INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1680, 'Can we develop self-fertile fruit trees through genetic engineering?', 'Fruit production in many fruit tree species is dependent on cross-pollination between varieties. This is caused by the existence of a self-incompatibility mechanism that prevents fertilisation if pollen and style bear the same S-locus specificity. In some species, such as sweet cherry and apricot, self-fertile varieties have been produced by mutagenesis and breeding. The aim of this long-term study was to investigate if the knock-out of one of the pistil S-alleles through genetic engineering results in self-fertility. Plants of the strongly self-incompatible apple cultivar Elstar were transformed with different S-allele knockout constructs. During two subsequent years controlled pollination tests were carried out on the different transgenic lines to determine the strength of their self-incompatibility system. Here we show the results of six transgenic lines bearing an antisense knockout construct. In three lines, the self/cross fruit set ratio was approximately 1, which indicates that the self-incompatibility mechanism in these lines is switched off. Besides these completely self-fertile lines, also a moderately self-fertile line, characterised by intermediate levels of self-fertilisation, was obtained. These results indicate that different levels of self-fertility may be obtained through genetic engineering.', 'en_US'),
(1681, 'Gene flow by pollen to `Lemon Bergomot'' pear cultivar using isozyme markers', 'Study of gene flow using pollen provides genetic knowledge to orchardists, and could help determine the suitable pollinizer to improve fruit set, seed set and fruit shape on the receptive cultivar. A series of experiments were conducted in a pear orchard located in Adelaide''s hills (South Australia) to understand which pollinizer had more gene flow to ''Lemon Bergomot''. Testing of probable genetic selection during abscission of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits was another aim of this study. Two pollinizers were used in this study namely; ''Josephine'' and ''Packham''s Triumph''. Frequency of seed number was used to understand the rate of cross pollination in both retained and abscised fruits of ''Lemon Bergomot''. Two isozyme phenotype markers in GPI and ADH systems applied to distinguish the traces of pollen parents in the random seeds of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits. Result of this work indicated 60% percentage of total abscised fruits had 4 or less seeds while more than 70% of retained fruits averaged 4 to 7 seed per fruit. Results of isozyme analysis showed pollen of ''Packham''s Triumph'' had quite more gene flow to ''Lemon Bergomot'' in comparison with ''Josephine''. Furthermore, results of isozyme seed analysis for both the groups seeds of retained and abscised fruits showed a similar phenotypic isozyme pattern. This indicated that there was no genetic selection during abscission of ''Lemon Bergomot'' fruits.', 'en_US'),
(1682, 'Transgenic pear clonal rootstocks resistant to herbicide ''Basta''', 'Herbicides are widely used in nurseries and orchards. Herbicide-resistant rootstock for fruit production is a new way to confer selectivity and enhance fruit crop safety and production. The bar gene cloned in ''Bioengineering Center'' RAS has been used in our research for obtaining phosphinotricine (PPT)-resistant pear clonal rootstocks. This gene encodes a phosphinotricine acetyl transferase (PAT) which converts PPT into the non-toxic acetylated form and prevents the toxicity accumulation in plant tissues. Nontransformed and transgenic lines with nptII and gus genes of clonal pear rootstock GP217 were used in our research. Based on development transformation protocols, 17 transgenic PPT-resistant clones were obtained. The transformation frequency was 0.9-5.1%. PPT was inefficient as a selective agent because of the high frequency of escapes. Most transgenic lines without damage proliferated on medium with 250 mg/L PPT, control plants died on 2 mg/L. The bar integration into plant genomes was confirmed by PCR analysis. The transgenic plants expressing various levels of PAT were resistant for commercial herbicide ''Basta''.', 'en_US'),
(1683, 'Science for African food security', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1684, 'A chloroplast transgenic approach to hyper-express and purify Human Serum Albumin, a protein highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation', 'Human Serum Albumin (HSA) accounts for 60% of the total protein in blood serum and it is the most widely used intravenous protein in a number of human therapies. HSA, however, is currently extracted only from blood because of a lack of commercially feasible recombinant expression systems. HSA is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation in recombinant systems and is expensive to purify. Expression of HSA in transgenic chloroplasts using Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD), which usually facilitates hyper-expression of transgenes, resulted only in 0.02% HSA in total protein (tp). Modification of HSA regulatory sequences using chloroplast untranslated regions (UTRs) resulted in hyper-expression of HSA (up to 11.1% tp), compensating for excessive proteolytic degradation. This is the highest expression of a pharmaceutical protein in transgenic plants and 500-fold greater than previous reports on HSA expression in transgenic leaves. Electron micrographs of immunogold labelled transgenic chloroplasts revealed HSA inclusion bodies, which provided a simple method for purification from other cellular proteins. HSA inclusion bodies could be readily solubilized to obtain a monomeric form using appropriate reagents. The regulatory elements used in this study should serve as a model system for enhancing expression of foreign proteins that are highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation and provide advantages in purification, when inclusion bodies are formed.', 'en_US'),
(1685, 'Bioengineered ''golden'' indica rice cultivars with beta-carotene metabolism in the endosperm with hygromycin and mannose selection systems', 'Vitamin-A deficiency (VAD) is a major malnutrition problem in South Asia, where indica rice is the staple food. Indica-type rice varieties feed more than 2 billion people. Hence, we introduced a combination of transgenes using the biolistic system of transformation enabling biosynthesis of provitamin A in the endosperm of several indica rice cultivars adapted to diverse ecosystems of different countries. The rice seed-specific glutelin promoter (Gt-1 P) was used to drive the expression of phytoene synthase (psy), while lycopene -cyclase (lcy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI), fused to the transit peptide sequence of the pea-Rubisco small subunit, were driven by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV35S P). Transgenic plants were recovered through selection with either CaMV35S P driven hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene or cestrum yellow leaf curling virus promoter (CMP) driven pmi (phophomannose isomerase) gene. Molecular and biochemical analyses demonstrated stable integration and expression of the transgenes. The yellow colour of the polished rice grain evidenced the carotenoid accumulation in the endosperm. The colour intensity correlated with the estimated carotenoid content by spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis. Carotenoid level in cooked polished seeds was comparable (with minor loss of xanthophylls) to that in non-cooked seeds of the same transgenic line. The variable segregation pattern in T1 selfing generation indicated single to multiple loci insertion of the transgenes in the genome. This is the first report of using nonantibiotic pmi driven by a novel promoter in generating transgenic indica rice for possible future use in human nutrition.', 'en_US'),
(1686, 'Laboratory culture conditions affect stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac in Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae)', 'Populations of Plutella xylostella L. with high (laboratory re-selected) and low levels (unselected) of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) toxin Cry1Ac were maintained under controlled environment conditions in the absence of any further selection pressure. Larvae were maintained either in discrete generations on freshly excised leaves replaced ad lib (standard culture system) or in microcosm cages holding up to 12 potted Chinese cabbage plants, allowing progressively overlapping generations of insects. After 12 generations in the microcosm cages, the LC50 values of both selected and unselected populations were not significantly different from those of a standard susceptible population. Under standard culture conditions, the LC50 value for unselected insects after 12 generations was almost identical to that of unselected insects in the microcosm cages, whereas the LC50 value for selected insects was 1250-fold greater. The fecundity of the selected population was significantly lower compared with that of the same population in the microcosm cages after 12 generations. There was no significant change in the fecundity of the unselected population after 12 generations in the microcosm cages. The results show, that differences in the culture system (microcosm vs. standard) and in the resistance level (re-selected vs. unselected) can have a marked influence on the stability of resistance to a B.t. toxin in an insect population. Possible factors involved in determining the rate at which resistance declines are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1687, 'Ingested particles reduce susceptibility of insect larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis.', 'Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis of mosquito and lepidopteran larvae is affected by feeding behaviour and nutritional value of the available food. Reduced mortality is attributed to feeding inhibition and dilution of the pathogen in the presence of nutritional and inert particles, which limit the amount of ingested toxin. These reasons are, however, not sufficient to explain the data presented here. Values of LC50 (the concentration that kills 50% of exposed population) of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Berliner) against Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae and of B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (Berliner) against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae were about 20-217 and 2.3-44-fold higher, respectively, in the presence of nutritional or biologically inert (non-nutritional) particles than without. The number of B. thuringiensis spores in carcasses of B. thuringiensis -killed A. aegypti and S. littoralis larvae were between 1.9 and 5.6-fold and between 8.5 and 12-fold higher, respectively, in the presence of particles than without. In all cases, non-nutritional particles better protected the exposed larvae than nutritious particles. We propose that another basic mechanism exists, that ingested particles protect midgut epithelial cells by covering their surface and thus preventing availability of the toxin to the gut receptors. Understanding the defence mechanisms of insects against B. thuringiensis toxicity may lead to improved pest management methods.', 'en_US'),
(1688, 'The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops: a review', 'Evaluating environmental impact is more complex than statistical analysis; it requires value judgements about which kinds of environmental impacts are acceptable and which are not. The new EU Directive on the release and commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops (2001-18-EC) includes a requirement for an assessment of indirect effects on the environment of farming practices associated with the introduction of a GM crop. There is also a requirement for post-commercialization monitoring to address impacts of scale and time. Both of these additions to the regulations present challenges in deciding how environmental impacts should be measured, and in judging their acceptability. Impacts can also be socio-economic. These frequently require scientific tools to help to resolve them. The demands by some food sectors for zero GM content in crop produce is likely to prove difficult or impossible to verify by analytical procedures. It will probably be necessary to agree on levels of tolerance of the presence of GM material in ''non-GM'' crop produce. It is important that the future use of biotechnology in agriculture is considered in the context of a broader discussion about our vision for agriculture and the environment over the coming decades.', 'en_US'),
(1689, 'Plant biotechnology in the field -- a snapshot with emphasis on horticultural crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1690, 'Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields', 'There is considerable public and scientific debate for and against genetically modified (GM) crops. One of the first GM crops, Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) is now widely grown in North America, with proposed commercial release into Australia and Europe. Among concerns of opponents to these crops are claims that pollen movement will cause unacceptable levels of gene flow from GM to non-GM crops or to related weedy species, resulting in genetic pollution of the environment. Therefore, quantifying pollen-mediated gene flow is vital for assessing the environmental impact of GM crops. This study quantifies at a landscape level the gene flow that occurs from herbicide-resistant canola crops to nearby crops not containing herbicide resistance genes.', 'en_US'),
(1691, 'Analysis of a backcross population from a multi-copy transgenic Brassica napus line', 'Brassica napus is one of the crops at the forefront of biotechnological development. The procedures used to produce transgenic varieties are all prone to generating plants with multiple transgene copies. There has been considereable interest in the behaviour of such multi-copy lines because gene dosage rarely appears to correlate simply with gene expression. Here we report the analysis of a population of 107 progeny from a B. napus transformant containing multiple copies of a GUS marker gene construct. A total of 12 GUS sequence copies were identified including one that was non-functional. The expression of GUS increased with increasing copy number but this increase only made up a small proportion of the total variation between lines. There was no evidence of interaction between the various GUS copies and they appeared to segregate independently. The variation between progeny lines indicated that the number of gene copies was not a good guide to the expression of the gene product and hence that the expression of the gene in progeny from a multiple-copy parent could not be predicted. The importance of these findings in relation to plant breeding and the risk assessment process is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1692, 'Field evaluation of transgenic and classical sources of wheat streak mosaic virus resistance', 'The development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that are resistant to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), yet competitive in yield under nondiseased conditions, is an objective for breeding programs in the Great Plains. This field study was conducted to compare classical and transgenic sources of resistance to WSMV. Three sets of germplasm were evaluated. These included adapted cultivars with various levels of tolerance, transgenic wheat lines containing viral coat protein or replicase sequences from WSMV that showed resistance in greenhouse trials, and germplasm with resistance to WSMV due to a translocated segment of chromosome 4Ai-2 from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey containing Wsm1. A replicated field trial was conducted at Bozeman, MT, over a two-year period to evaluate the effectiveness of these different sources of resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV. Adapted cultivars differed in their ability to tolerate WSMV with mean reductions in yield over the two years ranging from 41 to 74%. Incorporation of the replicase or coat protein gene from WSMV did not provide field resistance to viral infection and in general, transgenic lines yielded less than their parent cultivar, ''Hi-Line''. Wheat-Thinopyrum lines positive for a DNA marker linked to the Wsm1 gene had significantly reduced yield losses ranging from 5 to 39% compared with yield losses of 57 to 88% in near isogenic lines not having the Wsm1 gene. Yield of lines with Wsm1 in the absence of disease ranged from 11 to 28% less than yield of lines without Wsm1. Our results suggest Wsm1 provides the best source of WSMV resistance but a yield penalty may exist because of the presence of the translocation.', 'en_US'),
(1693, 'Measuring gene flow in the cultivation of transgenic barley', 'Genetic engineering is becoming a useful tool in the improvement of plants and plant-based raw materials. Varieties with value-added traits are developed for nonfood use in industrial and medical production, and different production lines must be kept separate. For good management practices, knowledge of relevant gene flow parameters is required. In the present study, pollen-mediated dispersal of transgenes via cross-fertilization was examined. A transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) line carrying a marker gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) was used as a pollen donor. For maximum resolution, a cytoplasmically male-sterile barley line was utilized as recipient and the flow of nptII transgene was monitored at distances of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 m from the donor plots of 225 and 2000 m2. Male-fertile plots at a distance of 1 m were included to measure the transgene flow in normal barley. The number of seeds obtained from male-sterile heads diminished rapidly with distance and only a few seeds were found at distances of 50 and 100 m. Molecular genetic analysis (polymerase chain reaction-PCR) revealed that all seeds obtained from male-sterile heads at a distance of 1 m were transgenic, as anticipated. However, only 3% of the distant seeds (50 m) actually carried the transgene, whereas most of them resulted from fertilization with nontransgenic background pollen. This background pollen was mainly due to pollen leakage in some male-sterile heads. In normal male-fertile barley, the cross-fertilization frequency with transgenic pollen varied from 0 to 7% at a distance of 1 m, depending on weather conditions on the heading day. We conclude that, because of competing self-produced and nontransgenic background pollen, the possibility of cross-pollination is very low between a transgenic barley field and an adjacent field cultivated with normal barley. However, adequate isolation distances and best management practices are needed for cultivation of transgenic barley.', 'en_US'),
(1694, 'In situ transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic (transplastomic) tobacco plants to bacteria', 'Interkingdom gene transfer is limited by a combination of physical, biological, and genetic barriers. The results of greenhouse experiments involving transplastomic plants (genetically engineered chloroplast genomes) cocolonized by pathogenic and opportunistic soil bacteria demonstrated that these barriers could be eliminated. The Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413, which is outfitted with homologous sequences to chloroplastic genes, coinfected a transplastomic tobacco plant with Ralstonia solanacearum and was transformed by the plant''s transgene (aadA) containing resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. However, no transformants were observed when the homologous sequences were omitted from the Acinetobacter sp. strain. Detectable gene transfer from these transgenic plants to bacteria were dependent on gene copy number, bacterial competence, and the presence of homologous sequences. Our data suggest that by selecting plant transgene sequences that are nonhomologous to bacterial sequences, plant biotechnologists could restore the genetic barrier to transgene transfer to bacteria.', 'en_US'),
(1695, 'Laboratory studies on the effects of pollen from Bt-maize on larvae of some butterfly species', 'Three lepidopteran species were tested to determine their susceptibility against the ingestion of pollen from genetically modified maize plants. To prove the existence of dose-response relations between the applied amount of pollen (Bt-maize) and the damages on the tested larvae, a method was developed which makes it possible to feed caterpillars with defined amounts of pollen. If their food plants were contaminated with pollen of a cultivar of the Bt-176 maize-line Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella-larvae fed less, grew more slowly and showed a higher mortality than caterpillars of an untreated control group. The 50% lethality (LD50)-values were calculated for P.xylostella (L4) with 19.2, for P. rapae (L2) with 39.0 and also for P. brassicae (L2) with 139.2 pollen of the transgenic maize Pactol CB. Studies with P. brassicae-caterpillars of different larval stages indicated, that older individuals showed a higher tolerance against pollen from Bt-maize than younger ones. It must be stated on the basis of the present studies, that ingestion of non-transgenic maize pollen has neither a positive nor a negative effect on caterpillars. It becomes clear from the information presented here that it is still difficult to make general statements about the endangering of butterflies, arising from cultivation of genetically modified maize lines. Further investigations on this issue are needed. Initially, the LD50-values concerning the larvae of certain butterfly species have to be determined to anticipate the risks, and in addition the distances between habitats with caterpillar host plants and maize fields, and the abundance of these plants have to be considered.', 'en_US'),
(1696, 'Managing insecticide resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1697, 'Destiny of a transgene escape from Brassica napus into Brassica rapa', 'Transgenic Brassica napus can be easily crossed with wild Brassica rapa. The spread of the transgene to wild species has aroused the general concern about its effect on ecological and agricultural systems. This paper was designated, by means of population genetics, to study the fate of a transgene escape from B. napus to B. rapa. Three models were proposed to survey the change in gene frequency during successive backcross processes by considering selection pressures against aneuploids, against herbicide-susceptible individuals, and by considering A-C intergenomic recombination and the effect of genetic drift. The transmission rate of an A-chromosome gene through an individual to the next generation was 50%, irrespective of the chromosome number; while that of a C-chromosome transgene varied from 8.7% to 39.9%, depending on the chromosome number of the individual used in the backcross. Without spraying herbicide, the frequency of an A-chromosome gene was 50% in the BC1 generation, and decreased by 50% with the advance of each backcross generation; that of a C-chromosome gene was around 39.9% in BC1, 7.7% in BC2, 1.2% in BC3 and 0.1% in the BC4 generation. Under the selection pressure against herbicide-susceptible individuals, the frequency of a transgene reached a stable value of about 5.5% within six generations of successive backcrossings. The effect of genetic drift and intergenomic exchange on gene transmission rate was discussed. It is suggested that the transgene integrated on a C-chromosome (or better on a cytoplasm genome) is safer than that on an A-chromosome. The transgenic cultivars should be cultivated rotationally by year(s) with other non-transgenic varieties in order to reduce the transfer of the transgene to wild B. rapa species.', 'en_US'),
(1698, 'Generating a resistance database in Heliothis virescens populations from areas planted with Bt-transgenic cotton in Mexico', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1699, 'Genetically modified foods: health and safety issues', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1700, 'Yield ranks of glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars are unaffected by herbicide systems', 'Official Cultivar Trials (OCTs) evaluate transgenic, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine]-resistant and nonresistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars with a nonglyphosate herbicide regime. Thus, yields of glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars in OCTs may not reflect cultivar variation in glyphosate resistance or the intended production system because all cultivars are produced under a common herbicide regime. Our objective was to assess in field trials main effects and interaction among glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars and herbicide systems with and without glyphosate for lint yield. Fourteen glyphosate-resistant cultivars were tested in 1998 while 10 were tested in 1999. Herbicide systems were (i) Standard, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides potentially used in OCTs but no glyphosate; (ii) Residual + Glyphosate, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides including a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application; and (iii) Glyphosate Only, a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application followed by an eight-leaf directed spray. We found significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) herbicide system main effects for lint yield but nonsignificant cultivar x herbicide system interactions. Averaged over years and cultivars, the Glyphosate Only herbicide system produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater yields (597 and 839 kg ha-1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) than the Standard herbicide system (419 and 644 kg ha-1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively). The lack of cultivar x herbicide system interactions for yield suggests OCTs determine relative yield potential among glyphosate-resistant cultivars. The lower yield in the Standard system suggests OCTs can impose a yield penalty on glyphosate-resistant cultivars; thus, comparisons with non-glyphosate-resistant cultivars may not be valid.', 'en_US'),
(1701, 'Fitness of backcross six of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)', 'The process of introgression between a transgenic crop modified for better agronomic characters and a wild relative could lead potentially to increased weediness and adaptation to the environment of the wild species. However, the formation of hybrid and hybrid progeny could be associated with functional imbalance and low fitness, which reduces the risk of gene escape and establishment of the wild species in the field. Our work compares the fitness components of parents and different types of backcross in the sixth generation of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) resistant to the herbicide glufosinate and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18). The backcross with oilseed rape cytoplasm (OBC) has a fitness value 100 times lower than that of the backcross with wild radish cytoplasm (RBC). The herbicide-resistant RBC has similar growth to the susceptible RBC, but final male and female fitness values are two times lower. In turn, susceptible RBC exhibit similar fitness to the control wild radishes. The relative fitnesses of the different types are the same whether or not they grow under competitive conditions. The consequence on fitness of the chromosome location of the transgene conferring resistance and the relevance of these results to the impact of gene flow on the environment are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1702, 'Biopharming the SimpliRED HIV diagnostic reagent in barley, potato and tobacco', 'This is the first report of an antibody-fusion protein expressed in transgenic plants for direct use in a medical diagnostic assay. By the use of gene constructs with appropriate promoters, high level expression of an anti-glycophorin single-chain antibody fused to an epitope of the HIV virus was obtained in the leaves and stems of tobacco, tubers of potato and seed of barley. This fusion protein replaces the SimpliRED? diagnostic reagent, used for detecting the presence of HIV-1 antibodies in human blood. The reagent is expensive and laborious to produce by conventional means since chemical modifications to a monoclonal antibody are required. The plant-produced fusion protein was fully functional (by ELISA) in crude extracts and, for tobacco at least, could be used without further purification in the HIV agglutination assay. All three crop species produced sufficient reagent levels to be superior bioreactors to bacteria or mice, however barley grain was the most attractive bioreactor as it expressed the highest level (150 ìg of reagent g-1), is inexpensive to produce and harvest, poses a minuscule gene flow problem in the field, and the activity of the reagent is largely undiminished in stored grain. This work suggests that barley seed will be an ideal factory for the production of antibodies, diagnostic immuno-reagents, vaccines and other pharmaceutical proteins.', 'en_US'),
