'Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal', '', 'en_US'),
(554, 'Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica', '', 'en_US'),
(555, 'Agriculture and Forest Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(556, 'Geoderma', '', 'en_US'),
(557, 'Trees - Structure and Function', '', 'en_US'),
(558, 'Journal of Rural Studies', '', 'en_US'),
(559, 'Journal European Food Research and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(560, 'Journal of Environmental Management', '', 'en_US'),
(561, 'Ecosystems', '', 'en_US'),
(562, 'Information Systems for Biotechnology (ISB) News Report', '', 'en_US'),
(563, 'Journal of Food Composition and Analysis', '', 'en_US'),
(564, 'Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science', '', 'en_US'),
(565, 'Biotechnology Law Report', '', 'en_US'),
(566, 'International Journal of Technology and Globalisation', '', 'en_US'),
(567, 'Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(568, 'Biology Letters', '', 'en_US'),
(569, 'Yonsei Medical Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(570, 'International Journal of Green Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(571, 'CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources', '', 'en_US'),
(572, 'Bulletin of Entomological Research', '', 'en_US'),
(573, 'Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science', '', 'en_US'),
(574, 'Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(575, 'Journal of Pest Science', '', 'en_US'),
(576, 'Seedling', '', 'en_US'),
(577, 'EuroChoices', '', 'en_US'),
(578, 'Meat International', '', 'en_US'),
(579, 'Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(580, 'International Journal of Zoological Research', '', 'en_US'),
(581, 'Bioresource Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(582, 'Journal of Agricultural Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(583, 'Pedosphere', '', 'en_US'),
(584, 'Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit', '', 'en_US'),
(585, 'Canadian Journal of Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(586, 'Nutrition Bulletin', '', 'en_US'),
(587, 'Scientia Agricola', '', 'en_US'),
(588, 'Biotechnology Journal', '', 'en_US'),
(589, 'International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health', '', 'en_US'),
(590, 'Lab Animal', '', 'en_US'),
(591, 'Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(592, 'Genetics and Molecular Research', '', 'en_US'),
(593, 'Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(594, 'Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B', '', 'en_US'),
(595, 'Journal of Business Ethics', '', 'en_US'),
(596, 'Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics', '', 'en_US'),
(597, 'Agricultur and Human Values', '', 'en_US'),
(598, 'Theriogenology', '', 'en_US'),
(599, 'ISHS Acta Horticulturae', '', 'en_US'),
(600, 'Society & Natural Resources', '', 'en_US'),
(601, 'Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(602, 'Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(603, 'Bulletin of Insectology', '', 'en_US'),
(604, 'Journal of Food Distribution Research', '', 'en_US'),
(605, 'Entomologica Fennica', '', 'en_US'),
(606, 'Agronomy for Sustainable Development', '', 'en_US'),
(607, 'Agrociencia', '', 'en_US'),
(608, 'Ecology and Society', '', 'en_US'),
(609, 'Journal of Tropical Microbiology and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(610, 'Australasian Plant Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(611, 'Ecography', '', 'en_US'),
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INSERT INTO `bibliography_publisher_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `description`, `locale`) VALUES
(1, 'Professional Animal Scientist', '', 'en_US'),
(2, 'Monsanto Company', '', 'en_US'),
(3, 'Transgenic Research', '', 'en_US'),
(4, 'Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India', '', 'en_US'),
(5, 'Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India', '', 'en_US'),
(6, 'United States Patent', '', 'en_US'),
(7, 'International Patent Application', '', 'en_US'),
(8, 'US Patent Application Publication', '', 'en_US'),
(9, 'US Patent Application Document', '', 'en_US'),
(10, 'US Patent Application Publication Number', '', 'en_US'),
(11, 'Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', '', 'en_US'),
(12, 'Weed Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(13, 'AVI Publishing, Westpoint, Connecticut.', '', 'en_US'),
(14, 'World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme of Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva', '', 'en_US'),
(15, 'p6', '', 'en_US'),
(16, 'American Chemical Society', '', 'en_US'),
(17, 'University of California', '', 'en_US'),
(18, 'Federal Institute of Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(19, 'AOCS (American Oil Chemists Society)', '', 'en_US'),
(20, 'American Society for Horticultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(21, 'Nature Publishing Group', '', 'en_US'),
(22, 'Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(23, 'American Society of Animal Science', '', 'en_US'),
(24, 'Slack Incorporated', '', 'en_US'),
(25, 'Elsevier Science B.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(26, 'National Research Council', '', 'en_US'),
(27, 'National Academy Press', '', 'en_US'),
(28, 'Government Printing Office', '', 'en_US'),
(29, 'IFT (Institute of Food Technologists)', '', 'en_US'),
(30, 'Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)', '', 'en_US'),
(31, 'Taylor & Francis Group', '', 'en_US'),
(32, 'Society of Toxicology', '', 'en_US'),
(33, 'Harcourt (a member of Elsevier group)', '', 'en_US'),
(34, 'Environmental Protection Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(35, 'CABI Publishing (2000 onward, Blackwell Publishing)', '', 'en_US'),
(36, 'American Society for Nutritional Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(37, 'Springer-Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(38, 'American Society of Plant Biologists', '', 'en_US'),
(39, 'Crop Science Society of America, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(40, 'Harcourt b. (a member of Elsevier)', '', 'en_US'),
(41, 'Toxicology Forum Inc., Washington, DC', '', 'en_US'),
(42, 'Karger, Basel', '', 'en_US'),
(43, 'Elsevier Science', '', 'en_US'),
(44, 'Blackwell Science Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(45, 'Culinary and Hospitality Industry Publications Services (CHIPS)', '', 'en_US'),
(46, 'VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH', '', 'en_US'),
(47, 'Federal Institute of Conumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(48, 'Blackwell Science Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(49, 'Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, CGIAR', '', 'en_US'),
(50, 'Berlin, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(51, 'Taylor and Francis', '', 'en_US'),
(52, 'Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)', '', 'en_US'),
(53, 'Elsevier', '', 'en_US'),
(54, 'Poultry Science Association Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(55, 'University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources', '', 'en_US'),
(56, 'Marcel Dekker, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(57, 'Oakland, California, United States', '', 'en_US'),
(58, 'Entomological Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(59, 'American Society of Agronomy', '', 'en_US'),
(60, 'American Phytopathological Society (APS Press)', '', 'en_US'),
(61, 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', '', 'en_US'),
(62, 'TEAGASC', '', 'en_US'),
(63, 'Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(64, 'Miller Publishing Company', '', 'en_US'),
(65, 'Library of Congress', '', 'en_US'),
(66, 'CABI Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(67, 'American Society for Clinical Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(68, 'Iowa State University', '', 'en_US'),
(69, 'Iowa State University Extension', '', 'en_US'),
(70, 'American Dairy Science Association', '', 'en_US'),
(71, 'VDLUFA-Kongress', '', 'en_US'),
(72, 'Wageninen Academic Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(73, 'Maydica', '', 'en_US'),
(74, 'American Phytopathological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(75, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.I.', '', 'en_US'),
(76, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.l.', '', 'en_US'),
(77, 'UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food', '', 'en_US'),
(78, 'American Association of Cereal Chemists', '', 'en_US'),
(79, 'National Academy of Science', '', 'en_US'),
(80, 'American Society for Microbiology (ASM)', '', 'en_US'),
(81, 'Nordic Council of Ministers', '', 'en_US'),
(82, 'University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan', '', 'en_US'),
(83, 'Science Publishers Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(84, 'Eugen Ulmer GmbH & CO.', '', 'en_US'),
(85, 'Butterworth-Heinemann', '', 'en_US'),