(1703, 'Assessing the risks associated with new agricultural practices', 'One key challenge for the twenty-first century is how to produce the food we need, yet ensure the landscape we want. Genetically modified crops have focused our attention on how to answer this question for one part of agriculture. The same principles could be applied to assess environmental impacts of future land-use change in a much broader context.', 'en_US'),
(1704, 'Transgenic varieties and productivity of smallholder cotton farmers in China', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1705, 'Who''s afraid of GM feed?', 'The safety assessment of a novel livestock feed or human food looks at the molecular, compositional, toxicological and nutritional characteristics of the novel feed compared with its conventional counterpart. Safety considerations include the animal eating the feed, consumption of the animal product by consumers, worker safety and any other environmental aspects from use of the feed. In addition to the intrinsic properties of the introduced protein, the safety assessment also considers possible unexpected consequences arising from expression of the novel trait (eg, metabolic consequences of expressing a new enzyme, or altering the expression of an endogenous enzyme), or introduction of new genes into the plant genome (so called pleiotropic effects).', 'en_US'),
(1706, 'Report on the potential allergenicity of genetically modified organisms and their products.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1707, 'Transgenic plants expressing HC-Pro show enhanced virus sensitivity while silencing of the transgene results in resistance', 'Nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express sequences of the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV). The sensitivity of the transgenic plants to infection with parental and heterologous viruses was studied. The lines expressing HC-Pro showed enhanced symptoms after infection with the parental CABMV isolate and also after infection with a heterologous potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) and a comovirus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). On the other hand, transgenic lines expressing nontranslatable HC-Pro or translatable HC-Pro with a deletion of the central domain showed wild type symptoms after infection with the parental CABMV isolate and heterologous viruses. These results showed that CABMV HC-Pro is a pathogenicity determinant that conditions enhanced sensitivity to virus infection in plants, and that the central domain of the protein is essential for this. The severe symptoms in CABMV-infected HC-Pro expressing lines were remarkably followed by brief recovery and subsequent re-establishment of infection, possibly indicating counteracting effects of HC-Pro expression and a host defense response. One of the HC-Pro expressing lines (h48) was found to contain low levels of transgenic HC-Pro RNA and to be resistant to CABMV and to recombinant CPMV expressing HC-Pro. This indicated that h48 was (partially) posttranscriptionally silenced for the HC-Pro transgene inspite of the established role of HC-Pro as a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Line h48 was not resistant to PVY, but instead showed enhanced symptoms compared to nontransgenic plants. This may be due to relief of silencing of the HC-Pro transgene by HC-Pro expressed by PVY.', 'en_US'),
(1708, 'Strategies to deal with the concern about marker genes in transgenic plants: some environment-friendly approaches', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1709, 'Biotechnology and the precautionary principle', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1710, 'Quality control in the development of transgenic crop seed products', 'In light of (i) public concern with the safety of genetically modified crops, (ii) the issue of food labeling, and (iii) governmental regulation of transgenic plants, quality control (QC) monitoring of the process of Transgenic Seed Product Development (TSPD) is essential to protecting research investments, maintaining compliance with governmental regulations, and ensuring customer satisfaction. The primary goal of QC monitoring in TSPD is to ensure the authenticity (transgenic event identity and purity) of seed materials used in product testing, in the development of regulatory data packages for governmental review, and to develop seed volumes for commercial release. Monitoring is performed to confirm the presence of the presumed transgenic event(s) and the absence of all others. Sophisticated QC strategies formulated to monitor the product development process and to maintain quality standards in the manufacturing industry can serve as a foundation in devising efficient strategies tailored to meet needs in the seed industry. A number of considerations in the design of an optimized QC monitoring plan for TSPD are discussed, including: costs vs. economic benefits of developing and commercializing nondefective products; effective timing of inspections; joint scheduling of inspections with other genetic analyses; assay methods that maximize screening efficiency, flexibility, and accuracy; sampling vs. 100% assessment of transgenic populations; the ability to bulk samples to minimize data point requirements; and the need to minimize or eliminate inspection errors. An overview of the general process of TSPD and an example QC monitoring strategy for corn (Zea mays L.) are provided.', 'en_US'),
(1711, 'Production of herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng through the introduction of the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene and successful soil transfer', 'Herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng plants were produced by introducing the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene that confers resistance to the herbicide Basta (bialaphos) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation. Embryogenic callus gathered from cotyledon explants of P. ginseng were pre-treated with 0.5 M sucrose or 0.05 M MgSO4 before Agrobacterium infection. This pre-treatment process markedly enhanced the transient expression of the -glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Embryogenic callus was initially cultured on MS medium supplemented with 400 mg/l cefotaxime for 3 weeks and subsequently subcultured five times to a medium containing 25 mg/l kanamycin and 300 mg/l cefotaxime. Somatic embryos formed on the surfaces of kanamycin-resistant callus. Upon development into the cotyledonary stage, these somatic embryos were transferred to a medium containing 50 mg/l kanamycin and 5 mg/l gibberellic acid to induce germination and strong selection. Integration of the transgene into the plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern analyses. Transfer of the transgenic ginseng plantlets to soil was successfully accomplished via acclimatization in autoclaved perlite. Not all of the plantlets survived in soil that had not been autoclaved because of fungal infection, particularly in the region between the roots and leaves. Transgenic plants growing in soil were observed to be strongly resistant to Basta application.', 'en_US'),
(1712, 'Gene silencing in transgenic soybean plants transformed via particle bombardment', 'Transgenes are susceptible to silencing in plants especially when multiple copies of the gene of interest are introduced. Transgenic plants derived by particle bombardment, which is the common method for transforming soybean, have a tendency to have multiple integration events. Three independent transgenic soybean plants obtained via particle bombardment were analyzed for transgene silencing. A GUS transgenic soybean line had at least 100 copies of the GUS gene while there were approximately 60 copies of the transgene in the two soybean lines transformed with a 15-kDa zein storage protein gene from maize. Soybean plants transformed with the GUS gene showed variable GUS expression. The coding region and promoter of the GUS gene in the plants with low expression of GUS were heavily methylated. Variability in GUS expression was observed in the progeny of the high expressors in the T2 and T3 generations as well. Expression level of the 15-kDa zein gene in transgenic soybean plants showed correlation with the level of transgene methylation. The helper component-proteinase from potyviruses is known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing. Transgenic plants were inoculated with the soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV) to test possible effects on transgene silencing in soybean. Infection with SMV did not suppress transgene silencing in these plants and suggests that the silencing in these plants may not be due to post-transcriptional gene silencing.', 'en_US'),
(1713, 'Intraspecific gene flow in bread wheat as affected by reproductive biology and pollination ecology of wheat flowers', 'Gene flow is transfer of genetic information between populations of the same or different species. Gene flow in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occurs via pollen or seed dispersal. Under normal conditions, gene flow between wheat cultivars is negligible due to selfing of flowers. Factors such as reproductive biology and environmental conditions at vegetative and reproductive stages bring variation in the extent of gene flow. Cultivars with open florets during pollination may have increased gene flow. High or low humidity or temperature during anthesis may decrease gene flow. Although pollen movement has been observed 1000 m from the source, substantial outcrossing beyond 30 m was not observed. Rigorous and systematic gene flow studies in wheat are absent from the scientific literature. Gene flow data could establish an appropriate isolation distance between cultivars and genetically modified (GM) plants or hybrids.', 'en_US'),
(1714, 'Genetic uniformity of the U.S. upland cotton crop since the introduction of transgenic cottons', 'Field genetic uniformity is the probability that any two plants selected at random within a region carry alleles that are identical by descent. Genetic uniformity of field crops can occur through breeding with genetically related backgrounds and grower choice of a few related cultivars among other factors. Transgenic cotton cultivars currently dominate the U.S. cottonseed market, comprising approximately 72% of the Year 2000 cotton hectares. All transgenic cotton cultivars were derived through backcross breeding with popular nontransgenic cultivars. The objective of this study was to apply pedigree analysis to estimate field genetic uniformity since transgenic cultivars were introduced into the U.S. cottonseed market in 1996. Coefficients of parentage and proportion of hectares planted to transgenic cultivars were employed to estimate field genetic uniformity for the southeastern, south-central, southwestern, and western production regions. Compared with field genetic uniformity estimated in the Year 1995 preceding introduction of transgenic cultivars, field genetic uniformity did change (0.18 vs. 0.13). The number of cultivars planted on the largest hectarage has not changed, but the percentage of the crop planted to a few cultivars has declined. The proportion of the hectarage planted to the most popular cultivar also has declined. Both of these factors affected field genetic uniformity resulting in a 28% reduction in uniformity across the USA.', 'en_US'),
(1715, 'Stability of gene expression and agronomic performance of a transgenic herbicide-resistant sugarcane line in South Africa', 'Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) cultivar NCo310 was transformed with the pat gene, which confers resistance to the herbicide Buster (glufosinate ammonium; Bayer CropScience, Monheim am Rhein, Germany). The effect of the expression of this gene on the agronomic performance of a successful transgenic line, 22.2, was investigated. Field testing showed that the pat gene was stably expressed during three rounds of vegetative propagation. Morphological and agronomic characters such as stalk height, diameter, population, fiber, disease resistance, and yield, measured in the first ratoon, were not significantly different in the transgenic line and its untransformed counterpart. Of four weed treatments applied to transformed and untransformed plots, there were two scenarios in which significantly higher yields were observed: (i) untransformed cane treated using the conventional (non-Buster) herbicide protocol, widely used for weed control in the South African sugar industry, and (ii) transformed cane treated with a conventional preemergence cocktail, followed by two 5-L ha-1 Buster applications. However, the most economical weed control treatment is dependent on the cost of the herbicide to which resistance has been engineered. Buster currently costs (in South African Rand) ZAR150 (US $14.01) L-1. For Buster treatments to be cost effective for commercial growers, the price would have to be considerably lower. However, since hand-hoeing is deleterious to the cane, small-scale growers currently controlling weeds manually would find herbicide use an advantage. If they were to adopt transgenic sugarcane, Buster costs would need to be reduced only slightly for them to increase their returns.', 'en_US'),
(1716, 'Food allergies', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1717, 'Polymorphism for interspecific hybridisation within a population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) pollinated by oilseed rape (Brassica napus)', 'The within-population polymorphism of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) for interspecific hybridisation with two cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was investigated by hand crossing experiments and fluorescence microscopy. Wide variability among plants was observed in the ability of oilseed rape pollen to germinate on the wild radish stigma; the frequency of pistils showing pollen tubes ranged from 0 to 1, depending on the female plant. The ratio of fertilised ovules to the total number of ovules in ovaries where pollen tubes arrived ranged from 0.02 to 0.51. Overall, the results provide evidence for the presence of different phenotypes. In 40% of the plants, pistils had no or very few pollen tubes and few fertilised ovules. In 23%, the foreign pollen tubes grew through the style towards the ovary, but had low ovule fertilisation efficiency. The remaining 37% showed a large number of pollen tubes in the style and frequent ovule fertilisation, and two plants showed no difference between foreign and conspecific pollen. With regard to post-zygotic barriers, pollen germination and ovule fertilisation represent minor barriers to interspecific hybridisation between oilseed rape and wild radish. It is suggested that the effectiveness of these barriers could be improved through plant breeding; this could reduce the risk of gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to populations of wild relatives.', 'en_US'),
(1718, 'The use of transgenic plants in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with trace elements', 'The use of plants to clean-up soils contaminated with trace elements could provide a cheap and sustainable technology for bioremediation. Field trials suggested that the rate of contaminant removal using conventional plants and growth conditions is insufficient. The introduction of novel traits into high biomass plants in a transgenic approach is a promising strategy for the development of effective phytoremediation technologies. This has been exemplified by generating plants able to convert organic and ionic forms of mercury into the less toxic, volatile, elemental mercury, a trait that occurs naturally only in some bacteria and not at all in plants. The engineering of a phytoremediator plant requires the optimization of a number of processes, including trace element mobilization in the soil, uptake into the root, detoxification and allocation within the plant. A number of transgenic plants have been generated in an attempt to modify the tolerance, uptake or homeostasis of trace elements. The phenotypes of these plants provide important insights for the improvement of engineering strategies. A better understanding, both of micronutrient acquisition and homeostasis, and of the genetic, biochemical and physiological basis of metal hyperaccumulation in plants, will be of key importance for the success of phytoremediation.', 'en_US'),
(1719, 'Fitness of hybrids between weedy and cultivated radish: implications for weed evolution', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1720, 'Validation of real-time PCR analyses for line-specific quantitation of genetically modified maize and soybean using new reference molecules', 'Novel analytical methods based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions by use of new reference molecules were validated in interlaboratory studies for the quantitation of genetically modified (GM) maize and soy. More than 13 laboratories from Japan, Korea, and the United States participated in the studies. The interlaboratory studies included 2 separate stages: (1) measurement tests of coefficient values, the ratio of recombinant DNA (r-DNA) sequence, and endogenous DNA sequence in the seeds of GM maize and GM soy; and (2) blind tests with 6 pairs of maize and soy samples, including different levels of GM maize or GM soy. Test results showed that the methods are applicable to the specific quantitation of the 5 lines of GM maize and one line of GM soy. After statistical treatment to remove outliers, the repeatability and reproducibility of these methods at a level of 5.0% were <13.7 and 15.9%, respectively. The quantitation limits of the methods were 0.50% for Bt11, T25, and MON810, and 0.10% for GA21, Event176, and Roundup Ready soy. The results of blind tests showed that the numerical information obtained from these methods will contribute to practical analyses for labeling systems of GM crops.', 'en_US'),
(1721, 'The use of transgenic systems in pharmaceutical research', 'Those pharmaceutical companies whose goal is to generate novel innovative drugs are faced with the challenge that only a fraction of the compounds tested in clinical trials eventually become a registered drug. This problem of attrition is compounded by the fact that the clinical trial or development stage is by far the most costly phase of bringing a new drug to market, consuming around 80 per cent of the total spend. Transgenic technology represents an attractive approach to reducing the attrition rate of compounds entering clinical trials by increasing the quality of the target and compound combinations making the transition from discovery into development. Transgenic technology can impact at many points in the discovery process, including target identification and target validation, and provides models designed to alert researchers early to potential problems with drug metabolism and toxicity, as well as providing better models for human diseases. In target identification, transgenic animals harbouring large DNA fragments can be used to narrow down genetic regions. Genetic studies often result in the identification of large genomic regions and one way to decrease the region size is to do complementation studies in transgenic animals using, for example, inserts from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. In target validation, transgenic animals can be used for in vivo validation of a specific target. Considerable efforts are being made to establish new, rapid and robust tools with general utility for in vivo validation, but, so far, only transgenic animals work reliably on a wide range of targets. Transgenic animals can also be used to generate better disease models. Predictive animal models to test new compounds and targets will significantly speed up the drug discovery process and, more importantly, increase the quality of the compounds taken further in the research and development process. Humanised transgenic animals harbouring the human target molecule can be used to understand the effect of a compound acting on the human target in vivo. Also, models mimicking human drug metabolism will provide a means of assessing the effect of human-specific metabolites and of understanding the pharmacokinetic properties of potential drugs. In toxicology studies, transgenic animals are providing more predictive models. A good example of this are those models routinely used to look for carcinogenicity associated with new compounds.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1722, 'Taiwan''s GM foods labelling legislation -- a review', 'Genetically engineered food products have several advantages over their conventional counterparts; i.e. improvement of production traits is rapid, and genetic information can be transferred across species. However, introduction of a new gene into food crops may lead to emergence of altered composition and nutritional value, allergenicity and toxicity. To meet the requirements to environmental and food safety, sale of GM foods in Taiwan must comply with regulations, guidelines and labelling of various governmental agencies. Among these agencies, the Department of Health is responsible for the safety and labelling of GM foods, and has promulgated regulations stipulating the labelling of food products containing GM ingredients. Our initial step on the mandatory labelling of GM foods would let consumers to decide to purchase GM products.', 'en_US'),
(1723, 'Genetically engineered crops: U.S. adoption and impacts', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1724, '5''-Nuclease PCR for quantitative event-specific detection of the genetically modified Mon810 MaisGard maize', 'Genetically modified maize is grown extensively in the world today. MaisGard (Monsanto, Yieldgard in the USA) is a genetically modified maize harbouring the Mon810 transformation event. European Community legislation requires that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) be approved before they are placed on the market. Labelling is required when more than 1% of any ingredient of a food originates from a GMO. There is consequently a need for specific, quantitative methods for detection of genetically modified foods. We have determined the DNA sequence of the 5''-flanking region of the Mon810 insert using ligation mediated PCR. A primer probe set overlapping the junction was designed and used in a quantitative, event-specific Taqman 5''-nuclease assay. Mon810 DNA was quantified relative to endogenous maize zein gene DNA. The results were expressed as the percentage of genetically modified Mon810 maize DNA relative to the total content of maize DNA.', 'en_US'),
(1725, 'Bioinformatic methods for allergenicity assessment using a comprehensive allergen database', 'Background: A principal aim of the safety assessment of genetically modified crops is to prevent the introduction of known or clinically cross-reactive allergens. Current bioinformatic tools and a database of allergens and gliadins were tested for the ability to identify potential allergens by analyzing 6 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, 3 common non-allergenic food proteins and 50 randomly selected corn (Zea mays) proteins. Methods: Protein sequences were compared to allergens using the FASTA algorithm and by searching for matches of 6, 7 or 8 contiguous identical amino acids. Results: No significant sequence similarities or matches of 8 contiguous amino acids were found with the B. thuringiensis or food proteins. Surprisingly, 41 of 50 corn proteins matched at least one allergen with 6 contiguous identical amino acids. Only 7 of 50 corn proteins matched an allergen with 8 contiguous identical amino acids. When assessed for overall structural similarity to allergens, these 7 plus 2 additional corn proteins shared ¡Ý35% identity in an overlap of ¡Ý80 amino acids, but only 6 of the 7 were similar across the length of the protein, or shared >50% identity to an allergen. Conclusions: An evaluation of a protein by the FASTA algorithm is the most predictive of a clinically relevant cross-reactive allergen. An additional search for matches of 8 amino acids may provide an added margin of safety when assessing the potential allergenicity of a protein, but a search with a 6-amino-acid window produces many random, irrelevant matches.', 'en_US'),
(1726, 'Virus-induced gene silencing in transgenic plants expressing the minor capsid protein of beet western yellows virus', 'Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing the minor coat protein P74 of the phloem-limited Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) exhibited an unusual spatial pattern of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) when infected with BWYV or related viruses. Following infection, transgenic P74 and its mRNA accumulated to only low levels, 21 to 23 nucleotide RNAs homologous to the transgene appeared, and the transgene DNA underwent methylation. The infecting viral RNA, however, was not subject to significant silencing but multiplied readily and produced P74 in the phloem tissues, although the P74 encoded by the transgene disappeared from the phloem as well as the nonvascular tissues.', 'en_US'),
(1727, 'Sequence-, tissue-, and delivery-specific targeting of RNA during post-transcriptional gene silencing', 'Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing an untranslatable version of the coat protein (CP) gene from the tamarillo mosaic virus (TaMV) were either resistant to TaMV infection or recovered from infection. These phenotypes were the result of a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism that targeted TaMV-CP sequences for degradation. The TaMV-CP sequences were degraded when present in the wild-type TaMV potyvirus, in transgene mRNA, or in chimeric viral vectors based on white clover mosaic virus. The more efficiently targeted region was mapped to a 134-nt segment. Differences were observed in the efficiency of targeting during cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of the chimeric viruses. However, the TaMV-CP sequences do not appear to be targeted for degradation when delivered by biolistics.', 'en_US'),
(1728, 'Effects of transgenic glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the associated herbicide application on eubacterial and Pseudomonas communities in the rhizosphere', 'A containment experiment was carried out in order to evaluate possible shifts in eubacterial and Pseudomonas rhizosphere community structures due to the release of genetically modified Basta-tolerant oilseed rape and the associated herbicide application. Treatments included cultivation of the transgenic plant as well as of the wild-type cultivar in combination with mechanical removal of weeds and the application of the herbicides Basta (active ingredient: glufosinate) and Butisan S (active ingredient: metazachlor). Rhizosphere soil was sampled from early and late flowering plants as well as from senescent plants. A culture-independent approach was chosen to characterize microbial communities based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from rhizosphere DNA using eubacterial and Pseudomonas-specific PCR primers. Dominant pseudomonads in the rhizosphere were analyzed by sequence analysis. Whole community and Pseudomonas electrophoresis fingerprints revealed slightly altered microbial communities in the rhizosphere of transgenic plants; however, effects were minor as compared to the plant developmental stage-dependent shifts. Both herbicides caused transient changes in the eubacterial and Pseudomonas population structure, whereas differences due to the genetic modification were still detected at the senescent growth stage. The observed differences between transgenic and wild-type lines were most likely due to unintentionally modified plant characteristics such as altered root exudation.', 'en_US'),
(1729, 'Expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine', 'A new approach to the production and delivery of vaccine antigens is the use of engineered amino virus-based vectors. A chimeric peptide containing antigenic determinants from rabies virus glycoprotein (G protein) (amino acids 253?275) and nucleoprotein (N protein) (amino acids 404?418) was PCR-amplified and cloned as a translational fusion product with the alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein (CP). This recombinant CP was expressed in two plant virus-based expression systems. The first one utilized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants providing replicative functions in trans for full-length infectious RNA3 of AlMV (NF1-g24). The second one utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants using autonomously replicating tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) lacking native CP (Av/A4-g24). Recombinant virus containing the chimeric rabies virus epitope was isolated from infected transgenic N. tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants and used for parenteral immunization of mice. Mice immunized with recombinant virus were protected against challenge infection. Based on the previously demonstrated efficacy of this plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine when orally administered to mice in virus-infected unprocessed raw spinach leaves, we assessed its efficacy in human volunteers. Three of five volunteers who had previously been immunized against rabies virus with a conventional vaccine specifically responded against the peptide antigen after ingesting spinach leaves infected with the recombinant virus. When rabies virus non-immune individuals were fed the same material, 5/9 demonstrated significant antibody responses to either rabies virus or AlMV. Following a single dose of conventional rabies virus vaccine, three of these individuals showed detectable levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies, whereas none of five controls revealed these antibodies. These findings provide clear indication of the potential of the plant virus-based expression systems as supplementary oral booster for rabies vaccinations.', 'en_US'),
(1730, 'A transformation method for obtaining marker-free plants of a cross-pollinating and vegetatively propagated crop', 'It is generally thought that transformation of plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens occurs at a very low frequency. Therefore, selection marker genes are used to identify the rare plants that have taken up foreign DNA. Genes encoding antibiotic and herbicide resistance are widely used for this purpose in plant transformation. Over the past several years, consumer and environmental groups have expressed concern about the use of antibiotic- and herbicide-resistance genes from an ecological and food safety perspective. Although no scientific basis has been determined for these concerns, generating marker-free plants would certainly contribute to the public acceptance of transgenic crops. Several methods have been reported to create marker gene-free transformed plants, for example co-transformation, transposable elements, site-specific recombination, or intrachromosomal recombination. Not only are most of these systems time-consuming and inefficient, but they are also employed on the assumption that isolation of transformants without a selective marker gene is not feasible. Here we present a method that permits the identification of transgenic plants without the use of selectable markers. This strategy relies on the transformation of tissue explants or cells with a virulent A. tumefaciens strain and selection of transformed cells or shoots after PCR analysis. Incubation of potato explants with A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 resulted in transformed shoots at an efficiency of 1-5% of the harvested shoots, depending on the potato genotype used. Because this system does not require genetic segregation or site-specific DNA-deletion systems to remove marker genes, it may provide a reliable and efficient tool for generating transgenic plants for commercial use, especially in vegetatively propagated species like potato and cassava.', 'en_US'),
(1731, 'Mapping and interpreting societal responses to genetically modified crops and food', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1732, 'People''s concerns about biotechnology: some problems and some solutions', 'Pharmaceuticals and vaccines made by genetic engineering are well accepted all over the world. In contrast, there are many people, particularly in Europe, who are worried that food, made by the same new technology, may harm their health or cause damage to the environment. This is despite the growing evidence that genetically modified crops have the potential to improve world food security and the fact that there have, as yet, been no adverse results of their use in the food chain. Because of these worries and the mechanisms of politics, agricultural biotechnology has become the target of concerns about food safety (BSE, Foot & Mouth Disease), along with globalisation and the power of multinational companies. These concerns will, hopefully, be overcome by a more open and well-informed dialogue between scientists, opinion leaders, educators and the public. If judiciously applied, genetically modified crops will help increase sustainability and the fight against hunger in the world.', 'en_US'),
(1733, 'Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach', 'Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.', 'en_US'),
(1734, 'Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab', 'Crops genetically engineered to produce Bacillus thuringiensis toxins for insect control can reduce use of conventional insecticides, but insect resistance could limit the success of this technology. The first generation of transgenic cotton with B. thuringiensis produces a single toxin, Cry1Ac, that is highly effective against susceptible larvae of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a major cotton pest. To counter potential problems with resistance, second-generation transgenic cotton that produces B. thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab alone or in combination with Cry1Ac has been developed. In greenhouse bioassays, a pink bollworm strain selected in the laboratory for resistance to Cry1Ac survived equally well on transgenic cotton with Cry1Ac and on cotton without Cry1Ac. In contrast, Cry1Ac-resistant pink bollworm had little or no survival on second-generation transgenic cotton with Cry2Ab alone or with Cry1Ac plus Cry2Ab. Artificial diet bioassays showed that resistance to Cry1Ac did not confer strong cross-resistance to Cry2Aa. Strains with >90% larval survival on diet with 10 µg of Cry1Ac per ml showed 0% survival on diet with 3.2 or 10 µg of Cry2Aa per ml. However, the average survival of larvae fed a diet with 1 µg of Cry2Aa per ml was higher for Cry1Ac-resistant strains (2 to 10%) than for susceptible strains (0%). If plants with Cry1Ac plus Cry2Ab are deployed while genes that confer resistance to each of these toxins are rare, and if the inheritance of resistance to both toxins is recessive, the efficacy of transgenic cotton might be greatly extended.', 'en_US'),
(1735, 'Investigating gene introgression from rape to wild turnip', 'Gene introgression from crops to weedy relatives has become an important issue with the development and release of transgenic crops. This study investigates hybridization between rape and a New Zealand population of wild turnip (Makarewa, Southland). The rape used was a rapid cycling non-transgenic line, homozygous for a single dominant mutation conferring resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. Seed from wild turnip plants were harvested following hand pollination in a greenhouse and after natural pollination in field trials that were conducted at two ratios of rape:wild turnip, 1:1 and 1:~400. Interspecific hybrids were identified in the progeny populations by in vitro screening of seedlings for resistance to chlorsulfuron. Their hybrid status was confirmed by DNA content using flow cytometry. As expected, hand pollinations produced 100% hybrid progeny, illustrating a high potential for interspecific hybridization between rape and wild turnip. In contrast, hybrids were very rare under natural field conditions.', 'en_US'),
(1736, 'Impacts of transgenic plants and micro-organisms on soil biota', 'Little is known about the impacts of transgenic plants and micro-organisms on soil biota and processes, despite the large number of field releases of transgenic crops. Recent work has shown that transgenic plants can cause changes in the soil biota (both invertebrates and micro-organisms) associated with these plants. Often the changes are transient but their impact on the soil ecosystem remains unknown. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified (GM) bacteria to indigenous soil bacteria has been demonstrated but movement of genes from transgenic plants, if it occurs at all, has not yet been detected in natural systems. Soil invertebrates appear to play an important role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in soil.', 'en_US'),
(1737, 'Ecological risks and benefits of transgenic plants', 'The spread of commercial growing of transgenic crops has been very rapid, with such crops being grown on 44.2 million ha in 13 countries in 2000. Most currently grown transgenic plants are either herbicide or insect resistant, but research into other possibilities is intense. There are potentially significant environmental effects of this technology, as well as sharply conflicting claims about its overall impact. Among perceived risks, this review concentrates on the possibility of damaging ecosystem services (biological control, pollination, decomposition and soil fertility maintenance) and effects on biodiversity. Among the benefits, lower environmental contamination by fewer pesticide applications, less soil erosion due to less frequent agricultural operations and lower pressure on land resources due to increased yield, are listed. Both potential risks and benefits need careful documentation and validation for an appropriate assessment of the total ecological effects of this technology.', 'en_US'),
(1738, 'Issues relating to the practical use of transgenic crops for insect pest management', 'The implementation of transgenic plants for insect pest management requires a thorough evaluation of the risks, costs and benefits. Currently, all commercialised transgenic crops for insect control contain genes expressing specific Bt toxins. Excluding environmental and human health concerns, the most apparent risk for these Bt-plants is development of resistance to Bt toxins. The high dose/refuge strategy is accepted as most likely to delay or prevent pest resistance development. This strategy is based on the best available information but has several incompletely tested assumptions. The high dose/refuge strategy requires detailed knowledge of the plant-insect system and its implementation involves rigorous crop management. There have been few documented instances of harmful impacts on predators and parasitoids from transgenic plants expressing Bt or other toxins. The costs and benefits of using transgenic plants will depend on several factors including the plant species, its complex of insect pests, environmental conditions and alternative pest management tools and systems such as Integrated Pest Management. Benefits of transgenic plants are most likely to outweigh costs and risks for insects that are difficult to control by any other method and/or require numerous insecticide applications.', 'en_US'),
(1739, 'Broccoli plants with pyramided cry1Ac and cry1C Bt genes control diamondback moths resistant to Cry1A and Cry1C proteins', 'This study was undertaken to determine the effects of pyramiding two Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes in the same plant on the production of Bt proteins and the control of diamondback moths (DBM, Plutella xylostella) resistant to one or the other protein. Broccoli lines carrying both cry1Ac and cry1C Bt genes were produced by sexual crosses of cry1Ac- and cry1C-transgenic plants. Plants containing both genes were selected by tests for resistance to kanamycin and hygromycin, and confirmed by PCR analysis for the Bt genes. Both cry1Ac and cry1C mRNAs were detected in the hybrid lines, and Cry1Ac and Cry1C proteins were stably produced at levels comparable to the parental plants. Plants producing both Cry1Ac and Cry1C proteins caused rapid and complete mortality of DBM larvae resistant to Cry1A or Cry1C, and suffered little or no leaf damage. These plants, in combination with the resistant DBM populations available, will allow greenhouse or field studies of resistance management strategies involving gene pyramiding.', 'en_US'),
(1740, 'Evaluating the behavioural impact of the Australian and New Zealand genetically modified food labelling provisions', 'This paper presents the results of a choice experiment that encompassed the labelling options outlined in the Australian and New Zealand government''s recently finalized mandatory labelling system for genetically modified foods (GMF''s) and foods that contain genetically modified ingredients. The labelling scheme is to be implemented across both countries from December 2001 onwards. Results suggest difficulties ahead for manufacturers and growers of GM labelled product if there is an ample supply of GM-free labelled alternatives. It is also likely that manufacturers and growers of GM-free product will realize greater levels of demand over non-labelled and GM product even when these alternatives are substantially cheaper.', 'en_US'),
(1741, 'Measuring Heliothis resistance to Ingard cotton', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1742, 'High-stearic and high-oleic cottonseed oils produced by hairpin RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing', 'We have genetically modified the fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil using the recently developed technique of hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing to down-regulate the seed expression of two key fatty acid desaturase genes, ghSAD-1-encoding stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein 9-desaturase and ghFAD2-1-encoding oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine 6-desaturase. Hairpin RNA-encoding gene constructs (HP) targeted against either ghSAD-1 or ghFAD2-1 were transformed into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv Coker 315). The resulting down-regulation of the ghSAD-1 gene substantially increased stearic acid from the normal levels of 2% to 3% up to as high as 40%, and silencing of the ghFAD2-1 gene resulted in greatly elevated oleic acid content, up to 77% compared with about 15% in seeds of untransformed plants. In addition, palmitic acid was significantly lowered in both high-stearic and high-oleic lines. Similar fatty acid composition phenotypes were also achieved by transformation with conventional antisense constructs targeted against the same genes, but at much lower frequencies than were achieved with the HP constructs. By intercrossing the high-stearic and high-oleic genotypes, it was possible to simultaneously down-regulate both ghSAD-1 and ghFAD2-1 to the same degree as observed in the individually silenced parental lines, demonstrating for the first time, to our knowledge, that duplex RNA-induced posttranslational gene silencing in independent genes can be stacked without any diminution in the degree of silencing. The silencing of ghSAD-1 and/or ghFAD2-1 to various degrees enables the development of cottonseed oils having novel combinations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic contents that can be used in margarines and deep frying without hydrogenation and also potentially in high-value confectionery applications.', 'en_US'),
(1743, 'Regulating genetically-modified seeds in emerging economies.', 'This article focuses on the implications of biosafety regulation on national seed policy. Biosafety regulation?the policies and procedures adopted to ensure the environmentally safe application of modern biotechnology, in particular, the release of genetically modified organisms?has been extensively discussed at various national and international fora. Much of the discussion has focused on developing guidelines, appropriate legal frameworks, and, at the international level, on developing a legally binding International Biosafety Protocol. A major challenge in emerging economies will be to build the necessary infrastructure and human capacities to implement international and national biosafety guidelines or laws. Biosafety regulation adds a new dimension to national seed policies, which now have to consider their role in the process leading to the commercial release of genetically-modified varieties, including environmental assessments. In addition to biosafety review and approval, GMO crops intended for commercial use also are subject to existing regulations for seed registration, and may involve sanitary and phytosanitary regulations governing import, as well. There is potential for the respective authorities to overlap, which could lead to discord between the agencies and confusion on the part of the proponent. Capacity building to deal with the development of, and trade in genetically-modified seeds presents a challenge to ''emerging economies'' where regulatory agencies are often fragile and vulnerable to political change.', 'en_US'),
(1744, 'Policy response to technological developments: the case of GURTs', 'Technological developments may require a policy response when the potential effects of such technology contribute to unwanted or unpredictable changes. The introduction of genetic modification triggered policy makers to design a framework for risk assessment and release procedures that may be linked to conventional variety release systems (Traynor & Komen, this volume). Often, technological change reaches the policy level only when problems appear after introduction. In some cases, however, discussions can start even before the technology is ready for the market. A good example of the latter is the Genetic Use Restriction Technology (GURT), which triggered a very intense debate because of its possible use in the production of ''sterile seeds.'' This application was dubbed ''terminator technology'' in the popular press. GURT is thus an interesting case to analyse the link between technology and policy development. This paper heavily draws upon a study that was prepared by FAO (Visser et al., 2001). This case illustrates that a wide range of concerns and options are linked with one technological development, and that arguments arise from different policy fields. Analysis thus needs a thorough understanding of the individual opportunities and concerns as well as the linked arguments. GURT has received an extremely bad name in the international public debate. Very few, however, have seriously thought about possible policy responses and the tools that are available to the policy makers to implement their decisions. This paper intends to clarify both the complexity of such technological developments and it gives some suggestions about dealing with different concerns in the GURT''s case.', 'en_US'),
(1745, 'Agricultural biotechnology: farm-level, market, and policy considerations', 'This study provides an overview of the economic costs, benefits, and risks involved with agricultural biotechnology at the farm level, at the market level, and for the farm and food system as a whole. Both advantages and disadvantages of agricul-tural biotechnology are discussed. Among the drivers of U.S. domestic and interna-tional consumer demand for transgenic crop products discussed are environmental and food safety concerns. A comparison is made between a ''science-based'' regula-tory framework and a policy based on the precautionary principle. The authors argue that open dialogue is needed for achieving improved public understanding of agricul-tural biotechnology, and that analyses need to go beyond discussing the scientific merits of biotechnology, to include social scientists, as well as the public at large', 'en_US'),
(1746, 'Biodiversity and optimal policies towards R&D and the growth of genetically modified crops', 'In this paper we provide a simple model illustrating the possible nature of government policy with regards to genetic modification, taking into account its impact on the environment. We show that it is necessary not only to intervene in the growing of crops, but also to intervene in R&D through a tax on the adoption of new GM technology. Without intervention at both levels, both the cultivation of GM crops and the rate of innovation in GM will exceed their socially optimal levels.', 'en_US'),
(1747, 'Refuge strategies for managing pest resistance in transgenic agriculture', 'When the application of pesticides places selective evolutionary pressure on pest populations it can be useful to plant refuge areas: crop areas intended to encourage the breeding of pests susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisen with recent advances in biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops. This paper uses a simple model of evolution of pest population and pest resistance to characterize the socially optimal refuge strategy to manage pest resistance. We show both that the establishment of refuge areas might best be delayed until resistance becomes an important concern, and that the use of refuge areas in the long-run use will not be optimal if the fitness cost of resistance does not exceed the discount rate.', 'en_US'),
(1748, 'Managing the risk of European corn borer resistance to Bt corn', 'New pesticidal crops are taking advantage of advances in genetic engineering. For example, corn has been engineered to express Bt proteins that are toxic to the European corn borer. These crops are effective pest management tools for United States growers. However, there is concern that pests will develop resistance to these crops resulting in the increased use of more hazardous pesticides. The purpose of this paper is to develop a stochastic dynamic bioeconomic simulation model to help guide regulatory policy designed to mitigate the threat of resistance to new pesticidal crops. The model is used to evaluate the insect resistance management guidelines mandated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the use of Bt corn in the Midwestern United States.', 'en_US'),
(1749, 'Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part  2: Integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system, food supplement sprays with biological and synthetic insecticides', 'Part 1 of the paper showed that the integration of a lucerne/cotton interplant system with supplementary food sprays retained and increased populations of predatory insects in the cotton crop. The strategic use of biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)) reduced the use of synthetic insecticides by 50% without sacrificing cotton yield and profitability. In economic terms, the average gross margin for the IPM plot was A$3255 compared with A$3020 and A$3218 for the plots treated with (1) conventional insecticides on transgenic (Ingard®) cotton and (2) conventional insecticides on non-transgenic cotton. The use of transgenic cotton affected a 25% saving on synthetic insecticide usage. The results clearly indicate that a refined IPM approach could have a distinctive advantages in terms of economic and environmental impacts on cotton production. The success of such an approach lies in a strict adherence to its methodology.', 'en_US'),
(1750, 'Product development strategies for foods in the era of molecular biotechnology', 'Breakthroughs in science and technology are accelerating development of new products that are impacting our regulatory systems. Genetically modified or bioengineering plant varieties have entered the food supply on a global basis, especially in the U.S. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates on the premise of `substantial equivalence'' and has developed premarket notification procedures and voluntary labeling guidelines. Japan''s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare regulates biotechnology products and has imposed biotechnology labeling regulations. However, the EU continues to be in a regulatory gridlock between member states and has proposed strict traceability and labeling guidelines. These requirements are currently restricting imports of bioengineered foods and are creating an international debate. In contrast to bioengineered plant varieties, to our knowledge, there are no strains of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures on the market that contain rDNA. The majority of strains have been improved via selection and mutagenesis. However, conjugation and electroporation have been used to transfer native lactococcal phage resistance plasmids to industrial strains. In addition, plasmids have been introduced to allow for selection of certain characteristics and then been eliminated by curing. The potential benefits of bioengineered foods are far reaching and are one of the most important opportunities of this century. However, bioengineered foods remain an emotional debate that is affecting world trade.', 'en_US'),
(1751, 'Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods for four genetically modified maize varieties and maize DNA content in food', 'Quantitative detection methods are needed for enforcement of the recently introduced labeling threshold for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food ingredients. This labeling threshold, which is set to 1% in the European Union and Switzerland, must be applied to all approved GMOs. Four different varieties of maize are approved in the European Union: the insect-resistant Bt176 maize (Maximizer), Bt11 maize, Mon810 (YieldGard) maize, and the herbicide-tolerant T25 (Liberty LinkTM) maize. Because the labeling must be considered individually for each ingredient, a quantitation system for the endogenous maize content is needed in addition to the GMO-specific detection systems. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detection methods were developed for the 4 approved genetically modified maize varieties and for an endogenous maize (invertase) gene system.', 'en_US'),
(1752, 'Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods by protein- and DNA-based techniques: bridging the methods', 'According to European Commission (EC) Regulation 1139/98, foods and food ingredients that are to be delivered to the final consumer in which either protein or DNA resulting from genetic modification is present, shall be subject to additional specific labeling requirements. Since 1994, genetically altered tomatoes, squash, potatoes, canola, cotton, and soy have been on the market. Recently, insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize varieties have been introduced. Soy and maize are two of the most important vegetable crops in the world. During the past 4 years, both protein- and DNA-based methods have been developed and applied for detection of transgenic soy and maize, and their derivatives. For protein-based detection, specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been developed; for immunochemical detection, Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are the most prominent examples. For detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) at the level of DNA, polymerase chain reaction-based methods are mainly used. For these reactions, highly specific primer sets are needed. This study compares the principally different methods. Specificity of methods and the possible risks of false-positive or false-negative results are considered in relation to sampling, matrix effects, and food processing procedures. In addition, quantitative aspects of protein- and DNA-based GM detection methods are presented and discussed. This is especially relevant as EC regulation 49/2000, which defines a threshold for an unintentional comingling of 1%, came into force on April 10, 2000.', 'en_US'),
(1753, 'DNA methods: critical review of innovative approaches', 'The presence of ingredients derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food products in the market place is subject to a number of European regulations that stipulate which product consisting of or containing GMO-derived ingredients should be labeled as such. In order to maintain these labeling requirements, a variety of different GMO detection methods have been developed to screen for either the presence of DNA or protein derived from (approved) GM varieties. Recent incidents where unapproved GM varieties entered the European market show that more powerful GMO detection and identification methods will be needed to maintain European labeling requirements in an adequate, efficient, and cost-effective way. This report discusses the current state-of-the-art as well as future developments in GMO detection.', 'en_US'),