(86, 'Chapman & Hall', '', 'en_US'),
(87, 'Science Publishers, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(88, 'Taylor & Francis Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(89, 'Chapman & Hall (now managed by Kluwer Academic Publishers)', '', 'en_US'),
(90, 'Royal Society of Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(91, 'Blackwell Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(92, 'TeknoScienze Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(93, 'Ecological Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(94, 'Opulus Press', '', 'en_US'),
(95, 'Birkhauser Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(96, 'Eucarpia', '', 'en_US'),
(97, 'Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and Department of the Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(98, 'John Wiley & Sons', '', 'en_US'),
(99, 'Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(100, 'Network University', '', 'en_US'),
(101, 'British Crop Protection Council', '', 'en_US'),
(102, 'Annual Reviews Inc', '', 'en_US'),
(103, 'Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA)', '', 'en_US'),
(104, 'Birkhauser Verlag AG', '', 'en_US'),
(105, 'Botanical Society of America, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(106, 'Society for Conservation Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(107, 'Weed Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University', '', 'en_US'),
(108, 'Birkhäuser-Verlag Base', '', 'en_US'),
(109, 'Cotton Foundation', '', 'en_US'),
(110, 'Research Signpost', '', 'en_US'),
(111, 'Academic Press', '', 'en_US'),
(112, 'Institute of Agricultural Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(113, 'Royal Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(114, 'University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(115, 'NRC Research Press', '', 'en_US'),
(116, 'Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(117, 'Royal Society', '', 'en_US'),
(118, 'National Academy of Science - no longer holds copyright', '', 'en_US'),
(119, 'American Institute of Biological Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(120, 'Potato Association of America', '', 'en_US'),
(121, 'University of Minnesota', '', 'en_US'),
(122, 'CAB International', '', 'en_US'),
(123, 'John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Society of Chemical Industry holds copyright)', '', 'en_US'),
(124, 'International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR)', '', 'en_US'),
(125, 'Humana Press', '', 'en_US'),
(126, 'World Health Organization (WHO)', '', 'en_US'),
(127, 'World Health Organization, Food Safety Unit', '', 'en_US'),
(128, 'Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)', '', 'en_US'),
(129, 'US Department of Food and Drug Administration', '', 'en_US'),
(130, 'FDA, Center for Veterinarian Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(131, 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)', '', 'en_US'),
(132, 'International Academy of the Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(133, 'Council for Agricultural Science and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(134, 'Alaken Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(135, 'John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(136, 'Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(137, 'John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Society for Chemical Industry holds Copyright)', '', 'en_US'),
(138, 'Mary Ann Liebert, Inc', '', 'en_US'),
(139, 'Canadian Food Inspection Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(140, 'International Rice Research Institute', '', 'en_US'),
(141, 'FDA, Dockets Mgmt. Branch', '', 'en_US'),
(142, 'ILSI Pressnternational Life Sciences Institute', '', 'en_US'),
(143, 'International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)', '', 'en_US'),
(144, 'University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(145, 'W.B. Saunders Company', '', 'en_US'),
(146, 'CRC Press LLC', '', 'en_US'),
(147, 'Elsevier Science Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(148, 'Hazard Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(149, 'Economic Botany', '', 'en_US'),
(150, 'Washington, D.C.', '', 'en_US'),
(151, 'Invergowrie, Dundee', '', 'en_US'),
(152, 'Royal Society of Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(153, 'John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Society for Chemical Industry holds Copyright)A', '', 'en_US'),
(154, 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(155, 'Economic Research Service', '', 'en_US'),
(156, 'AgBioForum', '', 'en_US'),
(157, 'Weed Science Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(158, 'National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)', '', 'en_US'),
(159, 'Food Marketing Policy Center, University of Connecticut', '', 'en_US'),
(160, 'Association of Applied Biologists', '', 'en_US'),
(161, 'British Sugar Beet Review', '', 'en_US'),
(162, 'National Environmental Research Institute', '', 'en_US'),
(163, 'Washington Legal Foundation', '', 'en_US'),
(164, 'International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI)', '', 'en_US'),
(165, 'Adis International', '', 'en_US'),
(166, 'Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)', '', 'en_US'),
(167, 'Scientific American', '', 'en_US'),
(168, 'Lippincott Williams & Wilkins', '', 'en_US'),
(169, 'Harwood Academic (Bought out by Taylor and Francis in 2001)', '', 'en_US'),
(170, 'University of Chicago Press', '', 'en_US'),
(171, 'USDA Agriculture Research Service', '', 'en_US'),
(172, 'World Bank', '', 'en_US'),
(173, 'Kluwer Academic Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(174, 'African Crop Science Society', '', 'en_US'),
(175, 'Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(176, 'Electronic Journal of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(177, 'EDP Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(178, 'Ecomed Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(179, 'Unknown', '', 'en_US'),
(180, 'Public Health Association of Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(181, 'Elsevier Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(182, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.', '', 'en_US'),
(183, 'Henry Stewart Publications', '', 'en_US'),
(184, 'Cambridge, Center for International Development and Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University.', '', 'en_US'),
(185, 'Society for General Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(186, 'Raven Press, Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(187, 'USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service', '', 'en_US'),
(188, 'New England Journal of Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(189, 'British Society for Plant Pathology', '', 'en_US'),
(190, 'S. Karger, AG', '', 'en_US'),
(191, 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company', '', 'en_US'),
(192, 'Munksgaard International Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(193, 'Taylor & Francis', '', 'en_US'),
(194, 'Codex Alimentarius Commission, World Health Organization', '', 'en_US'),
(195, 'FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel', '', 'en_US'),
(196, 'United States Environmental Protection Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(197, 'Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)', '', 'en_US'),
(198, 'Center for the Study of American Business', '', 'en_US'),
(199, 'KPMG Consulting for Steering Committee: Economic Impacts of Mandatory Food Labelling Study', '', 'en_US'),
(200, 'Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee', '', 'en_US'),
(201, 'American Council on Science and Health', '', 'en_US'),
(202, 'International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)', '', 'en_US'),
(203, 'International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Environment and Production Technology Division', '', 'en_US'),
(204, 'American College of Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(205, 'International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research - ICABR', '', 'en_US'),
(206, 'Science Publishers Inc, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(207, 'National Cotton Council', '', 'en_US'),
(208, 'USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)', '', 'en_US'),
(209, 'European Commission, Joint Research Centre', '', 'en_US'),
(210, 'AOAC International', '', 'en_US'),
(211, 'European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(212, 'European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(213, 'Elsevier Science Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(214, 'International Serivce for National Agricultural Research', '', 'en_US'),
(215, 'IP Publishing Limited, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(216, 'International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)', '', 'en_US'),
(217, 'BCPC Mongraph', '', 'en_US'),