(1754, 'Detection methods and performance criteria for genetically modified organisms', 'Detection methods for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are necessary for many applications, from seed purity assessment to compliance of food labeling in several countries. Numerous analytical methods are currently used or under development to support these needs. The currently used methods are bioassays and protein- and DNA-based detection protocols. To avoid discrepancy of results between such largely different methods and, for instance, the potential resulting legal actions, compatibility of the methods is urgently needed. Performance criteria of methods allow evaluation against a common standard. The more-common performance criteria for detection methods are precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, which together specifically address other terms used to describe the performance of a method, such as applicability, selectivity, calibration, trueness, precision, recovery, operating range, limit of quantitation, limit of detection, and ruggedness. Performance criteria should provide objective tools to accept or reject specific methods, to validate them, to ensure compatibility between validated methods, and be used on a routine basis to reject data outside an acceptable range of variability. When selecting a method of detection, it is also important to consider its applicability, its field of applications, and its limitations, by including factors such as its ability to detect the target analyte in a given matrix, the duration of the analyses, its cost effectiveness, and the necessary sample sizes for testing. Thus, the current GMO detection methods should be evaluated against a common set of performance criteria.', 'en_US'),
(1755, 'Linear transgene constructs lacking vector backbone sequences generate transgenic rice plants which accumulate higher levels of proteins conferring insect resistance', 'Biolistic transformation was used to introduce genes encoding the insecticidal proteins snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) and cry1Ac Bt toxin (delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis) into elite rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Plant transformation was carried out in parallel experiments simultaneously by using either whole plasmids containing suitable gene constructs, or the corresponding minimal gene cassettes, which were linear DNA fragments lacking vector sequences excised from the plasmids. Both transformation methods generated similar numbers of independent transformation events. Selected R0 clonal plant lines were further characterised for presence and expression of transgenes. Co-transformation of the unselected genes (cry1Ac and gna) with the selectable marker (hpt) was at least as efficient for transformation with minimal gene cassettes as with whole plasmid DNA, and higher levels of accumulation of the insecticidal gene products GNA and cry1Ac were observed in plants resulting from minimal gene cassette transformation. Insect bioassays with major pests of rice showed that transgenic plants expressing gna showed enhanced resistance to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and plants expressing cry1Ac were protected against attack by striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis). Expression of both transgenes gave protection against both pests, but did not increase protection against either pest significantly over the levels observed in plants containing a single insecticidal transgene.', 'en_US'),
(1756, 'Analysis of chloroplast transformed tobacco plants with cry1Ia5 under rice psbA transcriptional elements reveal high level expression of Bt toxin without imposing yield penalty and stable inheritance of transplastome', 'Stable inheritance and sustained-high level expression of foreign genes in the progeny are the most critical factors for successful application of genetic engineering in agriculture. In this study, we have transformed cry1Ia5 into tobacco chloroplasts and studied the expression, inheritance and resistance offered against Helicoverpa armigera over two generations. Under rice chloroplast transcription elements, the Cry1Ia5 protein accumulated up to 3% of total soluble protein in leaf tissue which is ~ 300 fold more when compared to the expression of the same protein in the nuclear transformed plants. Transgenic plants offered complete protection against larvae of H. armigera, irrespective of development stage. Analysis of T0, T1 and T2 generation plants revealed site-specific integration, maternal inheritance and uniform expression of transgenes without imposing any yield penalty. Our results suggest that the overexpression of insecticidal toxin coding genes in chloroplasts would be an effective strategy to delay the emergence of resistance among phytophagous pests.', 'en_US'),
(1757, 'Expression of antibodies and Fab fragments in transgenic potato plants: a case study for bulk production in crop plants', 'To use transgenic potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) for bulk production of recombinant antibodies, constructs were engineered for accumulating full-size IgGs and Fab fragments in the plant cell apoplast or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An in-house transformation protocol was worked out for the efficient co-transformation of potato root explants. Accumulation levels in tubers of up to 0.5% of total soluble protein were found for antibodies targeted to the ER whereas five-fold lower accumulation levels were found for antibodies targeted for secretion. Additionally, different aspects important for the commercial exploitation of potato tubers as a heterologous production system were analysed. Tubers could be stored for up to 6 months without significant loss of antibody amount or activity. Minor variations in antibody accumulation levels were observed in tubers that originated from the same transformant. Most isolated IgGs and Fab fragments bound the antigen and had the correct molecular weight when compared with the hybridoma-derived standard. Processing to greenhouse or field trials, including in vitro propagation of a selected transformant, required only approximately 9 months from the start of transformation, a time frame in which hundreds of kilograms of transgenic potato tubers could easily be obtained. Small-scale purification of IgG was possible by using standard laboratory techniques. Thus, molecular farming in potato tubers can be a viable production system for economic production of clinically or industrially interesting macromolecules, such as antibodies.', 'en_US'),
(1758, 'The real threat to GM crops in poor countries: consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries', 'In most poor countries today, farmers still plant no GM food or feed crops at all. Some are now planting GM cotton, but GM food and feed crops have not yet been grown commercially anywhere in developing Asia or the Middle East, and in only one African country (South Africa). Government authorities in most of these countries have not yet given farmers official permission to plant any GM food or feed crops??superficially in most cases because of precautionary concerns about biological safety. The more fundamental reason is now a fear that consumers in high-income importing regions, such as Europe and Japan, will shun imports from any country that begins planting GM varieties. The new EU regulation calling for strict labelling and traceability on all GM-derived foods and feeds (requiring a costly physical segregation of GM from non-GM all the way up the marketing chain) will further discourage the planting of GM crops in poor countries.', 'en_US'),
(1759, 'Applications of biotechnology for crop improvement: prospects and constraints', 'Recombinant DNA technology has significantly augmented the conventional crop improvement, and has a great promise to assist plant breeders to meet the increased food demand predicted for the 21st century. Dramatic progress has been made over the past two decades in manipulating genes from diverse and exotic sources, and inserting them into microorganisms and crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests and diseases, tolerance to herbicides, drought, soil salinity and aluminum toxicity; improved post-harvest quality; enhanced nutrient uptake and nutritional quality; increased photosynthetic rate, sugar, and starch production; increased effectiveness of biocontrol agents; improved understanding of gene action and metabolic pathways; and production of drugs and vaccines in crop plants. Despite the diverse and widespread beneficial applications of biotechnology products, there remains a critical need to present these benefits to the general public in a real and understandable way that stimulates an unbiased and responsible public debate. The development, testing and release of agricultural products generated through biotechnology-based processes should be continuously optimized based on the most recent experiences. This will require a dynamic and streamlined regulatory structure, clearly supportive of the benefits of biotechnology, but highly sensitive to the well being of humans and environment.', 'en_US'),
(1760, 'The potential for gene flow between cultivated and wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in the United States', 'The transfer of genes from crop plants to their wild relatives via hybridization has emerged as one of the primary risks associated with the commercialization of genetically engineered crops. Although previous studies have revealed relatively high levels of hybridization when crop plants come into contact with their wild relatives, the frequency of such contact across the range of cultivation of any crop taxon is unknown. Here we report the results of a multi-year, range-wide survey of the potential for reproductive contact between cultivated and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The results of this work indicate that the opportunity for crop?wild hybridization exists throughout the range of sunflower cultivation. Approximately two-thirds of all cultivated fields occurred in close proximity to, and flowered coincidentally with, common sunflower populations. In these populations, the phenological overlap was extensive, with 52?96% of all wilds flowering coincidentally with the adjacent cultivar field. Moreover, there was morphological evidence of hybridization in 10?33% of the populations surveyed within a given year. These findings indicate that crop?wild hybridization is likely across the range of sunflower cultivation in the USA.', 'en_US'),
(1761, 'Effect of genetically modified low phytic acid plants on mineral absorption', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1762, 'Impact of feed processing and mixed ruminal culture on the fate of recombinant EPSP synthase and endogenous canola plant DNA', 'The impact of feed processing and in vitro ruminal cultures on the persistence of recombinant and canola-specific endogenous DNA was studied using various canola substrates (whole seed, cracked seed, meal and diet). For both, parental and genetically modified substrates, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene was amplifiable up to varying time points. Persistence of recombinant DNA, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (1363 bp) was detected up to 8 h for meal and 4 h for mixed diet. Upon processing of canola, DNA large enough to contain intact plant genes remains. In an in vitro environment, plant DNA was rapidly degraded upon its release into rumen fluid.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1763, 'Genetically engineered immunity to papaya ringspot virus in Australian papaya cultivars', 'Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), which has recently been identified in Australia, is the major limiting factor in papaya production worldwide. In this paper we report the development of two Australian papaya cultivars that are immune to infection with PRSV. Papaya somatic embryos were transformed via microprojectile bombardment using a construct containing an untranslatable PRSV coat protein coding region. Immunity was demonstrated by repeated inoculation in the glasshouse and eighteen months in the field. The immune lines were shown to have up to five copies of the transgene by Southern hybridisation. Northern hybridisation showed that the coat protein transcript in the immune lines appeared to be degraded; therefore, the mechanism of resistance appears to be post transcriptional gene silencing via RNA degradation. We have taken a proactive approach to control of PRSV in Australia by developing genetically engineered resistance before the Australian papaya industry has been decimated by the inevitable spread of PRSV.', 'en_US'),
(1764, 'The biosafety protocol and international trade in genetically modified organisms', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1765, 'Relationship between papaya ringspot virus coat protein transgene expression levels and age-dependent resistance in transgenic papaya', '''Rainbow'' (RB), a transgenic papaya cultivar hemizygous for the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) coat protein (CP) gene, exhibits early plant susceptibility (>70% of plants infected) to mechanical inoculation with crude preparations of PRSV isolates from Hawaii. However, RB plants become highly resistant by approximately 9 weeks after seeding in the greenhouse (2.5% of plants infected) and by 13 weeks in the field (<16% of plants infected). ''SunUp'' (SU), a transgenic papaya cultivar homozygous for the CP gene, exhibits complete resistance against all isolates of PRSV from Hawaii, but is susceptible to isolates from outside of Hawaii. The current research was conducted to measure PRSV-CP expression levels in RB and SU plants at comparable stages of development, and to determine if transgene expression levels correlate with resistance. In all experiments, older RB and SU plants had lower average CP expression levels than younger seedlings, while RB had higher average CP expression levels than equivalently aged SU. For RB plants, CP expression level at inoculation was positively correlated with subsequent symptom expression in 3 out of 4 greenhouse trials and with percent infection in both field trials. Differences in CP transgene expression levels and early plant susceptibility of RB plants demonstrate that careful attention must be focused on plant development when evaluating transgenic plants for desired characteristics.', 'en_US'),
(1766, 'Biotechnology in aquaculture', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1767, 'Transgenic fruit: development, handling and marketing', 'Transgenic fruit with modified gene traits have led to technological commercial successes (e.g. virus resistant papaya) and some disappointments (tomato softening - antisense polygalacturonase). In order to be successful, the technology needs to take commercial, economic, social and environmental impacts into account. Transgenic commodities that provide producers a cost advantage (e.g. an input character: such as disease resistance) may not be reflected in a lower price for consumers. Similarly, fruit handlers and consumers may not see an advantage of modified handling and ripening characteristics (output characters) and hence they may not be willing to pay a premium. This hesitancy is particularly so for commodities that are available all year around from a single or multiple sources. Hawaii''s papaya industry was in a perilous state from 1992, as papaya ringspot virus rapidly moved through the major production area on the Big Island. ''SunUp'' and ''Rainbow'' (F1-''SunUp'' x ''Kapoho'') were the two transgenic virus resistant cultivars released by the University of Hawaii in 1998 through the Papaya Administrative Committee. The availability of the transgenic seed rescued the industry. Producers saw their family incomes increase and employment improved for the numerous small papaya producers. Hawaii has been successful in marketing transgenic papaya fruit on the US Mainland. There has been some resistance by large corporate distributors. However, transgenic fruit are readily marketed in supermarket chains and small retailers. The return of the industry to full health depends upon access to the Japanese market, and to a lesser extent access to Canada. Both are under petition.', 'en_US'),
(1768, 'Growth promotion in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) by gene transfer of the rainbow trout growth hormone gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1769, 'Is it fair to compare? Issues regarding the testing of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans in university variety performance trials', 'With the introduction of herbicide-tolerant crop varieties, there is concern that university variety performance trials conducted under conventional herbicide programs may be biased in terms of yield potential. Experiments on dryland and irrigated glyphosate-tolerant soybean (Glycine max) varieties conducted at two Arkansas locations in 1998 and 2000 provide evidence there are no differences in plant height or yield potential across herbicide regimes if effective weed control is established. The research compared conventional herbicide programs to various glyphosate products. While the evidence suggests that university trials are an appropriate means of determining the yield potential of glyphosate-tolerant varieties, producers are still advised to evaluate whether effective weed control will be better attained with a glyphosate or conventional herbicide program.', 'en_US'),
(1770, 'Is biotechnology in China''s future?', 'This paper examines the potential of agricultural biotechnology adoption in China in the future. It discusses: the strong government support to agricultural biotechnology research; consumers'' acceptance of agricultural biotechnology; regulations in labelling and safety certification for genetically modified animals and plants entering China for sale, production, processing, or research; and the role of the public and private sector in biotechnology research.', 'en_US'),
(1771, 'Comparison of simplex and duplex real-time PCR for the quantification of GMO in maize and soybean', 'This paper focuses on the determination of the GMO content of maize and soybean samples using real-time PCR, comparing simplex and duplex PCR. The total DNA content of samples was determined by amplifying part of a maize gene encoding a lipid transfer protein, or part of a soybean lectin gene. The transgenic DNA was quantified by amplifying part of the CaMV 35S promoter. The importance of preparation and conservation of standards as well as the relevance of DNA extraction protocol on the variability of results are discussed. For the determination of low GMO content, limitation in the number of copies of the target gene to be amplified is considered. For samples with a theoretical GMO content of 1%, corresponding to the legal threshold for labelling, the value determined by duplex real-time PCR ranged from 0.85% to 1.20%. Both real-time simplex and duplex PCRs allowed identification of GMO free samples without ambiguity.', 'en_US'),
(1772, 'The latest European Union directive on genetically modified organisms. A food policy mediating between public concerns and industry interests', 'The recently published 2001/18/EC Directive on deliberate release into the environment of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) provides a very important legislative framework for regulation of the GMOs issue in the European Union in the forthcoming years. Spreading knowledge of the contents of this Directive and outlining its main points of general interest will indubitably help the debate between consumers and producers, and this is the goal of the present paper.', 'en_US'),
(1773, 'Predicting survival of a genetically engineered microorganism, Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11, in soil and wheat rhizosphere across Canada with linear multiple regression models', 'Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11 survival rates in soil and wheat rhizosphere were measured using intact soil core microcosms representing 23 sites across Canada. Linear multiple regression (LMR) models were developed to predict the survival rate of this genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) as a function of soil parameters measured at the time of microcosm inoculation. LMR models were tested by comparing their predicted survival rates with observed survival rates from environmental introductions of the GEM by Gagliardi et al. (2001) at five field sites across Canada over two years. No soil parameter (e.g., % clay) was highly correlated with GEM survival rates in soil or wheat rhizosphere. Total fungal colony-forming units (CFUs), % soil titanium (positive correlations), and % soil magnesium (negative correlation) were found to be the best LMR predictors of GEM survival rates in soil over two years. Total soil bacterial CFUs, nitrate, % soil potassium (positive correlations), and exchangeable magnesium (negative correlation) were found to be the best LMR predictors of GEM survival rate in wheat rhizosphere over two years. While LMR models were statistically significant, they were unable to reliably predict the survival rate of the GEM in field trial introductions. The results indicate that there can be considerable uncertainty associated with predicting GEM survival for multi-site environmental introductions.', 'en_US'),
(1774, 'Tolerance to Cry1Ac in populations of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): three-year summary', 'Field populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens F. from the eastern one-half of the United States cotton belt were monitored from 1996 to 1998 for tolerance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Spray chamber analyses of H. zea from the Mississippi Delta revealed a slight decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ac during the 3-year period. Areas producing the greatest change in tolerance to Cry1Ac had a greater percentage of their acreage planted in Bt cotton. In general, tolerances of H. virescens populations did not change, with the single exception being the third generation of H. virescens collected from the Mississippi Delta. The small changes in tolerance in H. zea reported herein suggested that even though populations were slightly more tolerant of Cry1Ac, they were not at a level to cause control failures in the field.', 'en_US'),
(1775, 'Characterization of antibody responses induced in rodents by exposure to food proteins: influence of route of exposure', 'There is a growing interest in the development of methods to characterize the allergenic properties of novel proteins, particularly those expressed by transgenic crop plants. Approaches to the direct evaluation of allergenic potential have focused generally on the ability of proteins to induce antibody (particularly IgE antibody) after systemic (intraperitoneal; i.p.) or gavage administration to high IgE responder strain rodents. To date there has been no systematic comparison of the reliability, sensitivity or selectivity of these approaches. We have, therefore, compared antibody (IgG and IgE) responses induced in Brown Norway (BN) rats by daily gavage administration and in BALB/c strain mice following intraperitoneal or gavage exposure to food proteins of varying allergenic potential. Animals were exposed to the allergens peanut agglutinin and ovalbumin (OVA) or to a crude potato protein extract (PPE) containing acid phosphatase activity, a common foodstuff which appears to be of low allergenicity. All test proteins were clearly immunogenic when administered by gavage to BN rats, with measurable, and in some cases very vigorous, IgG antibody responses recorded for all animals. Identical exposure of BALB/c strain mice also stimulated detectable IgG antibody responses, with particularly high titers recorded following treatment with peanut agglutinin and somewhat less vigorous responses induced by OVA and PPE. Despite these high titer IgG antibody responses, however, none of the proteins provoked detectable IgE antibody following gavage administration to BN rats. In contrast, in BALB/c mice oral exposure to peanut agglutinin elicited high titer IgE antibody, although IgE antibody responses to both OVA and PPE were much weaker. Parenteral (i.p.) treatment of BALB/c strain mice with each of the test materials induced relatively high titer IgG antibody and a differential potential to stimulate IgE antibody was observed. High titer IgE responses were provoked by i.p. administration of peanut agglutinin and OVA, whereas PPE stimulated little or no detectable IgE antibody. It would appear, therefore, that while it is possible to elicit robust IgE responses by gavage exposure of BALB/c strain mice to some protein allergens, such as peanut agglutinin, such responses are generally weaker and less consistent than those provoked by i.p. administration. Furthermore, gavage treatment failed to induce detectable IgE responses in the BN rat, suggesting that the ability these animals to mount IgE responses is somewhat variable. Following i.p. administration to BALB/c strain mice, these proteins displayed immunological properties consistent with what is known of their allergenic potential in humans, suggesting that, following further evaluation with a wider range of proteins, this method may provide one approach to the identification of potential protein allergens.', 'en_US'),
(1776, 'Acceptability of genetically modified cheese presented as real product alternative', 'European consumers, in general, have negative attitudes towards the use of gene technology in food production. The objective of this study was to examine whether taste and health benefits influence the acceptability of genetically modified (gm) products when they are presented as real product alternatives. Consumers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden (n=738) assessed two cheeses: one was labelled as genetically modified (preferred in an earlier product test) and the other as conventional (neutral in an earlier product test). A smaller control group received two cheeses with blind codes. Labelling decreased consumers'' intentions to buy the originally preferred gm-labelled cheese, but still the intentions were at the same level with the conventionally labelled option. Participants chose two gm cheeses out of five possible when given the option to take cheese home after tasting. Intentions to buy gm cheese could best be explained by respondents'' attitudes towards gene technology and perceived taste benefits. General health interest was also a reinforcer of intentions for gm cheese with reduced fat content.', 'en_US'),
(1777, 'Protein allergenicity assessment of foods produced through agricultural biotechnology.', 'Foods produced through agricultural biotechnology are reaching the consumer marketplace. These novel foods should be assessed for their safety, including their potential allergenicity. Agricultural biotechnology involves the introduction of novel proteins into the modified foods, and proteins can be allergenic. The potential allergenicity of the introduced proteins can be evaluated by focusing on the source of the gene, the homology of the newly introduced protein to known allergens, the reactivity of the novel protein with IgE antibodies from the serum of individuals with known allergies to the source of the transferred DNA or to materials that are broadly related to the source of the transferred DNA, the resistance of the novel protein to pepsin, and the immunoreactivity of the novel protein in appropriate animal models. Additional factors, such as the level of expression of the novel protein in the modified food and expression in the edible portion of the food, may also yield valuable insights. Applying such criteria provides a reasonable approach to determining whether or not the novel protein is likely to become an allergen.', 'en_US'),
(1778, 'Genetically engineered foods: implications for food allergy', 'The products of agricultural biotechnology, including such common foods as corn and soybeans, are already reaching the consumer marketplace. Consumer exposure to such foods is already fairly significant, particularly in the USA. Thus far, no reports exist regarding allergic reactions to the crops that have been approved for introduction into the food supply. These crops have been modified to only a minor extent by comparison with their traditional counterparts, and the level of expression of new and novel proteins is quite low. Thus, consumer exposure to these novel proteins is very low and unlikely to result in allergic sensitization. Nevertheless, foods produced through agricultural biotechnology must be assessed for safety, including their potential allergenicity, before they may be approved by worldwide regulatory agencies for entry into the food supply. However, the adequacy of the current approach to the assessment of the potential allergenicity of foods produced through agricultural biotechnology has been the subject of considerable scientific and regulatory debate.', 'en_US'),
(1779, 'Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides', 'To meet the demands for food of the expanding world population, there is need of new ways for protecting plant crops against predators and pathogens while avoiding the use of environmentally aggressive chemicals. A milestone in this field was the introduction into crop plants of genes expressing Bacillus thuringiensis entomotoxic proteins. In spite of the success of this new technology, however, there are difficulties for acceptance of these `anti-natural'' products by the consumers and some concerns about its biosafety in mammals. An alternative could be exploring the plant''s own defense mechanisms, by manipulating the expression of their endogenous defense proteins, or introducing an insect control gene derived from another plant. This review deals with the biochemical features and mechanisms of actions of plant proteins supposedly involved in defense mechanisms against insects, including lectins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, enzymes inhibitors, arcelins, chitinases, ureases, and modified storage proteins. The potentialities of genetic engineering of plants with increased resistance to insect predation relying on the repertoire of genes found in plants are also discussed. Several different genes encoding plant entomotoxic proteins have been introduced into crop genomes and many of these insect resistant plants are now being tested in field conditions or awaiting commercialization.', 'en_US'),
(1780, 'Approaches to assessment of the allergenic potential of novel proteins in food from genetically modified crops.', 'The safety assessment of food derived from genetically modified plants continues to attract considerable attention. Among the important issues that need to be considered is whether the products of novel genes introduced into crop plants will have the potential to induce allergic sensitization or to elicit allergic disease. Hierarchical approaches to allergenicity testing have been proposed, and these incorporate evaluation of the structural and sequence homology and serological identity of novel proteins with known allergens, measurement of resistance to proteolytic digestion, and assessment of allergenic potential using animal models. Accounts of these approaches are available elsewhere, and it is not the purpose of this article to provide a detailed critique of specific methods. Our intention is rather to look more broadly at the strategy for assessment of allergenic potential, the challenges such assessments pose for the practicing toxicologist, and how some of these might best be addressed.', 'en_US'),
(1781, 'Precautionary uncertainty: regulating GM crops in Europe', 'Through the precautionary principle, governments acknowledge the limits of science as a basis for policy, while seeking to clarify scientific uncertainty. This tension is exemplified by the European risk regulation of genetically modified (GM) crops. The risk debate has been translated into various precautionary approaches, each with its own cognitive framing of the relevant uncertainties. Early safety claims took for granted intensive agricultural models; normative judgements served to downplay uncertainties which were not readily reducible, thus justifying commercial approval of products. In the late 1990s public protest strengthened broader accounts of uncertainty, for example through more stringent environmental norms and more complex causal pathways of potential harm. Fact-finding methods were debated as a value-laden choice for how best to generate more relevant knowledge.As risk-assessment research challenged assumptions in safety claims, critics cited the results as evidence of greater uncertainty. Invoking the precautionary principle, regulatory procedures delayed or restricted commercial use of GM crops. They not only increased the burden of evidence for safety, but also stimulated and requested knowledge about more complex uncertainties. Criteria for relevant evidence were implicitly linked with different framing visions for agriculture.Such value conflicts made scientific uncertainty more important - rather than vice versa. When risk research methods were challenged, fact/value boundaries were blurred, thus increasing ''uncertainty'' - rather than vice versa. In these ways, the risk controversy was constituted by divergent accounts of the relevant scientific uncertainty. Uncertainty was constitutive, not merely contextual. In general, then, precaution offers a means to justify uncertainty - not simply vice versa.', 'en_US'),
(1782, 'The genetically modified (GM) food labelling controversy: ideological and epistemic crossovers', 'In the debate surrounding genetically modified (GM) food, intense controversies pertain over whether, or how, GM food products ought to be labelled. This paper examines how the GM-supportive and GM-sceptical alliances use arguments regarding labelling so as to strengthen their respective positions. It is an examination of conflicting arguments across social coalitions, corporations and policy-makers, mainly in the USA, but with certain European comparisons. The empirical material consists of written statements by the different groups. The paper suggests that the ideological and epistemological tenets are radically transformed, or even ''crossed over'', between GM proponents and opponents when the focus is moved from GM per se to labelling. Two types of crossovers are identified: (i) the crossover of ideologies, and (ii) the crossover of epistemologies. The paper concludes that, while implementing mandatory GM labelling may have several democratic advantages, it is more urgent that both alliances become more reflexive and communicative concerning inconsistent or eclectic crossovers - both ideological and epistemological.', 'en_US'),
(1783, 'Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments', 'Widespread use of transgenic crops that express an insecticidal endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis increases the risk of evolution of resistance by the European corn borer and other insect pests. To delay resistance evolution, the high-dose/refuge strategy is being implemented for Bt maize and Bt cotton. We develop a general modelling framework to understand the invasion and spread of alleles conferring resistance. We show that at least three processes are involved in explaining the effectiveness of the high-dose/refuge strategy: the intensity of selection, assortative (non-random) mating due to spatial subdivision, and variation in male mating success also due to spatial subdivision. Understanding these processes leads to a greater range of possible resistance management tactics. For example, efforts to encourage adults to leave their natal fields may have the unwanted effect of speeding rather than slowing resistance evolution. Furthermore, when Bt maize causes high mortality to susceptible target pests, spraying insecticides in refuges to reduce pest populations may not greatly disrupt resistance management.', 'en_US'),
(1784, 'The impact of biotechnology on agricultural worker safety and health', 'Biotechnology applications such as the use and production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been widely promoted, adopted, and employed by agricultural producers throughout the world. Yet, little research exists that examines the implications of agricultural biotechnology on the health and safety of workers involved in agricultural production and processing. Regulatory frameworks do exist to examine key issues related to food safety and environmental protection in GMO applications. However, based on the lack of research and regulatory oversight, it would appear that the potential impact on the safety and health of workers is of limited interest. This article examines some of the known worker health and safety implications related to the use and production of GMOs using the host, agent, and environment framework. The characteristics of employers, workers, inputs, production practices, and socio-economic environments in which future agricultural workers perform various tasks is likely to change based on the research summarized here.', 'en_US'),
(1785, 'Food allergy', 'Food allergies affect as many as 6% of young children, most of whom ''outgrow'' the sensitivity, and about 2% of the general population. Although any food may provoke a reaction, relatively few foods are responsible for the vast majority of food allergic reactions: milk, egg, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Many of these food allergens have been characterized at a molecular level, which has increased our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of many responses and may soon lead to novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Food allergic reactions are responsible for a variety of symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract and may be due to IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. A systematic approach including history, laboratory studies, elimination diets, and often food challenges will lead to the correct diagnosis. Currently, management of food allergies consists of educating the patient to avoid ingesting the responsible allergen and to initiate therapy in case of an unintended ingestion.', 'en_US'),
(1786, 'IgE, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils', 'IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils constitute essential elements in allergic inflammation. Allergen-specific IgE, synthesized in response to allergens in the environment and in susceptible individuals, becomes fixed to high-affinity receptors on cellular membranes, especially of mast cells and basophils. If these receptor-bound IgE molecules are aggregated on reexposure to specific allergen, these mast cells and basophils produce mediators that result in the allergic response. Principal among the cells drawn to sites of mediator release is the eosinophil.', 'en_US'),
(1787, 'Animal models to detect allergenicity to foods and genetically modified products: workshop summary', 'Respiratory allergy and allergy to foods continue to be important health issues. There is evidence to indicate that the incidence of food allergy around the world is on the rise. Current estimates indicate that approximately 5% of young children and 1-2% of adults suffer from true food allergy (Kagan 2003). Although a large number of in vivo and in vitro tests exist for the clinical diagnosis of allergy in humans, we lack validated animal models of allergenicity. This deficiency creates serious problems for regulatory agencies and industries that must define the potential allergenicity of foods before marketing. The emergence of several biotechnologically derived foods and industrial proteins, as well as their potential to sensitize genetically predisposed populations to develop allergy, has prompted health officials and regulatory agencies around the world to seek approaches and methodologies to screen novel proteins for allergenicity.', 'en_US'),
(1788, 'Food allergy - an overview', 'Food allergy affects between 5% and 7.5% of children and between 1% and 2% of adults. The greater prevalence of food allergy in children reflects both the increased predisposition of children to develop food allergies and the development of immunologic tolerance to certain foods over time. Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated food allergies can be classified as those that persist indefinitely and those that are predominantly transient. Although there is overlap between the two groups, certain foods are more likely than others to be tolerated in late childhood and adulthood. The diagnosis of food allergy rests with the detection of food-specific IgE in the context of a convincing history of type I hypersensitivity-mediated symptoms after ingestion of the suspected food or by eliciting IgE-mediated symptoms after controlled administration of the suspected food. Presently, the only available treatment of food allergies is dietary vigilance and administration of self-injectable epinephrine.', 'en_US'),
(1789, 'Assessment of the inherent allergenic potential of proteins in mice', 'There is considerable interest in the design of approaches that will permit the accurate identification and characterization of proteins that have the inherent potential to induce sensitization and cause food allergy. Among the methods used currently as part of such assessments are consideration of structural similarity to, or amino acid sequence homology with, known human allergens; whether there exists immunologic cross-reactivity with known allergens; and measurement of resistance to proteolytic digestion in a simulated gastric fluid. Although such approaches provide information that will contribute to a safety assessment, they do not--either individually or collectively--provide a direct evaluation of the ability of a novel protein to cause allergic sensitization. For this reason, work is in progress to design and evaluate suitable animal models that will provide a more holistic assessment of allergenic potential. In this laboratory, the approach we have taken has been to examine the characteristics of immune responses induced in mice following parenteral (intraperitoneal) exposure to test proteins. The basis of this method is to determine simultaneously the overall immunogenic potential of proteins [measured as a function of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody responses] and to compare this with their ability to provoke IgE antibody production, IgE being the antibody that effects allergic sensitization. Although this approach has not yet been evaluated fully, the results available to date suggest that it will be possible to distinguish proteins that have the inherent potential to induce allergic sensitization from those that do not. In this article we summarize progress to date in the context of the scientific background against which such methods are being developed.', 'en_US'),
(1790, 'Assessment of the allergic potential of food protein extracts and proteins on oral application using the brown Norway rat model', 'The need for widely accepted and validated animal models to test the potential allergenicity and potency of novel (biotechnology-derived) proteins has become an important issue for their safety evaluation. In this article, we summarize the results of the development of an oral sensitization protocol for food proteins in the rat. Young Brown Norway rats were exposed to either various purified allergenic proteins (e.g., ovalbumin, partly purified), a whole food (cow''s milk), or total protein extracts (hen''s egg white, peanut) by daily gavage dosing during 42 days without the use of an adjuvant. The results showed that Brown Norway rats can be sensitized orally to the various allergenic food proteins tested, resulting in antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE responses, without the use of adjuvants. Animals orally exposed to cow''s milk or total protein extracts of egg white also developed specific IgE and IgG antibodies that recognized the same proteins compared with antibodies from patients allergic to egg white or cow''s milk. We also studied local and systemic immune-mediated effects. In ovalbumin-sensitized rats, some clinical symptoms of food allergy were studied upon an oral challenge with ovalbumin. The results demonstrated that gut permeability was increased and that in some animals breathing frequency and systolic blood pressure were temporarily decreased. The results obtained show that the Brown Norway rat provides a suitable animal model for food allergy research and for the study of relative allergenicity of existing and novel food proteins.', 'en_US'),
(1791, 'Nonmurine animal models of food allergy', 'Food allergy can present as immediate hypersensitivity [manifestations mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E], delayed-type hypersensitivity (reactions associated with specific T lymphocytes), and inflammatory reactions caused by immune complexes. For reasons of ethics and efficacy, investigations in humans to determine sensitization and allergic responses of IgE production to innocuous food proteins are not feasible. Therefore, animal models are used a) to bypass the innate tendency to develop tolerance to food proteins and induce specific IgE antibody of sufficient avidity/affinity to cause sensitization and upon reexposure to induce an allergic response, b) to predict allergenicity of novel proteins using characteristics of known food allergens, and c) to treat food allergy by using immunotherapeutic strategies to alleviate life-threatening reactions. The predominant hypothesis for IgE-mediated food allergy is that there is an adverse reaction to exogenous food proteins or food protein fragments, which escape lumen hydrolysis, and in a polarized helper T cell subset 2 (Th2) environment, immunoglobulin class switching to allergen-specific IgE is generated in the immune system of the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissues. Traditionally, the immunologic characterization and toxicologic studies of small laboratory animals have provided the basis for development of animal models of food allergy; however, the natural allergic response in large animals, which closely mimic allergic diseases in humans, can also be useful as models for investigations involving food allergy.', 'en_US'),
(1792, 'Identification of antigenic epitopes on human allergens: studies with HLA transgenic mice', 'Environmental factors play an important role in the rise and manifestation of allergic conditions in genetically predisposed subjects. Increased exposure to indoor/outdoor allergens is a significant factor in the development of allergic sensitization and asthma. Recently, strong relationships between the immune response to several highly purified allergens and specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and -DR haplotypes have been reported. The major antigens from clinically important allergens have been cloned and sequenced. However, whether innate structural features of major allergens or peculiar immune recognition of these molecules contribute to the overly robust immune responses is not known. We generated and used transgenic (tg) mice expressing single HLA class II transgene(s) to characterize the allergen epitopes presented by particular HLA class II molecules. Next, we generated in vivo models for asthma in the HLA tg mice by intranasal challenge with allergenic extracts. Furthermore, we used a single epitope to induce an allergic lung inflammation. Our system offers a sophisticated technique for systematically identifying the genetic (individual human class II) and antigenic (individual allergenic epitopes) basis of asthma sensitivity and has important implications for new treatment strategies.', 'en_US'),
(1793, 'A human dendritic cell-based method to identify CD4+ T-cell epitopes in potential protein allergens', 'We developed an assay to determine the location of immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitopes in any protein. The method uses CD4+ T cells from community donors in conjunction with dendritic cells derived in vitro. Synthetic peptides constructed to describe the sequence of the protein of interest are cocultured with dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells, and T-cell proliferation is measured. Data are compiled over a large replicate of human donors to pinpoint immunodominant, usually promiscuous epitope regions. We have applied this technique to a known food allergen, the Brazil nut 2S storage globulin protein, and to two potential food allergens, the Cry1Ab and Cry3Aa proteins. We show epitope data for these three proteins. This assay can be used as a tool to guide the selection and qualification of future potential food transgenes.', 'en_US'),
(1794, 'Detection of Roundup ReadyTM Soybean processed food and vegetable soybean by multiplex polymerase chain reaction', 'The detection of Genetically modified (GM) food is necessary due to food safety regulations, and the labelling of GM-food will be practiced by 2003 in Taiwan. In this study, products such as soyamilk, tofu, dried tofu, yaba, su-ju, soyabean protein, vegetable meat and vegetable soyabean made of Roundup Ready Soyabean (RRS) were screened by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. By this method, the limit of detection for reference samples containing 5% (w/w) RRS of products soyabean, soyamilk, tofu, dried tofu and yaba was determined. This method can be used for detection of su-ji and soyabean protein efficiently but not vegetable meat due to its DNA degradation. We also found that no RRS gene been detected in vegetable soyabean harvested in Taiwan.', 'en_US'),
(1795, 'Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants', 'Oral immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) derived from yeast (purified product) or in transgenic potatoes (uncooked unprocessed sample) was compared. An oral adjuvant, cholera toxin, was used to increase immune responses. Transgenic plant material containing HBsAg was the superior means of both inducing a primary immune response and priming the mice to respond to a subsequent parenteral injection of HBsAg. Electron microscopy of transgenic plant samples revealed evidence that the HBsAg accumulated intracellularly; we conclude that natural bioencapsulation of the antigen may provide protection from degradation in the digestive tract until plant cell degradation occurs near an immune effector site in the gut. The correlate of protection from hepatitis B virus infection is serum antibody titers induced by vaccination; the protective level in humans is 10 milliunits/ml or greater. Mice fed HBsAg-transgenic potatoes produced HBsAg-specific serum antibodies that exceeded the protective level and, on parenteral boosting, generated a strong long-lasting secondary antibody response. We have also shown the effectiveness of oral delivery by using a parenteral prime-oral boost immunization schedule. The demonstrated success of oral immunization for hepatitis B virus with an ''edible vaccine'' provides a strategy for contributing a means to achieve global immunization for hepatitis B prevention and eradication.', 'en_US'),
(1796, 'Field evaluation and agronomic performance of transgenic wheat', 'Seven transgenic lines of wheat have been evaluated under field conditions during 2 agonomic years. Four lines contained the transgenes for -glucuronidase (uidA), herbicide resistance (bar) and for one high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunit, and three lines contained only one transgene for one HMW glutenin subunit and no marker genes. Agronomic traits and yield components were studied in transgenic lines and compared with the non-transgenic parent and null segregant lines. Although phenotypic differences for many traits have been found, only heading date and the number of spikelets per spike showed clear genotypic differences for both field trials. All transgenic lines had a longer heading date than parent lines whereas the number of spikelets per spike in transgenic lines was around that for L88-31 and higher for L88-6 than the corresponding parent lines. No differences were found between lines constitutively expressing the uidA and bar genes from those which only expressed the HMW genes. We conclude that differences between transgenic lines and their parents are small, and could be eliminated by backcrossing transgenic lines with their parents and selecting for the wanted genotype.', 'en_US'),
(1797, 'Transgenic dry bean tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium', 'The bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Jansen) Labeda & Lyons encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), which confers tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. In Brazil, the productivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (dry bean) has been declining in some regions. One of most limiting factors is weed competition. This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of obtaining transgenic bean plants resistant to glufosinate ammonium, which would facilitate weed control during the summer season. The biolistic process was used to insert this gene into dry bean, and the integration was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Two transgenic events, PHV119 and PHV122 were tolerant to 500 g ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium under green house conditions, with no visible symptoms and developmental growth comparable to nontransgenic P. vulgaris. Field evaluation carried out with the PHV119 event has shown that the plants tolerated up to 400 g GA ha-1, with no visible symptoms. Inheritance studies showed that the transgenes segregated in a Mendelian fashion.', 'en_US'),
(1798, 'Effect of weeds on the sexual indices of spiders (Araneae) in transgenic sugarbeet and maize fields', 'In the years 1997 and 1998 effects of weed on the sexual indices of spiders (Araneae) were carried out during field tests with transgenic, herbicide tolerant sugar beet and maize crops. Because of the tolerance of the plants and the possible late application, different weed cover was determined in treatments. Catching was done with pitfall traps. Conventional fields of the same crops were used with a minimum distance of 500m from the testing site. With exception of O. apicatus (Blackwall) the catching of the males were higher than that of the females and the juveniles. No indirect effects of weed couldn''t be determined on the species with exception of P. microphthalmum (O.P.-Cambridge) in both cultures maize and sugar beet.', 'en_US'),
(1799, 'Implications for food regulations of novel food: safety and labeling', 'Novel or functional foods may provide health and nutritional benefits due to non-nutritice components such as fiber, flavonoids, and phenols. National, regional and international regulations are discussed as a means to control label claims, composition and uses.', 'en_US'),
(1800, 'Current methods for assessing safety of genetically modified crops as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready Soybeans', 'Several laboratories have used recombinant DNA technology in plant breeding to improve compositional, processing, and agronomic characteristics of plants. These transformed plants have been extensively tested in field trials, have gained full regulatory approvals and are currently being marketed in a number of countries around the world. This paper briefly summarizes the approach used to assure the safety of foods and feeds derived from these genetically modified crops, as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready soybeans that has been developed by Monsanto Company using biotechnology in order to confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide, by the production of the CP4 enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein. The results of the studies demonstrate that Roundup Ready soybeans are as safe as traditional soybeans with respect to food and feed safety.', 'en_US'),
(1801, 'Safety assessment and public concerns for genetically modified food products: the Japanese experience', 'There combinant DNA (rDNA) technique is expected to bring about great progress in the improvement of breeding technology and the development of new plant varieties showing high quality and high yield, such as those with excellent pest and disease resistance, those with environmental stress tolerance, and so forth. In the United States and Canada, many genetically modified (GM) crop plants were commercialized as early as 1994. In Japan, 35 transgenic crop plants, such as herbicide tolerant soybean, cotton, and canola, and insect-resistant corn, cotton, and potatos, were authorized and considered marketable until April 2001. The general public, however, is not familiar with rDNA technology, and some people seem to feel uncomfortable with biotechnology, frequently because of the difficulty of the technology and lacking of sufficient information. New labeling systems were initiated in April 2001 in Japan to provide information regarding the use of GM crops as raw material.', 'en_US'),
(1802, 'Safety assessment and public concern for genetically modified food products: the European view', 'The safety assessment for marketing purposes of genetically modified (GM) foods in the 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) is based on the Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulation adopted in May 1997. Before a GM food can be approved under the Regulation, it must satisfy three criteria: GM food must be safe, it must not mislead the consumer and it must be nutritionally adequate. The EU Scientific Committee on Food has published a set of guidelines describing the type of information expected from a company in support of an application for approval of a GM food or food ingredient. Despite this rigorous procedure and there being no evidence of harm resulting from the consumption of GM foods worldwide, there is essentially no market in the EU for such products at present. Possible reasons for this are discussed and the view put forward that the market for GM foods will change only when there are more clearly perceived consumer benefits.', 'en_US'),