(218, 'Oxford University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(219, 'Sociedad de Biologia de Chile', '', 'en_US'),
(220, 'Elsevier Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(221, 'New York Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(222, 'Nutrition Society', '', 'en_US'),
(223, 'FDA', '', 'en_US'),
(224, 'Current Science Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(225, 'National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(226, 'Food and Drug Law Institute', '', 'en_US'),
(227, 'Academic Press Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(228, 'Eaton Publishing Co.', '', 'en_US'),
(229, 'American Anthropological Association', '', 'en_US'),
(230, 'Australasian Medical Publishing Company', '', 'en_US'),
(231, 'Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo', '', 'en_US'),
(232, 'Oxford Press for The British Council', '', 'en_US'),
(233, 'BMJ Publishing Group', '', 'en_US'),
(234, 'Pharmaceutical Society of Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(235, 'Intercept Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(236, 'Allerton Press USA', '', 'en_US'),
(237, 'Slovak Academic Press, Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(238, 'Académie Nationale de Médecine', '', 'en_US'),
(239, 'American Medical Association', '', 'en_US'),
(240, 'National Institute of Science Communication & Information Resources (India)', '', 'en_US'),
(241, 'Science Press, China', '', 'en_US'),
(242, 'Pentlands Publishing Limited', '', 'en_US'),
(243, 'Elsevier, Paris', '', 'en_US'),
(244, 'Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging, Wageningen, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(245, 'Society of Chemical Industry', '', 'en_US'),
(246, 'Elsevier Science Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(247, 'International Academic Publishing Company (IAPC) - ''Interperiodica''', '', 'en_US'),
(248, 'Uknown', '', 'en_US'),
(249, 'Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Institutes', '', 'en_US'),
(250, 'American Agricultural Economics Association', '', 'en_US'),
(251, 'Landbouw-Economisch Instituut (LEI)', '', 'en_US'),
(252, 'Forest Research', '', 'en_US'),
(253, 'Taylor & Francis Health Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(254, 'CSIRO Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(255, 'Inderscience Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(256, 'Haworth Press, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(257, 'TEAGASC: The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority', '', 'en_US'),
(258, 'Verlagsgruppe Deutscher Fachverlag', '', 'en_US'),
(259, 'Agriclutural Institute of Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(260, 'Florida Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(261, 'Parthenon Publishing Group', '', 'en_US'),
(262, 'Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas', '', 'en_US'),
(263, 'ACC/SCN', '', 'en_US'),
(264, 'Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(265, 'Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Group', '', 'en_US'),
(266, 'Current Science Association', '', 'en_US'),
(267, 'National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs', '', 'en_US'),
(268, 'Academie d''Agriculture de France', '', 'en_US'),
(269, 'Georgia Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(270, 'Royal Agricultural Society of England', '', 'en_US'),
(271, 'Eypasa - Ediciones y Publicaciones', '', 'en_US'),
(272, 'John Libbey Eurotext', '', 'en_US'),
(273, 'American Association of Immunologists', '', 'en_US'),
(274, 'Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants', '', 'en_US'),
(275, 'International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium', '', 'en_US'),
(276, 'Kluwer', '', 'en_US'),
(277, 'Wageningen University and Research Centre', '', 'en_US'),
(278, 'IOS Press', '', 'en_US'),
(279, 'J.D. Sauerlander''s Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(280, 'Kluwer Academic Press', '', 'en_US'),
(281, 'Zed Books, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(282, 'Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press', '', 'en_US'),
(283, 'House of Oswaldo Cross - Oswaldo Foundation Cross (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz)', '', 'en_US'),
(284, 'Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(285, 'World Farmers'' Times Foundation', '', 'en_US'),
(286, 'Hodder & Stoughton Educational', '', 'en_US'),
(287, 'Urban & Fischer', '', 'en_US'),
(288, 'Scientific Publishing House Company Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(289, 'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique', '', 'en_US'),
(290, 'Taylor and Francis Health Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(291, 'Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(292, 'Deutsches Maiskomitee', '', 'en_US'),
(293, 'Greenmount Press', '', 'en_US'),
(294, 'Elsevier B.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(295, 'Commonwealth Forestry Association', '', 'en_US'),
(296, 'Editora FGV', '', 'en_US'),
(297, 'University of Milan, Department of Food Science and Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(298, 'Australian Biotechnology Association', '', 'en_US'),
(299, 'Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium', '', 'en_US'),
(300, 'Western Agricultural Economics Research Association', '', 'en_US'),
(301, 'Crop Life Asia', '', 'en_US'),
(302, 'Italian Phytopathological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(303, 'Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India', '', 'en_US'),
(304, 'Southwestern Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(305, 'Bureau for Scientific Publications', '', 'en_US'),
(306, 'Bundesamt fur Gesundheit, Bern, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(307, 'University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(308, 'Edizioni l''Informatore Agrario Srl, Verona, Italy', '', 'en_US'),
(309, 'Economic and Political Weekly', '', 'en_US'),
(310, 'Cambridge University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(311, 'Canadian Phytopathological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(312, 'Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft e.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(313, 'Nutrition Society of Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(314, 'Indian Society of Vegetable Science, Varanasi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(315, 'Blackwell Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(316, 'Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology Trustees', '', 'en_US'),
(317, 'Editorial Office of Hereditas (Beijing), Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(318, 'C.M.B. Association', '', 'en_US'),
(319, 'Western Agricultural Economics Research Association, Logan, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(320, 'Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(321, 'Verlag Hans Huber , Bern, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(322, 'British Sugar plc, Peterborough, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(323, 'Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(324, 'Watt Publishing Company', '', 'en_US'),
(325, 'National Agricultural Biotechnology Council', '', 'en_US'),
(326, 'Current Biology Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(327, 'Agricultural Institute of Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(328, 'National Research Council of Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(329, 'Pergamon Press', '', 'en_US'),
(330, 'International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Press)', '', 'en_US'),
(331, 'Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(332, 'Society of Nematologists', '', 'en_US'),
(333, 'Oxford University Press, Cary, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(334, 'International Agricultural Research Consortium', '', 'en_US'),
(335, 'George Morris Centre', '', 'en_US'),
(336, 'CODEX Alimentarius Commission', '', 'en_US'),
(337, 'Ohio State University', '', 'en_US'),
(338, 'Virginia State University', '', 'en_US'),
(339, 'Taylor & Francis AS', '', 'en_US'),
(340, 'University of Chicago', '', 'en_US'),
(341, 'American Society of Agronomy, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(342, 'CIMMYT', '', 'en_US'),
(343, 'Birkhauser', '', 'en_US'),
(344, 'Network University (The Netherlands)', '', 'en_US'),
(345, 'Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden', '', 'en_US'),
(346, 'Crop Science Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(347, 'Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigin State University', '', 'en_US'),
(348, 'King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia', '', 'en_US'),
(349, 'Elsevier International Business Information, Doetinchem, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(350, 'Springer Verlag KG', '', 'en_US'),