(1803, 'Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view', 'In the relatively short time since their commercial introduction in 1996, genetically modified (GM) crops have been rapidly adopted in the United States GM crops are regulated through a coordinated framework developed in 1992 and administered by three agencies--the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) that ensures the products are safe to grow, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that ensures the products are safe for the environment, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that ensures the products are safe to eat. Rigorous food and environmental safety assessments must be completed before GM crops can be commercialized. Fifty-one products have been reviewed by the FDA, including several varieties of corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, rice, sugar beets, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, papaya, and flax. Because FDA considers these crops ''substantially equivalent'' to their conventional counterparts, no special labeling is required for GM crops in the United States and they are managed as commodities with no segregation or identity preservation. GM crops have thus made their way through commodity distribution channels into thousands of ingredients used in processed foods. It has been estimated that 70% to 85% of processed foods on supermarket shelves in the United States today contain one or more ingredients potentially derived from GM crops. The food industry and retail industry have been monitoring the opinions of their consumers on the GM issue for the past several years. Numerous independent groups have also surveyed consumer concerns about GM foods. The results of these surveys are shared and discussed here.', 'en_US'),
(1804, 'The process of developing labeling standards for GM foods in the Codex Alimentarius', 'The Codex Committee on Food Labeling (CCFL) is currently considering the issue of genetically modified (GM) food labeling in an effort to develop guidelines for international harmonization. This paper provides a summary of the CCFL''s seven-year effortto develop a standard for the labeling of biotechnology-derived foods. It is hoped that the CCFL will continue to meet its objective of protecting consumers while facilitating trade by developing the best labeling policies for harmonization.', 'en_US'),
(1805, 'A survey of national labeling policies for GM foods', 'Rising consumer concerns with genetically modified foods and products has led a number of countries around the world to introduce rules for labeling the presence of genetically modified (GM) ingredients. This paper presents a survey of the countries around the world that have adopted or indicate that they plan to adopt rules to govern labels in the marketplace. So far, more than 26 countries have either adopted provisions or announced plans for rules to assist the market to develop and deliver labeled products. The challenge facing industry, national governments and international trade organizations is that each of the systems being developed has different tolerances, diverging application, and weak or inconsistent enforcement, compounding the tasks of international trade', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1806, 'Analyzing quality and quality assurance (including labeling) for GMOs', 'The use of biotechnology can affect the actual and perceived quality of food products through its effect on an array of intrinsic quality attributes. Buyers may agree or differ on which of these effects creates high or low quality products. Labeling is an extrinsic cue that informs buyers, although imperfectly, about intrinsic quality characteristics.', 'en_US'),
(1807, 'Genetic risks in forestry', 'This paper raises two major questions: (1) Do forestry operations modify genetic processes that would increase exposures of tree populations to future losses or hazards? (2) Do genetic activities per se (selection, tree improvement, biotechnology) lead to increase susceptibility to risks? A general frame for the analysis of genetic risks is first presented by outlining the effects of different genetic attributes or processes on the exposure or tolerance to risks. Then a review of the various risks generated by species of population transfer, silvicultural and management regimes, tree breeding activities and biotechnology is given. Main concerns in these activities are the potential erosion of genetic diversity, the strong modifications of the distribution of genetic diversity due to artificial seed flow, the disruption of genetic processes maintaining diversity, and the potential release of genetically modified trees. To cope with these concerns most countries and institutions have adopted conservative measures as dynamic conservation programmes of genetic resources.', 'en_US'),
(1808, 'Consumption of two Bt and six non-Bt corn varieties by the woodlouse Porcellio scaber', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1809, 'Potential gene flow from cultivated sunflower to volunteer, wild Helianthus species in Europe', 'The possibility of gene flow between cultivated and wild species of different crops was assessed, focussing on sunflower and its wild relatives or cultivated forms (annual Helianthus annuus, H. argophyllus, H. bolanderi, H. petiolaris, and perennial H. rigidus, H. tuberosus). Data were compiled from the literature and an attempt was made at determining the efficiency of possible crosses between annual and perennial species. The risk of a cultivated allele escaping from sunflower to uncontrolled forms (volunteers, H. annuus and H. tuberosus feral forms) was addressed, the fate of such alleles in the wild also being examined. An attempt was made to define some of the pressures likely to limit the spread of wild forms in nature, or that could prevent or impede the spread and increase the frequency of alleles from cultivated plants. Risks of spread of transgenes from sunflower varieties in Europe where feral forms are present but no natural Helianthus species were assessed. The emergence of transgenic or biologically engineered varieties of sunflower demands that attention be focussed on this field.', 'en_US'),
(1810, 'Interaction between protein allergens and model gastric emulsions', 'The observed resistance to pepsinolysis of known food allergens has been suggested as a predictor of their allergenic risk. Consequently, resistance to pepsinolysis has become incorporated into decision tree assessment for potential allergenic risk posed by novel foods. However, existing methods take little account of the interaction between food structure and physiological conditions existing during digestion in vivo. Here we show that a range of protein allergens can adsorb to model stomach emulsions, providing a further means of resisting digestion. We also show that raising the pH and the addition of bile salts to a model stomach emulsion, thereby mimicking the duodenal environment, has the effect of desorbing the adsorbed protein.', 'en_US'),
(1811, 'Interspecific hybridization between Agrostis stolonifera and related Agrostis species under field conditions', 'Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is a commercially important turfgrass used principally on golf courses. Weed control is one of the major problems encountered in golf course maintenance, largely because the major weed, Poa annua L., is another grass species with herbicide responses similar to creeping bentgrass. Development of creeping bentgrass cultivars expressing one of the herbicide resistance genes would provide an effective solution. The prospects of commercialization of transgenic cultivars of creeping bentgrass have raised questions about the potential for pollen-mediated gene flow to related Agrostis spp. In a field study we have measured the frequency of interspecific hybridization between transgenic creeping bentgrass and four related species, A. canina L., A. castellana Boiss. and Reut., A. gigantea Roth, and A. capillaris L. Interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered between creeping bentgrass and A. capillaris and A. castellana at frequencies of 0.044 and 0.0015%, respectively, which were considerably lower than intraspecific transgenic progeny recovery in the same experimental plots (0.631%). No interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered with A. gigantea or A. canina.', 'en_US'),
(1812, 'The atopic dog as a model of peanut and tree nut food allergy', 'Background: Animal models are needed that mimic human IgE-mediated peanut and tree nut allergy. Atopic dogs have been previously used in a model of food allergy to cow''s milk, beef, wheat, and soy, with the demonstration of specific IgE production and positive oral challenges similar to those seen in human subjects. Objective: We sought to sensitize dogs to peanut, walnut, and Brazil nut and to assess whether sensitization is accompanied by clinical reactions and whether there is cross-reactivity among the different preparations. Methods: Eleven dogs were sensitized subcutaneously by using an established protocol with 1 g each of peanut, English walnut, or Brazil nut protein extracts in alum first at birth and then after modified live virus vaccinations at 3, 7, and 11 weeks of age. The dogs were sensitized to other allergens, including soy and either wheat or barley. Intradermal skin tests, IgE immunoblotting to nut proteins, and oral challenges were performed with ground nut preparations. Results: At 6 months of age, the dogs'' intradermal skin test responses were positive to the nut extracts. IgE immunoblotting to peanut, walnut, and Brazil nut showed strong recognition of proteins in the aqueous preparations. Each of the 4 peanut- and the 3 Brazil nut?sensitized dogs and 3 of the 4 walnut-sensitized dogs reacted on oral challenge with the corresponding primary immunogen at age 2 years. None of the peanut-sensitized dogs reacted clinically with walnut or Brazil nut challenges. One of the walnut-sensitized dogs had delayed (overnight) vomiting to Brazil nut. Conclusions: On the basis of measurements of the mean amount of allergen eliciting a skin test response in dogs, the hierarchy of reactivity by skin testing is similar to the clinical experience in human subjects (peanut > tree nuts > wheat > soy > barley). Cross-reactivity, which was not apparent between soy and peanut or tree nuts or between peanut and tree nuts, was slight between walnut and Brazil nut. The results give further support to the dog as a model of human food allergy.', 'en_US'),
(1813, 'Agricultural biotechnology in Thailand', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1814, 'Comparison of consumer reaction to information about two genetically engineered soybeans that differ in consumer benefit', 'Proponents of genetic engineering applications in foods predict that second generation products with actual consumer benefits will be more acceptable to consumers than first generation products with improved agronomic traits. We tested this hypothesis using a print survey containing descriptions of one of two applications of genetic engineering in soybeans, Roundup Ready® and omega-3 enriched. Each was completed by one of two similar groups of supermarket customers. Those reading about omega-3 soybeans perceived significantly less risk and registered more trust in regulatory agencies and the biotechnology industry than those reading about Roundup Ready® soybeans. However, both groups still desired disclosure labeling of genetically engineered soybeans.', 'en_US'),
(1815, 'Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata', 'A transgenic corn event (MON 863) has been recently developed by Monsanto Company for control of corn rootworms, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This transgenic corn event expresses the cry3Bb1 gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), which encodes the insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein for corn rootworm control. A continuous feeding study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the dietary effect of MON 863 pollen expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein on the survival, larval development, and reproductive capacity of the non-target species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). First instar C. maculata (less than 24 h old) and newly emerging adults (less than 72 h old) were fed individually on a diet mixture containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic (control) corn pollen, bee pollen (a component of normal rearing diet), or potassium arsenate-treated control corn pollen. In the larval tests, 96.7%, 90.0%, and 93.3% of C. maculata larvae successfully pupated and then emerged as adults when fed on MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen (normal rearing) diets, respectively. Among the larvae completing their development, there were no significant differences in the developmental time to pupation and adult emergence among the transgenic corn pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen diet treatments. All larvae fed on arsenate treated corn pollen diet died as larvae. For tests with adults, 83.3%, 80.0%, and 100% of adult C. maculata survived for the 30 days of the test period when reared on diets containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen respectively. While the adult survival rate on MON 863 pollen diet was significantly less than that on the bee pollen diet, there was no significant difference between the MON 863 and non-transgenic corn pollen treatments. During the period of adult testing, an average of 77, 80, and 89 eggs per female were laid by females fed on the MON 863 pollen, control corn pollen, and bee pollen, respectively; no significant differences were detected in the number of eggs laid among these treatments. These results demonstrate that when offered at 50% by weight of the dietary component, transgenic corn (MON 863) pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein had no measurable negative effect on the survival and development of C. maculata larvae to pupation and adulthood nor any adverse effect on adult survival and reproductive capacity. Relevance of these findings to ecological impacts of transgenic Bt crops on non-target beneficial insects is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1816, 'Genetically modified crops: consumer attitudes and trends in plant research in Japan', 'Although Japanese consumers had relatively relaxed attitudes about genetically modified (GM) food five years ago, we now find that Japanese consumer acceptance has changed dramatically. Our survey utilized a postal questionnaire to a random sample of 200 Japanese consumers living in Miyazaki Prefecture and 150 Japanese plant breeding researchers. Results showed that Japanese consumers had become uneasy about the potential health risks of genetically modified foods. This issue is likely to be ethically motivated rather than scientific. Of the 106 responding Japanese plant breeding researchers, 77 (72.6%) said it was necessary to develop GM crops. The major reason being to overcome future food security problems. Most researchers thought the way to improve consumer acceptance was ''To broadcast correct information through the mass media'' (73.6%).', 'en_US'),
(1817, 'Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea', 'Data have been lacking on the proportion of Helicovera zea larvae that develop on noncotton host plants that can serve as a refuge from selection pressure for adaptation to transgenic cotton varieties that produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. We found that individual H. zea moths that develop as larvae on cotton and other plants with C3 physiology have a different ratio of 13C to 12C than moths that develop on plants with C4 physiology, such as corn. We used this finding in determining the minimum percentage of moths that developed on noncotton hosts in two cotton-growing areas. Our results indicate that local corn can serve as a refuge for H. zea in midsummer. Our results contrast dramatically with the prevailing hypothesis that the large majority of late-season moths are produced from larvae feeding on cotton, soybean, and other C3 plants. Typically, <50% of moths captured in August through October have isotope ratios indicative of larval feeding on C3 plants. In one October sample, 100% of the moths originated from C4 hosts even though C4 crops were harvested at least 1 mo earlier, and no common wild C4 hosts were available. These findings support other research indicating that many late-season H. zea moths captured in Louisiana and Texas are migrants whose larvae developed on corn in more northern locations. Our isotope data on moths collected in Texas early in the season indicate that the majority of overwintering H. zea do not originate from cotton-feeding larvae and may be migrants from Mexico. Non-Bt corn in Mexico and the U.S. corn belt appears to serve as an important refuge for H. zea.', 'en_US'),
(1818, 'Evaluation of the potential weediness of transgenic cotton in Northern Australia: a report prepared for consideration by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator', 'This journal is divided into 8 sections, each encompassing an individual experiment pertinent to the general objective. The objective of the research is to assess the potential weediness of transgenic Bt cotton in Northern Australia. Some topics included are: seed germination, seed dispersal, genetic differences in some transgenic cotton genotypes, volunteer transgenic cotton characteristics, plant nutrition and insect resistance.', 'en_US'),
(1819, 'Impact of oilseed rape expressing the insecticidal cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin on the beneficial predator Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian ladybeetle)', 'Insect-resistant transgenic plants have been suggested to have deleterious effects on beneficial predators through transmission of the transgene product by the pest to the predator. To test this hypothesis, effects of oilseed rape expressing the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1) on the predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis were investigated using diamondback moth Plutella xylostella as the pest species. As expected, oilseed rape expressing OC-1 had no effects on either development or survival of the pest, which utilizes serine digestive proteases. Immunoassays confirmed accumulation of the transgene product in pest larval tissues at levels of up to 3 ng per gut. Characterization of proteolytic digestive enzymes of H. axyridis demonstrated that larvae and adults utilize cysteine and aspartic proteases; the former activity was completely inhibited by oryzacystatin in vitro. However, when H. axyridis larvae consumed prey reared on OC-1 expressing plants over their entire life cycle, no significant effects upon survival or overall development were observed. The inhibitor initially stimulated development, with a shortening of the developmental period of the second instar by 27% (P < 0.0001) accompanied by a 36% increase in weight of second instar larvae (P = 0.007). OC-1 had no detrimental effects on reproductive fitness of adult H. axyridis. Interestingly there was a significant increase in consumption of OC-1 dosed prey. The results show that prey reared on transgenic plants expressing a protein which inhibited ladybird digestive enzymes in vitro had no effects in vivo; the ladybird was able to up-regulate digestive proteases in response to the inhibitor.', 'en_US'),
(1820, 'Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants: strategies, gene constructs and perspectives', 'Stable integration of a gene into the plant nuclear or chloroplast genome can transform higher plants (e.g. tobacco, potato, tomato, banana) into bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines for oral or parental administration. This can also be achieved by using recombinant plant viruses as transient expression vectors in infected plants. The use of plant-derived vaccines may overcome some of the major problems encountered with traditional vaccination against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and tumours. They also offer a convenient tool against the threat of bio-terrorism. State of the art, experimental strategies, safety and perspectives are discussed in this article.', 'en_US'),
(1821, 'Freezing effect on some quality parameters of transgenic parthenocarpic eggplants', 'Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits in the absence of fertilization. It confers advantages to horticultural crops; the most important are fruit production under adverse environmental conditions and seedless fruits. Parthenocarpy has been obtained in eggplant by genetic engineering using a chimeric gene and an ovule-specific promoter which allows the plant to increase the content and/or the activity of indol-3-acetic acid. Two transgenic hybrids, P1 and P2, were compared with the corresponding control hybrids C1 and C2 in open field. All parthenocarpic hybrids were seedless, so increasing fruit quality. In order to evaluate the quality of transgenic eggplants, particularly their suitability for freezing, analyses on colour, texture and pectic composition were carried out on raw fruits and after 15 months of frozen storage at -20 °C. Fresh and frozen parthenocarpic eggplants showed a slower browning of the pulp with respect to the controls. Texture data showed a higher decrease of firmness for the transgenic, while pectin analysis suggests that there are lower molecular weight fragments in the transgenic eggplants than in the controls.', 'en_US'),
(1822, 'Expression of pokeweed antiviral proteins in creeping bentgrass', 'Fungal diseases of creeping bentgrass, an important amenity grass used extensively on golf courses, are a serious problem in golf course management. Transgenic approaches to improving disease resistance to fungal diseases are being explored in many species, and in some cases ribosome-inactivating proteins have been found to be effective. We have generated transgenic creeping bentgrass plants expressing three forms of ribosome-inactivating proteins from pokeweed, which are termed pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAP). PAP-Y and PAP-C are nontoxic mutants of PAP; PAPII is the native form of another ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed. In creeping bentgrass, PAP-C transformants did not accumulate the protein, suggesting that it is unstable, and in a field test these plants were not protected from infection by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease. PAPII transformants could accumulate stable levels of the protein but had symptoms of toxicity; one low-expressing line exhibited good disease resistance. PAP-Y transformants accumulated stable levels of protein, and under greenhouse conditions they appeared to be phenotypically normal.', 'en_US'),
(1823, 'Starch content and yield increase as a result of altering adenylate pools in transgenic plants', 'Starch represents the most important carbohydrate used for food and feed purposes. With the aim of increasing starch content, we decided to modulate the adenylate pool by changing the activity of the plastidial adenylate kinase in transgenic potato plants. As a result, we observed a substantial increase in the level of adenylates and, most importantly, an increase in the level of starch to 60% above that found in wild-type plants. In addition, concentrations of several amino acids were increased by a factor of 2?4. These results are particularly striking because this genetic manipulation also results in an increased tuber yield. The modulation of the plastidial adenylate kinase activity in transgenic plants therefore represents a potentially very useful strategy for increasing formation of major storage compounds in heterotrophic tissues of higher plants.', 'en_US'),
(1824, 'Substantial equivalence -- an appropriate paradigm for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods?', 'Safety assessment of genetically modified food crops is based on the concept of substantial equivalence, developed by OECD and further elaborated by FAO/WHO. The concept embraces a comparative approach to identify possible differences between the genetically modified food and its traditional comparator, which is considered to be safe. The concept is not a safety assessment in itself, it identifies hazards but does not assess them. The outcome of the comparative exercise will further guide the safety assessment, which may include (immuno)toxicological and biochemical testing. Application of the concept of substantial equivalence may encounter practical difficulties: (i) the availability of near-isogenic parental lines to compare the genetically modified food with; (ii) limited availability of methods for the detection of (un)intended effects resulting from the genetic modification; and (iii) limited information on natural variations in levels of relevant crop constituents. In order to further improve the methodology for identification of unintended effects, new `profiling'' methods are recommended. Such methods will allow for the screening of potential changes in the modified host organism at different integration levels, i.e. at the genome level, during gene expression and protein translation, and at the level of cellular metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1825, 'Safety assessment of genetically modified crops', 'The development of genetically modified (GM) crops has prompted widespread debate regarding both human safety and environmental issues. Food crops produced by modern biotechnology using recombinant techniques usually differ from their conventional counterparts only in respect of one or a few desirable genes, as opposed to the use of traditional breeding methods which mix thousands of genes and require considerable efforts to select acceptable and robust hybrid offspring. The difficulties of applying traditional toxicological testing and risk assessment procedures to whole foods are discussed along with the evaluation strategies that are used for these new food products to ensure the safety of these products for the consumer.', 'en_US'),
(1826, 'The effect of stem diameter on European corn borer behavior and survival: potential consequences for IRM in Bt-corn', 'The ability of non-crop plants to support complete development of insect pests is an important factor for determining the impact of those plants on resistance management programs for transgenic crops. We assessed the effect of one physical factor, plant stem diameter, on the ability of plants to support full development of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the target pest of transgenic Bt-corn. In the field, European corn borer larvae were significantly more likely to tunnel and survive in plants with larger stem diameters. Larvae were 40× more likely to survive on corn, the largest plant tested, compared to many of the smaller plants. In the laboratory, larvae were more likely to survive in and less likely to abandon the largest diet-filled artificial stems that varied only in stem diameter. In conditions simulating those that an ECB larvae would encounter upon abandoning a host, larvae survived up to three weeks and were able to locate corn as a new host with a significantly higher frequency than would be expected if they were foraging randomly. These results indicate that the probability of ECB larval survival to maturity on a plant other than corn is relatively low and thus these smaller stemmed non-corn plants may not make a substantial contribution to the pool of susceptible adults. Conversely, since more mature larvae are not as susceptible as neonates, any larvae that partially develop on non-corn plants and subsequently colonize Bt-corn may not be exposed to a lethal dose of the toxin. Since some proportion of the individuals that survive could be partially resistant heterozygotes the presence of non-corn host plants could facilitate the development of resistant ECB populations.', 'en_US'),
(1827, 'Regulatory events and biotech firm share prices', 'Using the ''event study'' method, we measure the impact on agricultural biotechnology firm equity values of new regulations and other limitations placed on the marketing of biotech crops. Unanticipated declines to biotech firm stock prices indicate that newly imposed regulatory restrictions appear most likely to diminish profit expectations for these firms. The stock price reaction to decisions by crop handlers, processors, or retailers to segregate or limit the use of biotech crops and to reports questioning their safety are less pronounced. Incentives to engage in new biotech crop research and development may be diminished by these developments.', 'en_US'),
(1828, 'Designing a labeling policy for genetically modified food: results of focus group research', 'Possible approaches for labelling genetically modified foods in the USA were explored. Focus group research was conducted in three cities: Orono, Maine; Columbus, Ohio; and Phoenix, Arizona. Using props illustrating different displays of information, discussion centred on whether any of the information is confusing or hard to understand, whether the information is important, and whether the display contains enough information. Given the consistency in several findings across participants, the following recommendations are made: simple genetically modified food logos should not be used by themselves; labels should present the information that is most important to consumers; labels that state that a food ''may contain genetically modified ingredients'' should not be allowed; labels should include contact information; labels should achieve a balance between simplicity and detail; labels should present the information in a standardized format; labelling should be performed or regulated by one familiar governmental or independent organization; that a public education programme is needed to inform consumers about the certifying organizations and their certification processes if one familiar organization is not used; and that a public education programme is needed to inform consumers about the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods.', 'en_US'),
(1829, 'Economic assessment of weed management for transgenic and nontransgenic cotton in tilled and nontilled systems', 'Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management programs in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in nontilled and tilled environments. Tillage did not affect weed control provided by herbicides. Early-season stunting in nontilled cotton was 3% regardless of the herbicide system and was no longer evident at midseason. Cotton yield was 10 to 15% greater, on an average, under tilled conditions than that under nontilled conditions. Excellent (>90%) common lambsquarters, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, tall morningglory, and velvetleaf control was achieved with treatments containing pyrithiobac, bromoxynil, and glyphosate. Preemergence (PRE) or postemergence-directed (PD) herbicide inputs were necessary for adequate large crabgrass and goosegrass control. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac postemergence did not control sicklepod unless supplemented with MSMA and followed by a late-postdirected treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA. Treatments that included glyphosate controlled sicklepod regardless of the late-PD treatment. Economic returns were at least $930 ha1 and not different from the higher yielding programs in nontransgenic cotton when fluometuron applied PRE was included in the bromoxynil programs. Late-season weed control was usually greater than 90% from glyphosate programs, and net returns from glyphosate programs were as high or higher than the net returns from programs that used midseason treatments of bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, or fluometuron plus MSMA.', 'en_US'),
(1830, 'Transgenic weed beets: possible, probable, avoidable?', '1.  Weed beets pose a serious problem for sugar beet Beta vulgaris crops. Traditionally, the only efficient method of weed control has been manual removal, but the introduction of transgenic herbicide-tolerant sugar beets may provide an alternative solution because non-tolerant weed beets can be destroyed by herbicide. We evaluated the possibility that new, transgenic, weed beets may arise by gene flow between wild and crop plants. 2.  In a study area in northern France, weed beets were present in variable densities in sugar beet fields of up to 80 weed beet plants m2. Weed beets arise from a long-lived seed bank, with seeds germinating from depths of 5 cm or less. In addition, diploid F1 crop-wild hybrids and triploid variety bolters (individuals with a low vernalization requirement) were present in low densities in virtually all sugar beet fields. We found gene flow to be possible between all forms, illustrated by both overlapping flowering periods in the field and successful controlled cross-pollinations. 3.  The F1 crop-wild hybrids result from pollination in the seed-production region by wild plants possessing the dominant bolting allele B for flowering without experiencing a period of cold. In the case of a transgene for herbicide tolerance incorporated into male-sterile seed-bearer plants, such hybrids will contain both the herbicide-tolerance and the bolting allele. Contamination of the fields by transgenic weed beets will be the result unless bolters are removed manually. The same will apply in the case of a cytoplasmically inherited transgene. 4.  Incorporation of the transgene into the pollinator plants will prevent the immediate formation of transgenic weed beets. However, in sugar beet fields, variety bolters may successfully cross-pollinate with weed beets in neighbouring fields. The use of diploid pollinator plants instead of tetraploids will considerably enhance gene flow towards wild beets, and is not, therefore, an attractive option. 5.  In conclusion, the appearance of transgenic weed beets is possible but can best be retarded if the transgene for herbicide tolerance is incorporated into the tetraploid pollinator breeding line.', 'en_US'),
(1831, 'Tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate in transgenic cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and enhancement of tolerance in progeny', 'The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was genetically transformed with the bar gene, conferring tolerance to the phosphinothricin-based herbicide glufosinate. Plants of one ''Pilgrim'' transclone grown under greenhouse conditions were significantly injured by foliar treatments of 100 mg·L-1 glufosinate, although the injury was less severe when compared to untransformed plants. However, the same transclone grown outdoors in coldframes survived foliar sprays of 500 mg·L-1 glufosinate and higher, while untransformed plants were killed at 300 mg·L-1. Actively growing shoot tips were the most sensitive part of the plants and at higher dosages of glufosinate, shoot-tip injury was evident on the transclone. Injured transgenic plants quickly regrew new shoots. Shoots of goldenrod (Solidago sp.) and creeping sedge (Carex chordorrhizia), two weeds common to cranberry production areas, were seriously injured or killed at 400 mg·L-1 glufosinate when grown in either the greenhouse or coldframe environment. Stable transmission and expression of herbicide tolerance was observed in both inbred and outcrossed progeny of the above cranberry transclone. Expected segregation ratios were observed in the outcrossed progeny and some outcrossed individuals demonstrated significantly enhanced tolerance over the original transclone, with no tip death at levels up to 8000 mg·L-1. Southern analysis of the original transclone and two progeny selections with enhanced tolerance showed an identical banding pattern, indicating that the difference in tolerance levels was not due to rearrangement of the transgene. The enhanced tolerance of these first generation progeny was retained when second generation selfed progeny were tested.', 'en_US'),
(1832, 'Biomass partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of ''Superior'' potato following genetic transformation for resistance to Colorado potato beetle', 'Current techniques used in genetic transformation can result in variation of numerous traits in addition to the transformed trait. Backcrossing to the standard genotype can eliminate this variation, but because of the heterozygous nature of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L), backcrossing is not effective. Therefore, the chances of obtaining altered performance in transformed potato are high. ''Superior'' potato plants were recently genetically modified to resist attack and damage by the Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)]. The transformed clone, ''NewLeaf Superior'' (''NewLeaf''), has been shown in previous field trials to be more vigorous than the standard clone. The objective of this 2-year study was to evaluate the performance of ''NewLeaf'' relative to that of the standard clone at various fertilizer nitrogen (N) levels. The two clones were randomly assigned as subplots to main plots consisting of four N levels (28, 112, 224, or 336 kg·ha-1). Based on regression analysis, total yield was higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'' at N rates below 92 kg·ha-1 in 1997. At higher rates, however, ''Superior'' had higher yields than the transgenic clone. In 1998, the clone x N rate interaction was significant, but there was no consistent trend to the response of the two clones to N application. At the 112 kg·ha-1 N rate, total yield was higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'', but yields were similar for the two clones at other N rates investigated. Nitrogen and biomass accumulation in vines increased more for ''NewLeaf'' than for ''Superior'' as N rate was increased from 28 to 336 kg·ha-1. At equivalent N rates, these traits were higher for the transformed than for the standard clone within the range of N rates investigated. However, harvest index at equivalent N rates was higher for the standard clone than for ''NewLeaf''. ''Superior'' and ''NewLeaf'' produced similar tuber dry weight yields per unit of N supplied and per unit of N absorbed by the plant. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) was 16% higher for ''NewLeaf'' than for the standard clone at the low N rate (112 kg·ha-1), whereas at higher N rates NUE was either lower for ''NewLeaf'' or similar for the two clones. This observation, together with the finding that yield for ''NewLeaf'' was maximized at lower N levels than the standard clone, suggests that ''NewLeaf'' may require lower N input than the standard clone. Results from the study indicate that the greater efficiency of ''NewLeaf'' at lower N levels was associated with acquisition of N from the soil rather than utilization of absorbed N in metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1833, 'Attempts to detect transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein in muscle from broilers fed YieldGard corn borer corn', 'Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic grain have been raised in regard to human consumption and trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, fully characterized analytical methods, fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA, as well as transgenic protein, were not detected in chicken breast muscle samples from animals fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn event MON 810 (YG). Total DNA was extracted from breast muscle samples from chickens fed for 42 d with a diet including either 55 to 60% YG grain or 55 to 60% conventional corn grain. DNA preparations were analyzed by PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 211-bp fragment of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ab gene and a 213-bp fragment of the endogenous corn gene sh2 (encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase). By using 1 µg of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cry1Ab or sh2 at the limit of detection for these PCR assays. A 396-bp fragment of the chicken ovalbumin (ov) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. By using a competitive immunoassay with a limit of detection of approximately 60 ng of Cry1Ab protein per gram of chicken muscle, neither the Cry1Ab protein nor immunoreactive peptide fragments were detectable in the breast muscle homogenates from chickens fed YG grain.', 'en_US'),
(1834, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from Roundup Ready (NK603), YieldGard x Roundup Ready (MON810 x NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn', 'Two 42-d experiments compared the nutritional value of the glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 (Roundup Ready corn) (experiment 1) and the combined traits, insect-protected corn event MON 810 (YieldGard corn) × glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 (experiment 2) to their respective non-transgenic controls and to commercial reference corn, when fed to growing broilers. For each experiment, a randomized complete block design was used with eight dietary treatments in each of five replicated blocks of pens (eight pens for males and eight pens for females per block). Final live weights and feed conversion were not different (P > 0.05) across all treatments in both experiments. In experiment 1, broilers fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn had similar feed conversion adjusted for mortalities to those fed the non-transgenic control and one of the commercial corn diets. Chill weights and thigh, drum, and wing weights were not affected by diets. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted for breast meat and fat pad weights across treatments. In experiment 2, the adjusted feed conversion and carcass parameters were not affected by diets. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted only for protein content of breast meat. Differences observed in both experiments were consistent with natural variability. Broilers in general performed consistently and had similar carcass yields and meat compositions when fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn or YieldGard × Roundup Ready corn as compared with their respective non-transgenic control and commercial diets supporting similar feeding values among diets.', 'en_US'),
(1835, 'Why are most Europeans opposed to GMO''s? Factors explaining rejection in France and Europe', 'A strong movement of opposition to GMOs developed in the late 1990s in many countries, especially in Europe, although these technologies were presented from the outset as highly promising and their advantages were often highlighted. How can this rejection be explained? The aim of this paper is to answer that question through the case of France, which is fairly representative in this respect of various European countries, even if the opposition movement is here particularly strong. One examines various factors, actors and processes that have led to such strong opposition to GMOs that at this stage their development in Europe has almost totally been halted. In the first part of the article we recall the results of several recent surveys, showing the level of acceptance or refusal of genetic engineering in several countries. We then examine important factors of rejection: the focus on potential risks of GMOs and the extensive publicity given to them, coupled with the inadequacy of answers to these diverse criticisms, and a drawing up of an unfavorable risk-benefit balance. Lastly, we point out that various fears and objections to the evolution of agriculture and to the functioning of society (i.e. limited trust in institutions and firms) appear to be crystallized around GMOs.', 'en_US'),
(1836, 'Management of appropriate agricultural biotechnology for small producers: case study - Ecuador', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1837, 'Developing a test system for evaluating environmental risks of transgenic plants: the parasitoid module', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1838, 'Consumer information and the separation of the GMO and non-GMO sectors', 'One issue raised by the use of GMO in agriculture and food is the one of information of citizens and consumers. The article first deals with the significance and limits of various labelling strategies. According to the position of the European authorities a labelling which differentiates GMO products. One other position would be to identify the ''non-GMO'' products. The article attempts to underscore the technical and economic regulations that could make credible a ''non-GMO'' labelling.', 'en_US'),
(1839, 'GM foods: advance or decline of food safety?', 'Some firms have presented the new technologies of genetic manipulation as an occasion for humanity to put an end to malnutrition. This was to be obtained thanks to the development of agricultural production which they were supposed to lead. The current controversy is not the sign of archaic oppositions to progress; on the contrary, it offers one more occasion to remind one of certain unavoidable realities concerning agricultural policy. First, the priority remains for each country for themselves both on quality and quantity levels without expecting the solution from imported products from more competitive countries. Secondly, the farmers can''t use new techniques except in a favourable context both economic and political. Lastly, humanity''s genetic patrimony has been a collective one up to now; for it to be privatized would be a dangerous move.', 'en_US'),
(1840, 'Risks and benefits of transgenesis with regards to allergy', 'Excepté dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale, souvent développée à la fois par des organismes publics bénéficiant d''aides gouvernementales et par quelques multinationales, le financement de la recherche provient essentiellement des retours financiers procurés par la mise sur le marché des brevets et des produits qui en sont issus. Afin de garantir un amortissement des frais et de permettre des retours sur les lourds investissements nécessaires, des instruments juridiques portant sur la propriété intellectuelle ont été créés. Dans le domaine des biotechnologies et de l''amélioration des plantes, il a été prévu des dispositifs accordant aux détenteurs de droits, d''exploiter le résultat de leurs recherches, seuls ou sous leur contrôle, par l''intermédiaire de licences d''exploitation.', 'en_US'),
(1841, 'Edible vaccine development: stability of Mannheimia haemolytica A1 leukotoxin 50 during post-harvest processing and storage of field-grown transgenic white clover', 'Mannheimia haemolytica is the principal microorganism responsible for bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, or shipping fever. We have previously expressed a fragment of leukotoxin, a major virulent factor of M. haemolytica A1, as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in transgenic white clover and demonstrated that this antigen was immunogenic and elicited toxin neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. These previous results showed that using plants to produce M. haemolytica antigen for use as a vaccine against this disease is a viable strategy. In this present study, we examined the stability of the truncated leukotoxin GFP-fusion protein (Lkt50-GFP) in field-grown transgenic white clover. Transgenic clover expressing Lkt50-GFP was clonally propagated and a confined field trial was established. Western immunoblotting showed that the level of Lkt50-GFP expression in field plants was the same as in transgenic plants maintained under optimal conditions in the greenhouse. We also observed that after harvesting and oven drying at 50 °C, the antigen was still present in the dried clover after 1 year of storage at ambient temperature. As special post-harvest conditions (e.g., refrigeration) are not required, the use of transgenic plants to deliver an oral vaccine against shipping fever appears to be economically feasible.', 'en_US'),
(1842, 'Development of genetically modified wheat to assess its dough functional properties', 'End-use functionality of bread wheat depends mainly on the protein content, the presence of particular subunits of high and low molecular weight glutenin, the ratio of high molecular weight to low molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the ratio of glutenin to gliadin. The exact contribution of each of these factors to end-use functionality is still largely unknown. Transgenic plants can allow these factors to be studied within a particular background thus contributing to our understanding of end-use functionality. Two Canadian wheat lines, one of them containing high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) coded by all three Glu-1 loci and one line null at all three loci were assessed for dough rheological properties and bread and tortilla-making properties. Protein composition of the flours were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography, and sedimentation test. Proteins in the samples were fractionated and the proportions of monomeric proteins, soluble glutenin, and insoluble glutenin were quantified. Functionality of the flours were characterized by small-scale methods such as the 2 g mixograph, 10 g farinograph, and micro-extension testing. End-use quality was evaluated by small-scale bread and tortilla production. Mixograph development time and mixograph peak height were much higher for the lines containing HMW-GS. The lines null for HMW-GS showed no resistance to extension. Lines null for HMW-GS produced ''brick''-like bread. Tortilla prepared from the null lines had poor rollability and lower puncture force. The results showed very strong dependencies of quality on the presence of HMW-GS.', 'en_US'),
(1843, 'A selection system for transgenic plants based on galactose as selective agent and a UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene as selective gene', 'A new selection system based on galactose as selective agent and a UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene as selective gene is presented. A broad range of plant species, including agronomically important crops such as maize and rice, is sensitive to low dosages of galactose. The toxicity of galactose is believed to be due to accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate, generated by endogenous galactokinase after uptake. Here, it is demonstrated that this toxicity can be sufficiently alleviated by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of the E. coli UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (galT) gene, driven by a 35S-promoter, to allow transgenic shoots of potato and oil seed rape to regenerate on galactose containing selection media, resulting in high transformation frequencies (up to 35% for potato). Analysis of genomic DNA and UDP-glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in randomly selected potato transformants confirmed the presence and active expression of the galT gene. The agricultural performance of transgenic potatoes was evaluated by monitoring the phenotype and tuber yield for two generations and these characters were found to be indistinguishable from non-transgenic controls. Thus, the galactose selection system provides a new alternative being distinct from conventional antibiotic and herbicide selection systems as well as so-called positive selection systems where the selective agent has a beneficial effect.', 'en_US'),
(1844, 'Advances in rice breeding, genetics and genomics', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1845, 'Forestry''s fertile crescent: the application of biotechnology to forest trees', 'Relative to crop plants, the domestication of forest trees is still in its infancy. For example, the domestication of many crop plants was initiated some 10 000 years ago in the so-called ''Fertile Crescent'' of the Middle East. By contrast, the domestication of forest trees for the purposes of producing more fibre began in earnest in the last half century. The application of biotechnology to forest trees offers a great potential to hasten the pace of tree improvement for desirable end uses. This review outlines some of the progress that has been made in the application of biotechnology to forest trees, and considers the prospects for biotechnologically based tree improvement in the future.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1846, 'Antibiosis-type insect resistance in transgenic plants expressing a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene from a hymenopteran endoparasite (Microplitis croceipes)', 'We have isolated a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene product from a hymenopteran endoparasite that disrupts the growth of lepidopteran insect larvae. To evaluate the insecticidal activity of TSP14 for the protection of crops from insect damage, chimeric gene constructs of TSP14 were expressed in transgenic plants. The coding sequence of the TSP14 gene, with and without its native signal peptide, was placed between the modified peanut chlorotic streak virus (PClSV) full-length transcript (FLt) promoter with duplicated enhancer domains and the terminator sequence from the rbcSE9 gene. These chimeric genes, expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) were stably inherited in successive plant generations (R0, R1 and R2 progeny) as shown by molecular analysis. A Western blot analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of a polypeptide of the expected size that cross-reacted with TSP14-specific antibodies. Larvae of the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) which were fed with several independent homozygous transgenic plant lines (R2 progeny) exhibited mortality and reduced growth rates compared to those fed with plants transformed by a vector control. Our results demonstrate the potential for introduction of the TSP14 gene into plants in order to achieve protection against lepidopteran pests.', 'en_US'),
(1847, 'Expression of the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene in Brassica juncea results in a decreased level of total saturated fatty acids', 'Brassica juncea plants transformed with the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene, which encodes a plant homologue of the mammalian and yeast acyl-CoA 9 desaturases and the cyanobateria acyl-lipid 9 desaturase, were found to have a statistically significant decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids in seeds. The decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids is largely attributable to decreases in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), although arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0) and lignoceric acid (24:0) were also decreased in the transgenic seeds compared to the negative control lines. As a result, the level of oleic acid (18:1) was slightly increased in the transgenic seed lines compared to the non-transformed controls. However, a decrease in saturated fatty acid is not always accompanied by the corresponding increase in mono-unsaturated fatty acids. For example, palmitoleic acid (16:1), gondoic acid (20:1) and nervonic acid (24:1) were all found to be decreased in transgenic seeds. The levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were also notably changed in the transgenic lines compared to the controls.The present study provides preliminary experimental data suggesting that the Arabidopsis ADS1 encodes a fatty acid 9 desaturase and could be useful in genetic engineering for modifying the level of saturated fatty acids in oilseed crops. However, the effect of ADS1 gene expression on seed oil fatty acid composition is beyond the changes of total saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, which suggests a complex mechanism is involved in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.', 'en_US'),
(1848, 'Transgenic indica rice resistant to sap-sucking insects', 'Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation has been optimized in indica rice susceptible to sap-sucking insects, viz., brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH). Snowdrop lectin gene (gna) from Galanthus nivalis, driven by phloem-specific rice-sucrose-synthase promoter, along with herbicide resistance gene (bar) driven by CaMV 35S promoter, was employed for genetic transformation. Embryogenic calli - after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harbouring Ti plasmid pSB111-bar-gna -were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the stable integration of both the genes into genomes of transgenic (T0) rice plants. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed the expression of gna in the transgenic plants. In the T1 and T2 generations, the gna and bar transgenes showed co-segregation at a ratio of 3 : 1. Plant progenies expressing gna, in T1 and T2, exhibited substantial resistance against BPH and GLH pests. This is the first report dealing with transgenic indica rice exhibiting high resistance to both insects.', 'en_US'),
(1849, 'Does ecotoxicology inform ecological risk assessment?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1850, 'Functional foods: Latin American perspectives', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1851, 'Conventional agriculture (in its present form) or ecological agriculture? -- For the maximal biodiversity both are necessary', 'The importance of ecological farming for biodiversity is shown for weed communities and for birds. Also for carabids, the importance as a reservoir of species is shown. The ecological farmers have to regard the sustainability of their agricultural practice. The reduction of nitrogen- and insecticide-input since 1993, ecologically positive, is shown for Northern Germany. With the species number of predatory arthropods in Hesse it is shown, that all agricultural intensities contribute to biodiversity. So none should be omitted, so far. The importance of structures like hedges etc. for biodiversity is pointed out. Should herbicide-resistant, genetically-manipulated crops be introduced to middle European agriculture, the ecological value of these fields would be drastically reduced, and the ecological importance of eco-farming would rise sharply.', 'en_US'),