(351, 'Springer Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(352, 'US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service', '', 'en_US'),
(353, 'Nature Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(354, 'Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(355, 'Elsevier Science Ltd,  Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(356, 'New Zealand Plant Protection Society', '', 'en_US'),
(357, 'Australian Cottongrower', '', 'en_US'),
(358, 'Agricultural Economics Association of Georgia, Athens, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(359, 'Botanical Society of America Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(360, 'Canadian Agrifood Trade Research Network', '', 'en_US'),
(361, 'Nigerian Association for Aquatic Sciences, Jos, Nigeria', '', 'en_US'),
(362, 'Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan', '', 'en_US'),
(363, 'US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (ERS-NASS)', '', 'en_US'),
(364, 'Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice Bologna (CLUEB), Bologna, Italy', '', 'en_US'),
(365, 'South Carolina Entomological Society Inc, Clemson, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(366, 'American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(367, 'Mosby Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(368, 'Chinese Society for Horticultural Science, Taipei, Taiwan', '', 'en_US'),
(369, 'National Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(370, 'Blackwell Publishing Asia, Carlton South, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(371, 'Society of Toxicologic Pathologists, Lawrence, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(372, 'European Forest Institute  (EFI), Joensuu, Finland', '', 'en_US'),
(373, 'Urban & Fischer Verlag GmbH &  Co. KG,  Jena, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(374, 'Portland Press, Colchester, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(375, 'Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (RIS)', '', 'en_US'),
(376, 'National Academy of Sciences, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(377, 'Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory of Australia, Darwin, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(378, 'Nature America, Inc., New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(379, 'American Agricultural Economics Association, Ames, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(380, 'Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, University of Maine, Orono, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(381, 'Poultry Science Association', '', 'en_US'),
(382, 'National Institute of Agricultural Research, France', '', 'en_US'),
(383, 'Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, Tjele, Denmark', '', 'en_US'),
(384, 'CAB International, Wallingford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(385, 'Springer-Verlag Heidelberg', '', 'en_US'),
(386, 'Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary', '', 'en_US'),
(387, 'EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, France', '', 'en_US'),
(388, 'Ruralia, Paris, France', '', 'en_US'),
(389, 'Food Hygienics Society of Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(390, 'Crop Science Society of America Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(391, 'Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, Tokyo, Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(392, 'Editions Scientifiques et Medicales Elsevier SAS, Paris, France', '', 'en_US'),
(393, 'Western Agricultural Economics Association', '', 'en_US'),
(394, 'Wiley', '', 'en_US'),
(395, 'United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(396, 'American Dietetic Association, Chicago, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(397, 'Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninhas, Londrina, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(398, 'Chiriotti Editori Spa, Pinerolo, Italy', '', 'en_US'),
(399, 'Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(400, 'Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(401, 'Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Wheathampstead, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(402, 'Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile', '', 'en_US'),
(403, 'Urban & Fischer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG', '', 'en_US'),
(404, 'Mosby, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(405, 'International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(406, 'Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(407, 'Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(408, 'Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(409, 'EDP Sciences Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(410, 'World''s Poultry Science Association, Beekbergen, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(411, 'Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(412, 'Center for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD)', '', 'en_US'),
(413, 'Earthscan Publications Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(414, 'Agribusiness & Economics Research Unit', '', 'en_US'),
(415, 'Academic Press, San Diego, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(416, 'Societe Francaise d''Economie Rurale (SFER), Paris, France', '', 'en_US'),
(417, 'Science Press, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(418, 'Ecomed Publishers, Landsberg, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(419, 'Japan Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists, Tokyo, Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(420, 'National Society of Plant Science, Hisar, India', '', 'en_US'),
(421, 'International Seed Testing Associationm, Bassersdorf, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(422, 'National Institute of Science Communication, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(423, 'Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo del CIHEAM, Bari, Italy', '', 'en_US'),
(424, 'Institute of Biological Control, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(425, 'Society for Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(426, 'Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China', '', 'en_US'),
(427, 'Academie d''Agriculture de France, Paris, France', '', 'en_US'),
(428, 'American Society for Horticultural Science, Alexandria, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(429, 'Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(430, 'Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(431, 'Editorial Department of Agricultural Sciences in China, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(432, 'Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Ghent, Belgium', '', 'en_US'),
(433, 'Centre for Economic Policy Research', '', 'en_US'),
(434, 'Federation of American Society of Experimental Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(435, 'Spring Verlag KG', '', 'en_US'),
(436, 'Brazilian Society of Plant Physiology, Londrina, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(437, 'All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(438, 'Korea Rural Economics Institute, Seoul, Korea Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(439, 'Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(440, 'A B Academic Publishers, Bicester, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(441, 'ROAPE Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(442, 'Current Science Association, Bangalore, India', '', 'en_US'),
(443, 'Agricultural Economics Society of Georgia, Athens, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(444, 'Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China', '', 'en_US'),
(445, 'Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology', '', 'en_US'),
(446, 'Nature Publishing Groups', '', 'en_US'),
(447, 'Springer-Verlag, Berlin', '', 'en_US'),
(448, 'Elselvier Ireland Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(449, 'Annual Reviews Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(450, 'Elselvier Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(451, 'Entomological Society  of America', '', 'en_US'),
(452, 'EDP Sciences Inc', '', 'en_US'),
(453, 'Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford', '', 'en_US'),
(454, 'Elsevier Ltd/', '', 'en_US'),
(455, 'Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS', '', 'en_US'),
(456, 'Lepidopterists'' Society, Los Angeles', '', 'en_US'),
(457, 'American Society for Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(458, 'International Bee Research Association', '', 'en_US'),
(459, 'Royal Society, London UK', '', 'en_US'),
(460, 'Oxford University Press/Annals of Botany Company', '', 'en_US'),
(461, 'Institute of Food Technologists', '', 'en_US'),
(462, 'Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile', '', 'en_US'),
(463, 'Taylor and Francis Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(464, 'Botanical Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(465, 'EDP Biosciences', '', 'en_US'),
(466, 'Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).', '', 'en_US'),
(467, 'Elsevier SAS', '', 'en_US'),
(468, 'Springer Verglag KG', '', 'en_US'),
(469, 'Wiley Periodicals Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(470, 'International Society for Horticultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(471, 'The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(472, 'American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(473, '(IFT) Institute of Food Technologists', '', 'en_US'),
(474, 'Royal Society, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(475, 'World Food Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(476, 'Vegetable Producers Publishing Co.', '', 'en_US'),
(477, 'National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(478, 'Springer-Verlag Heidelburg', '', 'en_US'),
(479, 'The Royal Society', '', 'en_US'),
(480, 'Springer-Verlag Hong Kong Pte. Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(481, 'Blackwell Publishing Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(482, 'Wiley VCH Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(483, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH', '', 'en_US'),
(484, 'Plant Management Network', '', 'en_US'),
(485, 'Lippincott Williams and Wilkins', '', 'en_US'),
(486, 'Liipincott Williams and Wilkins', '', 'en_US'),
(487, 'Elsevier Ltd. FOR Federation of European Microbiological Societies', '', 'en_US'),
(488, 'Lawtext Publishing Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(489, 'Food Products Press', '', 'en_US'),
(490, 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(491, 'World Aquaculture Society', '', 'en_US'),
(492, 'Springer-Verlag New York', '', 'en_US'),
(493, 'The Florida Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(494, 'National Research Council Press (NRC Press)', '', 'en_US'),
(495, 'Royal Society of London', '', 'en_US'),
(496, 'Taylor and Francis Group', '', 'en_US'),
(497, 'Nordic Ecology Society', '', 'en_US'),
(498, 'Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology and United States-Mexico Foundation for Science', '', 'en_US'),
(499, 'Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg', '', 'en_US'),
(500, 'Genetics Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(501, 'American Society of Plant Taxonomists', '', 'en_US'),
(502, 'Kluwer Academic Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(503, 'Springer', '', 'en_US'),
(504, 'Blackwell', '', 'en_US'),
(505, 'Elsevier Science BV', '', 'en_US'),
(506, 'National Research Council of Canada Press', '', 'en_US'),
(507, 'The National Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(508, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(509, 'The Haworth Press, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(510, 'European Food Safety Authority', '', 'en_US'),
(511, 'Springer Science+Business Media B.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(512, 'Nature America, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(513, 'Office International de la Vigne et du Vin - OIV', '', 'en_US'),
(514, 'American Fisheries Society', '', 'en_US'),
(515, 'Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(516, 'Nature America', '', 'en_US'),
(517, 'Alan R. Liss, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(518, 'American Academy of Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(519, 'American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(520, 'National Cottonseed Products Association', '', 'en_US'),
(521, 'Society for the Study of Reproduction', '', 'en_US'),
(522, 'Prometheus', '', 'en_US'),
(523, 'Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(524, 'Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(525, 'Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(526, 'National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region', '', 'en_US'),
(527, 'International Society for Biosafety Research', '', 'en_US'),
(528, 'Wageningen Universiteit', '', 'en_US'),
(529, 'Verlag der Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung', '', 'en_US'),
(530, 'Springer Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(531, 'University of Miami - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science', '', 'en_US'),
(532, 'Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(533, 'Institute of Development Studies', '', 'en_US'),
(534, 'The National Academy of Sciences of the USA', '', 'en_US'),
(535, 'Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group', '', 'en_US'),
(536, 'Resources for the Future', '', 'en_US'),
(537, 'Australian Centre for Emerging Technologies and Society, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(538, 'Société de protection des plantes du Québec (SPPQ)', '', 'en_US'),
(539, 'Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(540, 'Routledge, Basingstoke, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(541, 'Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(542, 'Elsevier, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(543, 'Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(544, 'Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(545, 'American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', '', 'en_US'),
(546, 'Springer Berlin / Heidelberg', '', 'en_US'),
(547, 'Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development', '', 'en_US'),
(548, 'University of Bern', '', 'en_US'),
(549, 'The BCPC International Congress - Crop Science & Technology 2003', '', 'en_US'),
(550, 'Crop Sciency Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(551, 'Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(552, 'United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)', '', 'en_US'),
(553, 'The Entomological Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(554, 'IP Publishing Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(555, 'Elsevier Science (USA).', '', 'en_US'),
(556, 'Entomological Society of North America', '', 'en_US'),
(557, 'American Society of Plant Physiologists', '', 'en_US'),
(558, 'Taylor & Francis Health Sciences, part of the Taylor & Francis Group', '', 'en_US'),
(559, 'Archives of Pharmacal Research', '', 'en_US'),
(560, 'Health Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(561, 'European Federation of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(562, 'The Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP)', '', 'en_US'),
(563, 'The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy', '', 'en_US'),
(564, 'Food Standards Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(565, 'OECD', '', 'en_US'),
(566, 'BioOne', '', 'en_US'),
(567, 'Blackwell Publishing, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(568, 'Lavoisier', '', 'en_US'),
(569, 'PG Economics Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(570, 'USDA', '', 'en_US'),
(571, 'Blackwell Publishing,  Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(572, 'Leopold Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University', '', 'en_US'),
(573, 'Entomological Society of Southern Africa', '', 'en_US'),
(574, 'Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART', '', 'en_US'),
(575, 'American Society for Nutrition', '', 'en_US'),
(576, 'Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS)', '', 'en_US'),
(577, 'S. Karger AG, Basel', '', 'en_US'),
(578, 'Emerald Group Publishing Limited', '', 'en_US'),
(579, 'International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN)', '', 'en_US'),
(580, 'CSIRO', '', 'en_US'),
(581, 'Polish Academy of Scienes', '', 'en_US'),
(582, 'American Chemical Society and American Institute of Chemical Engineers', '', 'en_US'),
(583, 'Walter de Gruyter', '', 'en_US'),
(584, 'Caister Academic Press', '', 'en_US'),
(585, 'University of Missouri-Columbia', '', 'en_US'),
(586, 'University of Missourie-Columbia', '', 'en_US'),
(587, 'Beech Tree Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(588, 'Slovenska Polnohospodarska Univerzita v Nitre', '', 'en_US'),
(589, 'WILEY-VCH Verlag GMBH & Co. KGaA', '', 'en_US'),
(590, 'American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(591, 'Springer New York', '', 'en_US'),
(592, 'Information Systems for Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(593, 'Elsevier, B.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(594, 'Taylor & Francies', '', 'en_US'),
(595, 'Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry', '', 'en_US'),
(596, 'The National Academies Press', '', 'en_US'),
(597, 'National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy', '', 'en_US'),
(598, 'National Legal Center for the Public Interest', '', 'en_US'),
(599, 'EFB Task Group on Public Perceptions of Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(600, 'English Nature', '', 'en_US'),
(601, 'European Commission', '', 'en_US'),
(602, 'Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(603, 'Arent Fox Attorneys at Law', '', 'en_US'),
(604, 'US Environmental Protection Agency', '', 'en_US'),
(605, 'Centres for Disease Control and Prevention', '', 'en_US'),
(606, 'Agricultural Biotechnology Europe', '', 'en_US'),
(607, 'ArgenBio', '', 'en_US'),
(608, 'National Academy of Sciences USA', '', 'en_US'),
(609, 'CABI', '', 'en_US'),
(610, 'Springer Berlin/Heidelberg', '', 'en_US'),
(611, 'Yonsei University College of Medicine', '', 'en_US'),
(612, 'Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California', '', 'en_US'),
(613, 'Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP)', '', 'en_US'),
(614, 'Verlag Eugen Ulmer', '', 'en_US'),
(615, 'Blackwell Synergy', '', 'en_US'),
(616, 'Australian Governement - Sugar Research Development Corporation', '', 'en_US'),
(617, 'Edizioni ETS', '', 'en_US'),
(618, 'Annual Reviews', '', 'en_US'),
(619, 'Editions Tec & Doc', '', 'en_US'),
(620, 'Lavoisier Publishing', '', 'en_US'),
(621, 'Genetic Resource Action International (GRAIN)', '', 'en_US'),
(622, 'Inderscience Enterprises Limited', '', 'en_US'),
(623, 'Springer-Verlag GmbH', '', 'en_US'),
(624, 'Reed Business Information', '', 'en_US'),
(625, 'Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry', '', 'en_US'),
(626, 'Academic Journals Inc., USA', '', 'en_US'),
(627, 'Union of Concerned Scientists', '', 'en_US'),
(628, 'AACC International', '', 'en_US'),
(629, 'Haworth Food  & Agricultural Products Press', '', 'en_US'),
(630, 'Birkhäuser Basel', '', 'en_US'),
(631, 'NRC Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(632, 'Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura', '', 'en_US'),
(633, 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(634, 'Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)', '', 'en_US'),
(635, 'Lab Animal', '', 'en_US'),
(636, 'Federation of European Biochemical Societies published by Elsevier', '', 'en_US'),
(637, 'WFL Publisher', '', 'en_US'),
(638, 'Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(639, 'FUNPEC (Ribeirão Preto Foundation for Research)', '', 'en_US'),
(640, 'Hindawi Publishing Corporation', '', 'en_US'),
(641, 'Ribeirão Preto Foundation for Scientific Research (FUNPEC-RP)', '', 'en_US'),
(642, 'EBR Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(643, 'Woodhead Publishing Limited', '', 'en_US'),
(644, 'Nijmegen University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(645, 'Oxford University Press, USA/CAB International', '', 'en_US'),
(646, 'Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization', '', 'en_US'),
(647, 'American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc. (AACC)', '', 'en_US'),
(648, 'Forum Press International', '', 'en_US'),
(649, 'Istituto Sperimentale Per La Cerealicoltura Section of Bergamo, Italy', '', 'en_US'),
(650, 'Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University', '', 'en_US'),
(651, 'China Agricultural University and Cambridge University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(652, 'Western Agricultural Economics Research', '', 'en_US'),
(653, 'Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)', '', 'en_US'),
(654, 'Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies, Bologna University', '', 'en_US'),
(655, 'Karger AG, Basel', '', 'en_US'),
(656, 'International Society for Horticultura Science', '', 'en_US'),
(657, 'South Carolina Entomological Society Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(658, 'Food Distribution Research Society', '', 'en_US'),
(659, 'Council for Agricultural Scienc and Technology', '', 'en_US'),
(660, 'Entomologica Fennica', '', 'en_US'),
(661, 'Mexican Association on Animal Production (AMPA)', '', 'en_US'),
(662, 'Food Distribution Research Society, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(663, 'University of Massachusetts Press', '', 'en_US'),
(664, 'Resilience Alliance', '', 'en_US'),
(665, 'Kenya Society of Microbiology', '', 'en_US'),
(666, 'The Cotton Foundation', '', 'en_US'),
(667, 'USDA, Economic Research Service', '', 'en_US'),
(668, 'Tarbiat Modares University', '', 'en_US'),
(669, 'Wageningen Academic Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(670, 'Research and Information Systems for the Non-Aligned and other Developing Countries.', '', 'en_US'),
(671, 'Biodiversity Science', '', 'en_US'),
(672, 'Elsevier  Science B.V.', '', 'en_US'),
(673, 'The Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology', '', 'en_US'),
(674, 'BioMed Central', '', 'en_US'),
(675, 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment', '', 'en_US'),
(676, 'CAB Publishing, a division of CAB International', '', 'en_US'),
(677, 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(678, 'Journal of Plant Ecology (China)', '', 'en_US'),
(679, 'Routledge', '', 'en_US'),
(680, 'Firenze University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(681, 'The Royal Society of New Zealand', '', 'en_US'),
(682, 'Humboldt University Berlin, Division of Resources Economics', '', 'en_US'),
(683, 'Mary Anne Liebert Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(684, 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations', '', 'en_US'),
(685, 'Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso', '', 'en_US'),
(686, 'PLoS.org', '', 'en_US'),
(687, 'European Molecular Biology Organization', '', 'en_US'),
(688, 'Natural History Museum of Montenegro', '', 'en_US'),
(689, 'The Agricultural Economics Society', '', 'en_US'),
(690, 'Verlag Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart', '', 'en_US'),
(691, 'Wiley-VCH', '', 'en_US'),
(692, 'Editorial Office of Journal of Plant Ecology, Beijing', '', 'en_US'),
(693, 'The Entomological Society of Korea and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(694, 'HEC Press, Melbourne, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(695, 'Society of American Foresters', '', 'en_US'),
(696, 'Blackwell Verlag', '', 'en_US'),
(697, 'Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India)', '', 'en_US'),
(698, 'The American Institute of Biological Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(699, 'BioMed Central Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(700, 'Koul Research Foundation', '', 'en_US'),
(701, 'InderScience', '', 'en_US'),
(702, 'Science Press, co-published by Springer-Verlag GmbH', '', 'en_US'),
(703, 'Informational Systems for Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(704, 'Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg', '', 'en_US'),
(705, 'SETAC and Allen Press Publishing Services', '', 'en_US'),
(706, 'John Wiley and Sons, Inc.', '', 'en_US'),
(707, 'Journal of Insect Science', '', 'en_US'),
(708, 'The Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(709, 'Blackwell Publishing Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(710, 'International Association for Food Protection', '', 'en_US'),
(711, 'Springer Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(712, 'American Phytopathological Society Press', '', 'en_US'),
(713, 'Elsevier Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(714, 'Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil', '', 'en_US'),
(715, 'Blackwell Publishing Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(716, 'Blackwell Verlag GmbH', '', 'en_US'),
(717, 'The Netherlands Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(718, 'INRA, EDP Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(719, 'INRA, DIB-AGIB, EDP Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(720, 'ISBR, EDP Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(721, 'Elsevier Science (USA)', '', 'en_US'),
(722, 'The Royal Entomological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(723, 'Krajowa Izba Lekarsko Weterynaryjna', '', 'en_US'),
(724, 'International Food Policy Research Institute', '', 'en_US'),
(725, 'Wiley-VCH Verlag GMBH &amp; Co.', '', 'en_US'),
(726, 'Texas A and M University Press', '', 'en_US'),
(727, 'Universidade Federal de Santa Maria', '', 'en_US'),
(728, 'John Wiley &amp; Sons', '', 'en_US'),
(729, 'Indian Ecological Society', '', 'en_US'),
(730, 'Organizacion de Nematologos de los Tropicos Americanos', '', 'en_US'),
(731, 'Bentham Open', '', 'en_US'),
(732, 'Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria', '', 'en_US'),
(733, 'Blackwell Publishing Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(734, 'GEOTAR-MED', '', 'en_US'),
(735, 'Springer Science + Business Media, LLC', '', 'en_US'),
(736, 'International Society for Horticultural Science', '', 'en_US'),
(737, 'John Wiley and Sons', '', 'en_US'),
(738, 'Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers', '', 'en_US'),
(739, 'Editorial Office of Genomics and Applied Biology', '', 'en_US'),
(740, 'Akademiai Kiado', '', 'en_US'),
(741, 'Future Science Ltd.', '', 'en_US'),
(742, 'Springer Berlin', '', 'en_US'),
(743, 'BioMed Central Ltd', '', 'en_US'),
(744, 'Science Press', '', 'en_US'),
(745, 'University of the Philippines at Los Banos', '', 'en_US'),
(746, 'University of Wisconsin Libraries', '', 'en_US'),
(747, 'Embrapa Informacao Tecnologica', '', 'en_US'),
(748, 'TUBITAK', '', 'en_US'),
(749, 'Chinese Electronic Periodical Services', '', 'en_US'),
(750, 'Canola Council of Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(751, 'The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(752, 'Lewis Publishers', '', 'en_US'),
(753, 'Springer Berlin', '', 'en_US'),
(754, 'Editorial Office of China Biotechnology', '', 'en_US'),
(755, 'Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Oil Crops Department', '', 'en_US'),
(756, 'Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information for the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences', '', 'en_US'),
(757, 'China Agricultural University', '', 'en_US'),
(758, 'Pakistan Agricultural Research Council', '', 'en_US'),
(759, 'Environmental Science and Pollution Research', '', 'en_US'),
(760, 'Elsevier GmbH', '', 'en_US'),
(761, 'Journal of Economic Entomology', '', 'en_US'),
(762, 'Scientia Agricultura Sinica', '', 'en_US'),
(763, 'Japan Scientific Societies Press', '', 'en_US'),
(764, 'Academic Journals', '', 'en_US'),
(765, 'Plant Protection Association of India', '', 'en_US'),
(766, 'Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica', '', 'en_US'),
(767, 'Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso', '', 'en_US'),
(768, 'University of Szeged', '', 'en_US'),
(769, 'Elsevier', '', 'en_US'),
(770, 'Nature Publishing Group', '', 'en_US'),
(771, 'Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(772, 'CABI, Wallingford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(773, 'The Korean Society of Breeding Science, Suwon, Korea Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(774, 'Agroprint, Timisoara, Romania', '', 'en_US'),
(775, 'Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(776, 'Blackwell Publishing, Berlin, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(777, 'Public Library of Sciences (PLoS), San Francisco, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(778, 'Hrvatsko Agronomsko Drustvo, Zagreb, Croatia', '', 'en_US'),
(779, 'Guangxi University, Guangxi, China', '', 'en_US'),
(780, 'John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(781, 'Sameeksha Trust, Mumbai, India', '', 'en_US'),
(782, 'Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil (SEB), Londrina, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(783, 'Corpoica (Corporacion Colombiana de Investagacion Agropecuaria), Bogota, Colombia', '', 'en_US'),
(784, 'Instituto Agronomico do Estado de Sao Paulo, Campinas, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(785, 'Associacao Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes ABRATES, Brasilia, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(786, 'Entomological Society of America, Lanham, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(787, 'Entomological Society of America, Lanham, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(788, 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd, Co. Clare, Ireland', '', 'en_US'),
(789, 'Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(790, 'Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Suwon, Korea Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(791, 'Biodiversity Science, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(792, 'Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(793, 'John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, France', '', 'en_US'),
(794, 'Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau, Wadenswil, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(795, 'African Crop Science Society, El-Minia, Egypt', '', 'en_US'),
(796, 'Academic Journals, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(797, 'Blackwell Publishing, Melbourne, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(798, 'Crop Science Society of America, Madison, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(799, 'Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(800, 'Nature Publishing Group, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(801, 'American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(802, 'Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(803, 'Iowa State University, Department of Economics, Ames, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(804, 'Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland', '', 'en_US'),
(805, 'Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(806, 'Routledge Journals, Taylor and Francis, Essex, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(807, 'Springer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(808, 'Versita, Warsaw, Poland', '', 'en_US'),
(809, 'Elsevier GmbH, Munchen, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(810, 'Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(811, 'Northwest A and F University (Natural Science Edition), Yangling, China', '', 'en_US'),
(812, 'Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(813, 'Science in China Press, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(814, 'Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(815, 'Springer, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(816, 'Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain', '', 'en_US'),
(817, 'Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(818, 'Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(819, 'Academic Journals, Nairobi, Kenya', '', 'en_US'),
(820, 'Ecological Society of America, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(821, 'Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole si Medicina Veterinara a Banatului Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania', '', 'en_US'),
(822, 'Editorial Department of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China', '', 'en_US'),
(823, 'Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(824, 'Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(825, 'EDP Sciences S.A., Les Ulis Cedex A, France', '', 'en_US'),
(826, 'Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(827, 'Current Biotica, Coimbatore, India', '', 'en_US'),
(828, 'Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(829, 'Science in China Press', '', 'en_US'),
(830, 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd, Shannon, Irish Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(831, 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Shannon, Irish Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(832, 'Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(833, 'Ivyspring International Publishers, New South Wales, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(834, 'Society of Southwestern Entomologists, Dallas, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(835, 'Society of Southwestern Entomologists, Dallas , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(836, 'American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(837, 'INSInet Publications, Faisalabad, Pakistan', '', 'en_US'),
(838, 'Botanical Society of America Inc., St. Louis, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(839, 'Elsevier, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(840, 'Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(841, 'American Chemical Society, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(842, 'Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(843, 'China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), Hangzhou, China', '', 'en_US'),
(844, 'Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan', '', 'en_US'),
(845, 'Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(846, 'College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at LosBanos (UPLB), Los Banos, Philippines', '', 'en_US'),
(847, 'University of Wisconsin Libraries, Madison, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(848, 'Wiley-Blackwell, Berlin, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(849, 'Scientia Agricultura Sinica, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_publisher_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `description`, `locale`) VALUES
(850, 'Landes Bioscience, Austin, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(851, 'Entomological Society of America , Lanham , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(852, 'Wiley-Blackwell , Oxford , UK', '', 'en_US'),
(853, 'Wiley-Blackwell , Berlin , Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(854, 'Springer , Amsterdam , Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(855, 'Soil Science Society of Pakistan', '', 'en_US'),
(856, 'Royal Society , London , UK', '', 'en_US'),
(857, 'Nature Publishing Group , London , UK', '', 'en_US'),
(858, 'Wiley-Blackwell , Boston , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(859, 'Weed Science Society of America , Lawrence , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(860, 'Editora UFV, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(861, 'Scientific Research Publishing, Irvine, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(862, 'NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(863, 'University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(864, 'Springer-Verlag, Paris, France', '', 'en_US'),
(865, 'Poultry Science Association, Savoy, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(866, 'American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(867, 'Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information for the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Praha, Czech Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(868, 'Editorial Office of Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, Beijing , China', '', 'en_US'),
(869, 'Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(870, 'Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(871, 'Springer , Dordrecht , Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(872, 'Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(873, 'Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI), Basel, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(874, 'Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(875, 'Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(876, 'Springer, Amsterdam , Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(877, 'Academic Journals, Nairobi , Kenya', '', 'en_US'),
(878, 'Agricultural Research Communication Centre, Karnal, India', '', 'en_US'),
(879, 'Acta Tabacaria Sinica Editorial Department, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(880, 'Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(881, 'Embrapa Informacao Tecnologica, Brasilia, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(882, 'Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Ames, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(883, 'MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Publishing, Moscow, Russia', '', 'en_US'),
(884, 'Taylor and Francis Group , Philadelphia , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(885, 'Agricultural Economics Research Association, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(886, 'Agricultural Economics Research Association , New Delhi , India', '', 'en_US'),
(887, 'Canadian Center of Science and Education, Toronto, Canada', '', 'en_US'),
(888, 'Elsevier Ltd , Oxford , UK', '', 'en_US'),
(889, 'Sage Publications Ltd, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(890, 'Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Scientech Documentation and Information Centre, Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(891, 'Progress in Modern Biomedicine, Harbin, China', '', 'en_US'),
(892, 'Current Medicine Group LLC, Philadelphia, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(893, 'Emerald Group Publishing Ltd , Bingley , UK', '', 'en_US'),
(894, 'Ecological Society of Japan , Kyoto , Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(895, 'Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(896, 'Nature Publishing Group, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(897, 'American Society for Microbiology, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(898, 'Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(899, 'Current Science Association, Bangalore, India', '', 'en_US'),
(900, 'Informa Healthcare, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(901, 'Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(902, 'Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(903, 'Animal Nutrition Association, Izatnagar, India', '', 'en_US'),
(904, 'Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(905, 'National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland', '', 'en_US'),
(906, 'Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI), Basel, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(907, 'Nature Publishing Group, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(908, 'Allerton Press, Inc., New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(909, 'Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(910, 'Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(911, 'Research Information Ltd, Burnham, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(912, 'Bundesamt fur Landwirtschaft, Bern, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(913, 'Entomological Society of America', '', 'en_US'),
(914, 'Florida Entomological Society, Lutz, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(915, 'Crop Science Society of America , Madison , USA ,', '', 'en_US'),
(916, 'Earthscan, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(917, 'American Chemical Society, Washington, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(918, 'Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(919, 'Entomological Society of India, New Delhi, India', '', 'en_US'),
(920, 'Hindawi Publishing Corporation, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(921, 'Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(922, 'Public Library of Sciences (PLoS), San Francisco, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(923, 'Mary Ann Liebert', '', 'en_US'),
(924, 'Hindawi Publishing Corporation, New York, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(925, 'Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(926, 'Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa', '', 'en_US'),
(927, 'Verlag der Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, Tubingen, Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(928, 'Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(929, 'Faculty of Science, University of Vigo et Ourense, Ourense , Spain', '', 'en_US'),
(930, 'Instytut Ochrony Roslin (Institute of Plant Protection, Poznan, Poland)', '', 'en_US'),
(931, 'Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., New Rochelle, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(932, 'Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(933, 'Berekua Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia', '', 'en_US'),
(934, 'Academic Press, London, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(935, 'Springer Berlin , Heidelberg , Germany', '', 'en_US'),
(936, 'American Arachnological Society , Lawrence , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(937, 'Entomological Society of India , New Delhi , India', '', 'en_US'),
(938, 'Landes Bioscience , Austin , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(939, 'Landes Bioscience , Austin , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(940, 'PENSOFT Publishers , Sofia , Bulgaria', '', 'en_US'),
(941, 'EDP Sciences S.A. , Les Ulis Cedex A , France', '', 'en_US'),
(942, 'Academic Journals Inc. , New York , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(943, 'International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington , USA', '', 'en_US'),
(944, 'Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Bogota, Colombia', '', 'en_US'),
(945, 'Wageningen Universiteit (Wageningen University), Wageningen, Netherlands', '', 'en_US'),
(946, 'Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(947, 'Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(948, 'Springer-Japan, Tokyo, Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(949, 'Elsevier B.V., Beijing, China', '', 'en_US'),
(950, 'World Food Ltd, Helsinki, Finland', '', 'en_US'),
(951, 'International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium', '', 'en_US'),
(952, 'Cotton Research and Development Association, Hisar, India.', '', 'en_US'),
(953, 'Maney Publishing, Leeds, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(954, 'Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(955, 'Bundesamt fur Landwirtschaft, Bern, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(956, 'Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK', '', 'en_US'),
(957, 'Landes Bioscience, Austin, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(958, 'Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brasilia, Brazil', '', 'en_US'),
(959, 'Pakistan Entomological Society, Faisalabad, Pakistan', '', 'en_US'),
(960, 'University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(961, 'MDPI Publishing, Basel, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(962, 'University of Chicago Press, Chicago, US', '', 'en_US'),
(963, 'OMICS Publishing Group, Los Angeles, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(964, 'EDP Sciences S.A., Les Ulis Cedex A, France', '', 'en_US'),
(965, 'Public Library of Sciences (PLoS), San Francisco', '', 'en_US'),
(966, 'Crop Science Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan', '', 'en_US'),
(967, 'American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA', '', 'en_US'),
(968, 'Korean Society of Crop Science, Seoul, Korea Republic', '', 'en_US'),
(969, 'Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Zurich, Switzerland', '', 'en_US'),
(970, 'Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pretoria, South Africa', '', 'en_US');