(1852, 'Designing the monitoring of effects of genetically modified plants in agroecosystems', 'In March 2001, the European Parliament passed the Directive 2001/18/EU (concerning the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms), which demands that genetically modified organisms are monitored after placing them on the market as, or in a product. The purpose is to protect the human health and the environment from possible harm coming from these organisms. Since then there is an active discussion of scientific, organisational and legal questions regarding the installation in national laws. Among others the working party, Anbaubegleitendes Monitoring gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen im Agrarökosystem guided by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry serves as a forum attended by several public and private institutions. The authors are members of this group. In this paper suggestions about the design of a monitoring regime are presented, focussing on genetically modified plants in agroecosystems.', 'en_US'),
(1853, 'Integration of transformation technology and traditional breeding of cereals', 'The integration of conventional plant breeding and plant transformation is necessitated by the fact that, prior to the gene technological phase, traditional breeding methods have to be used to develop agronomically valuable homozygous genotypes which can then be modified for a gene or genome segment by means of gene manipulation techniques. Once the genotype selected by means of conventional breeding has been transformed, traditional methods are again used to examine the agronomic properties of the lines developed from the transgenic plant and the stability of the transgenic variety, following the DUS criteria elaborated by UPOV. The seed production of genetically modified plant varieties must be safe and economical and the cultivation of the variety should contribute to the sustainable development of up-to-date crop production.', 'en_US'),
(1854, 'Seed production aspects of genetically modified crop varieties', 'The seed multiplication of genetically modified (GM) plants requires a modification of the multiplication process used for conventional seed. The difference compared to conventionally-bred varieties involves the detection of the modified character during variety maintenance, seed multiplication and processing, the need for separate storage, processing and transportation, the extra cleaning required for the transportation, storage and processing equipment, and the extra administration necessary for the documentation and labelling of GM seed lots. All in all this results in the lower exploitation of seed producing capacity and in additional costs. The appearance of GM plants also has an effect on the breeders and seed multipliers of conventional varieties, however, since the possibility of contamination cannot be excluded. The producers of seed free of GMs (within the tolerance threshold) are forced to employ costly cultivation techniques (temporal and spatial isolation, removal of volunteer plants) and laboratory tests (for GM contamination) if their varieties are to stay on the market and if it is to remain possible to produce GM-free products in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1855, 'Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1856, 'Biotechnology boosts to crop productivity in China: trade and welfare implications', 'Genetically modified (GM) cotton has been widely adopted in China and the list of GM technologies undergoing trials is impressive. However, when China should commercialize its GM food crops is the subject of debate. The overall goal of this report is to provide an economy-wide assessment of these issues under various scenarios. Our results - which are based on unique data from an empirical micro-level study and field trial in China, and from a modified GTAP model - indicate that the development of biotechnology has had and will continue to have an important impact on China''s production, trade and welfare. Welfare gains will far outweigh the public biotechnology research expenditures. Most gains will occur inside China. Therefore, policy makers should put less weight on the international dimension when making their decisions about biotechnology development.', 'en_US'),
(1857, 'Effects of ingestion of a biotin-binding protein on adult and larval honeybees', 'The insecticidal properties of biotin-binding proteins (BBPs) have recently been exploited in transgenic plants. As BBPs have a broad spectrum of insect toxicity, their potential impacts on non-target insects such as honey bees need to be assessed. In this study, the effects of feeding a purified BBP, avidin, to honey bee larvae and adults were determined. A realistic larval dosing regime was developed by estimating the pollen content of brood food in the field and adding avidin to artificial diet at rates that simulated the presence of avidin-expressing transgenic pollen in brood food. Larval survival and development were unaffected by avidin in assays which simulated larvae receiving pollen expressing 0, 4 or 40 M avidin at concentrations of 164 g pollen per mg food for the first 2 days and 880 g pollen per mg food thereafter. Food consumption and survival of adult bees were also unaffected by avidin added to pollen-candy at levels corresponding to pollen expression of 0, 6.7 or 20 M avidin.', 'en_US'),
(1858, 'Transgenic maize and non target insects: what effects?', 'The effects on nontarget species of transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was evaluated in field trials. Ostrinia nubilalis larvae were collected in 1998 from transgenic Bt maize (Novaris Hybrid 176) and non-Bt maize at 4 geographical sites. At all sites, larvae from transgenic maize displayed a lower level of parasitism by the tachinids Lydella thompsoni and Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata than did larvae collected from isogenic non-Bt maize. The difference was highly significant. In 1999, a field experiment at 2 sites compared the temporal abundance of nontarget arthropods in Bt maize (Monsanto Hybrid MON810) and isogenic non-Bt maize. The insects studied included Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Orius insidiosus, Syrphus corollae [Eupeodes corollae], Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, thrips and hymenopteran parasitoids. For all species but one, the number of individuals varied greatly over the season but did not differ between the types of maize. The only exception was thrips which, at one site, was significantly more abundant in Bt maize than in non-Bt maize. However, this difference may be an artifact.', 'en_US'),
(1859, 'Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice', 'Subchronic animal feeding studies to examine the effect on the immune system of genetically modified corn CBH351, which contains the Cry9C protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi, were conducted in female BN rats and B10A mice. The studies were designed to compare the effect of a line of genetically modified corn CBH351 (GM corn) with that of isoline corn (non-GM corn). Heat-treated corn meal was incorporated into the diets of the rats and mice at a concentration of 50%. The study duration was 13 weeks. Growth, food intake, and organ weights of the thymus, spleen, and liver were compared between animals fed the non-GM and GM lines. The histological findings in thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer''s patches, small intestines, liver, kidney, and bone marrow, and the presence of Cry9C-specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgA antibodies in serum were also compared. The results showed no significant differences in growth, feeding value, or the histological findings in immunity-related organs between the animals fed the GM and non-GM lines. Production of Cry9C-specific IgE and IgA was not detected in the serum of either group. Production of Cry9C-specific IgG and IgG1 was slightly increased in the 50% GM groups of BN rats. No Cry9C-specific IgG or IgG1 was detected in the serum of BN rats fed the diet containing 5% GM-corn. In conclusion, no immunotoxic activity was detected in the GM-corn-fed rats and mice in this subchronic dietary study.', 'en_US'),
(1860, 'EU agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology', 'Despite the rhetoric, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) share a common attitude towards farming and its role in society and, as a result, their policies are converging rapidly. The rationale behind the policy instruments used in agriculture reflects dissimilarity of geography, history, traditions, and mentalities between the US and the EU. These differences may in some cases lead to diverse societal approaches and policy decisions, such as in the case of hormone-treated beef or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which tend to become bilateral trade conflicts. However, these transatlantic trade irritants (which represent less than 2% of the bilateral agricultural trade between the EU and the US) should not overshadow the fact that the EU and the US share the same goal and commitment to maintaining and developing agriculture in rural communities, and that they recognize the need for support of agriculture, though in different ways.', 'en_US'),
(1861, 'Effect of Bt-maize-pollen on caterpillars of Inachis io in a laboratory assay', 'Larvae of Inachis io were fed with pollen of transgenic maize (event Bt-176) in no choice tests, by applying pollen to leaves of nettle plants (Urtica dioica). Compared with the untreated control, 2nd instar larvae showed a significantly increased mortality of 62,3%, if they received 80 pollen grains of the transgenic cultivar Pactol CB. Even a low dose of 10 pollen grains per larva caused a distinct reduction in weight gain. LD50 value for 2nd instar larvae was calculated as 61,4 pollen grains (95% confidence limits: 29,3 to 88,7). 3rd and 4th instar larvae, on the other hand, didn''t show an increased mortality, if they consumed 80 pollen grains. However, these caterpillars only reached 75,6% weight gain, compared with untreated individuals. Pollen from the non transgenic hybrid Pactol didn''t harm either younger or older larvae, even it was consumed in extremely high doses. Finally it is discussed, if it is possible to reduce negative effects of Bt-maize cultivation on Inachis io populations by using cultivars with low toxin expression in the pollen or by planting non-transgenic maize around Bt-corn fields.', 'en_US'),
(1862, 'Future trends in food technology -- novel food and transgenic food: a review', 'The paper reviews briefly the present status and future trends of some new, emerging food preservation technologies and anticipates the major lines of developments in relation to functional and transgenic foods. These topics of innovative food technologies and food products are of particular importance in view of the European Union''s regulation concerning ''novel foods and novel ingredients''. The author considers the obstacles and the needs for more research and other actions such as safety assessment and balanced communication to the public.', 'en_US'),
(1863, 'Environmental risk assesment of transgene products using honey bee (Apis Mellifera) larvae', 'An environmental concern regarding the cultivation of transgenic crop plants is their effect on non-target organisms. Honey bees are obvious non-target arthropods to be included in a risk assessment procedure but due to their complex social behaviour, testing transgene products on individual bees is not possible in bee colonies. We employed a laboratory larval rearing technique to test the impacts of such transgene products on honey bees. A serine proteinase inhibitor (Kunitz Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor, SBTI), that is a source of insect resistance in transgenic plants, was used as a model insecticidal protein on honey bee larvae reared individually in the laboratory. The addition of 1.0% SBTI (w:w of total protein) to the larval diet created significant additional larval mortality, slowed juvenile development and significantly decreased adult body mass. Our results suggest that the larval rearing technique can be used to monitor direct side-effects of transgene products on individual honey bee larvae.', 'en_US'),
(1864, 'Tolerance of mannitol-accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity', 'Previous work with model transgenic plants has demonstrated that cellular accumulation of mannitol can alleviate abiotic stress. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the mtlD gene for the biosynthesis of mannitol in wheat improves tolerance to water stress and salinity. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bobwhite) was transformed with the mtlD gene of Escherichia coli. Tolerance to water stress and salinity was evaluated using calli and T2 plants transformed with (+mtlD) or without (mtlD) mtlD. Calli were exposed to 1.0 MPa of polyethylene glycol 8,000 or 100 mM NaCl. T2 plants were stressed by withholding water or by adding 150 mM NaCl to the nutrient medium. Fresh weight of mtlD calli was reduced by 40% in the presence of polyethylene glycol and 37% under NaCl stress. Growth of +mtlD calli was not affected by stress. In mtlD plants, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and flag leaf length were reduced by 70%, 56%, 40%, and 45% compared with 40%, 8%, 18%, and 29%, respectively, in +mtlD plants. Salt stress reduced shoot fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and flag leaf length by 77%, 73%, 25%, and 36% in mtlD plants, respectively, compared with 50%, 30%, 12%, and 20% in +mtlD plants. However, the amount of mannitol accumulated in the callus and mature fifth leaf (1.7-3.7 µmol g1 fresh weight in the callus and 0.6-2.0 µmol g1 fresh weight in the leaf) was too small to protect against stress through osmotic adjustment. We conclude that the improved growth performance of mannitol-accumulating calli and mature leaves was due to other stress-protective functions of mannitol, although this study cannot rule out possible osmotic effects in growing regions of the plant.', 'en_US'),
(1865, 'Reduction of cholesterol and glycoalkaloid levels in transgenic potato plants by overexpression of a type 1 sterol methyltransferace cDNA', 'Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum cv Désirée) plants overexpressing a soybean (Glycine max) type 1 sterol methyltransferase (GmSMT1) cDNA were generated and used to study sterol biosynthesis in relation to the production of toxic glycoalkaloids. Transgenic plants displayed an increased total sterol level in both leaves and tubers, mainly due to increased levels of the 24-ethyl sterols isofucosterol and sitosterol. The higher total sterol level was due to increases in both free and esterified sterols. However, the level of free cholesterol, a nonalkylated sterol, was decreased. Associated with this was a decreased glycoalkaloid level in leaves and tubers, down to 41% and 63% of wild type levels, respectively. The results show that glycoalkaloid biosynthesis can be down regulated in transgenic potato plants by reducing the content of free nonalkylated sterols, and they support the view of cholesterol as a precursor in glycoalkaloid biosynthesis.', 'en_US'),
(1866, 'Glyphosate and water-stress effects of fruiting and carbohydrates in glyphosate-resistant cotton', 'Water stress and glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can cause abscission of young bolls although the interaction of these factors is not well defined. Studies were conducted to quantify the effects of water stress and glyphosate treatments on fruit retention, fruit placement, and carbohydrate partitioning in GR and conventional cotton varieties grown in a phytotron environment. Glyphosate-resistant plants treated with glyphosate at the four-leaf stage, postemergence (POST), and at the eight-leaf stage, POST-directed (PDIR), had fewer first-position bolls after 0 and 1 d of water stress than nontreated GR and conventional plants but did not differ after 2 and 3 d of water stress. Glyphosate-treated GR plants reached first bloom 3 to 4 d later than nontreated plants. Five-day-old bolls from plants of one genotype, SG 125RR, treated with glyphosate had lower fructose content than bolls from nontreated plants. Subtending leaf carbohydrates and boll sucrose, glucose, and starch content did not differ after glyphosate treatments. Increasing water stress caused reductions in subtending leaf glucose, sucrose, and starch content, as well as reductions in boll starch and sucrose content. Reductions in boll starch and sucrose content in response to water stress may indicate the potential for abscission. Water stress and glyphosate treatments to GR cotton do not alter carbohydrate profiles in boll or leaf tissues in a like manner. Differences in carbohydrate profiles of young bolls and leaves from glyphosate-treated and water-stressed cotton plants suggest that water stress and glyphosate treatments may promote fruit abscission in different manners.', 'en_US'),
(1867, 'Diversity and community structure of culturable Bacillus spp. populations in the rhizospheres of transgenic potatoes expressing the lytic peptide cecropin B', 'A greenhouse experiment was carried out with transgenic potato plants expressing the antibacterial lytic peptide cecropin in order to determine whether non-target Bacillus communities in the rhizosphere are affected by such plants. Two cecropin expressing lines, a line containing only vector sequences and the parental variety Achirana Inta (AI) were included in the experiment. At the flowering and the tuber production stage a total of 621 Bacillus isolates was obtained from the potato rhizospheres, and strains were analysed by PCR?RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S?23S rDNA intergenic spacer. Representative isolates were further analyzed by partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. At the flowering stage the cecropin expressing lines caused a transient, but significant effect on the diversity and community structure of culturable Bacillus spp. Populations associated with the plasmid-containing potato line showed diversity values comparable to the Bacillus communities found in the rhizospheres of wildtype plants, but community structures were highly different. At the tuber production stage the rhizosphere Bacillus populations showed only few differences. The observed effects can be partly explained by different sensitivities of the Bacillus community members towards cecropin. In addition, unintentionally altered plant characteristics seem to be responsible for the different population structures found in the rhizospheres of transgenic plants', 'en_US'),
(1868, 'Economic consequences to UK farmers of growing GM herbicide tolerant sugar beet', 'Weed control is important and one of the more expensive inputs to sugar beet production. The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) sugar beet would result in a major saving in weed control costs in the crop for growers, including control of problem weeds such as perennial weeds and weed beet. However, there would be other economic consequences of growing GMHT beet, some of which would manifest themselves in other parts of the rotation, such as the previous crop, the cereal stubbles that proceed most beet crops, soil tillage and spray application. The average national saving for UK sugar beet growers if they could use the technology would be in excess of ý150 ha-1 yr-1 or ý23 million yr-1, which includes reductions in agrochemical use of c. ý80 ha-1 yr-1 or ý12 million yr-1. However, for some growers, the gains would be much larger and for a few, less than these figures. The possible cost savings are sufficiently large that they could ensure that sugar beet production, with its regionally important environmental benefits as a spring crop, remains economically viable in the UK post reform of the EU sugar regime.', 'en_US'),
(1869, 'Development of CMV- and TMV-resistant chili pepper: field performance and biosafety assessment', 'Both cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) genes have been transferred to chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Longunt) cultivar 8212 by a modified procedure of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation using hypocotyl as the explant. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both CMV and TMV CP genes in at least 11 primary transformants out of 49 kanamycin-resistant chili pepper plants. Ten T1 lines from five independent transformation events were identified as putative homozygous transgenic lines based on the rooting assay of their T2 seedlings on the kanamycin-containing media. Integration and expression of CMV CP and TMV CP transgenes in one of the homozygous line, 16-13, were confirmed by Southern blot, RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Line 16-13 was highly resistant to infection of homologous CMV and TMV strains in greenhouse conditions when successively challenged with CMV and TMV or challenged with TMV alone. Furthermore, field trials on T2, T3 and T4 progenies of Line 16-13 were performed on scales of 123, 300 and 10,000 plants, respectively, in consecutive years 1996, 1997 and 1998 with the permission of the Chinese government authority. The transgenic plants displayed delayed symptom development and significantly milder disease severity in field conditions when compared to untransformed chili pepper plants, resulting in 47 and 110% increase in pepper fruit yield in surveys conducted in 1997 and 1998 trials, respectively. Finally, quality analysis and biosafety assesment were performed on transgenic chili pepper fruit concurrently with the control fruit, and demonstrated that the transgenic chili pepper fruit is substantially equivalent to the non-transgenic pepper in terms of the quality and biosafety when consumed as a food additive.', 'en_US'),
(1870, 'In vitro culture and genetic engineering of Populus spp.: synergy for forest tree improvement', 'Populus species and hybrids are intensively cultivated as sources of woody biomass for the forest products industry and for reforestation of lowlands in temperate regions of the world. However, the long generation time of trees, the presence of seasonal dormancy and the prolonged period required for evaluation of mature traits are strong limitations for classical breeding and selection. The development of methods for in vitro culture and genetic engineering has increased the possibility of producing poplar genotypes improved in insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, growth rate and wood quality, or reduction in undesirable traits. Poplar has become a model system in forest tree biotechnology due to several useful features: small genome size, short rotation cycle, rapid growth rate and ease of vegetative propagation. The combination of molecular techniques and classical breeding will help create forest trees with positive effects on the environment. However, risks associated with the biotechnological applications (concerning the impact on biodiversity, long-term adaptation, transgene inheritance and stability) should be carefully evaluated and field tests performed with transgenic poplar.', 'en_US'),
(1871, 'Long-term regional suppression of pink bollworm by Bacillus thuringiensis cotton', 'Despite the potentially profound impact of genetically modified crops on agriculture and the environment, we know little about their long-term effects. Transgenic crops that produce toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to control insects are grown widely, but rapid evolution of resistance by pests could nullify their benefits. Here, we present theoretical analyses showing that long-term suppression of pest populations is governed by interactions among reproductive rate, dispersal propensity, and regional abundance of a Bt crop. Supporting this theory, a 10-year study in 15 regions across Arizona shows that Bt cotton suppressed a major pest, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), independent of demographic effects of weather and variation among regions. Pink bollworm population density declined only in regions where Bt cotton was abundant. Such long-term suppression has not been observed with insecticide sprays, showing that transgenic crops open new avenues for pest control. The debate about putative benefits of Bt crops has focused primarily on short-term decreases in insecticide use. The present findings suggest that long-term regional pest suppression after deployment of Bt crops may also contribute to reducing the need for insecticide sprays.', 'en_US'),
(1872, 'Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin on mammalian cells', 'The Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are considered to be highly specific insecticidal proteins. Judged to be safe for humans and farm animals due to their insect-oriented selective toxicity, the proteins have been utilized as a biological pesticide and introduced into genetically modified plants. However, some critical fundamental characters of the Cry proteins remain unclear, and the direct effects of activated Cry proteins on mammalian cells have not yet been fully confirmed. Therefore, in this study we employed primary cultured bovine hapatocytes as a model system to determine if Cry1Ab, a Cry protein, affects mammalian cells. There were no significant changes in the secretion of albumin or the morphology of the Cry1Ab-treated cells. The LDH release showed a tendency to increase after the administration of Cry1Ab, but not significantly. Taking these results on bovine hepatocytes into consideration, Cry1Ab has little acute toxicity on mammalian cells.', 'en_US'),
(1873, 'Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects?', 'We present an idea that larvae of some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) resistant populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), may be able to use Cry1Ac toxin derived from Bt as a supplementary food protein. Bt transgenic crops could therefore have unanticipated nutritionally favourable effects, increasing the fitness of resistant populations. This idea is discussed in the context of the evolution of resistance to Bt transgenic crops.', 'en_US'),
(1874, 'Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn tissue in the field', 'Large quantities of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn plant residue are left in the field after harvest, which may have implications for the soil ecosystem. Potential impacts on soil organisms will also depend on the persistence of the Bt toxin in plant residues. Therefore, it is important to know how long the toxin persists in plant residues. In two field studies in the temperate corn-growing region of Switzerland we investigated degradation of the Cry1Ab toxin in transgenic Bt corn leaves during autumn, winter and spring using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the first field trial, representing a tillage system, no degradation of the Cry1Ab toxin was observed during the first month. During the second month, Cry1Ab toxin concentrations decreased to » 20% of their initial values. During winter, there was no further degradation. When temperatures again increased in spring, the toxin continued to degrade slowly, but could still be detected in June. In the second field trial, representing a no-tillage system, Cry1Ab toxin concentrations decreased without initial delay as for soil-incorporated Bt plants, to 38% of the initial concentration during the first 40 days. They then continued to decrease until the end of the trial after 200 days in June, when 0.3% of the initial amount of Cry1Ab toxin was detected. Our results suggest that extended pre- and post-commercial monitoring are necessary to assess the long-term impact of Bt toxin in transgenic plant residues on soil organisms.', 'en_US'),
(1875, 'The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology', 'The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is committed to protecting and enhancing human, animal, and environmental health through the sound application of the fundamental principles of the science of toxicology. It is with this goal in mind that the SOT defines here its current consensus position on the safety of foods produced through biotechnology (genetic engineering). These products are commonly termed genetically modified foods, but this is misleading, since conventional methods of microbial, crop, and animal improvement also produce genetic modifications and these are not addressed here. The available scientific evidence indicates that the potential adverse health effects arising from biotechnology-derived foods are not different in nature from those created by conventional breeding practices for plant, animal, or microbial enhancement, and are already familiar to toxicologists. It is therefore important to recognize that the food product itself, rather than the process through which it is made, should be the focus of attention in assessing safety. We support the use of the substantial equivalence concept as part of the safety assessment of biotechnology-derived foods. This process establishes whether the new plant or animal is significantly different from comparable, nonengineered plants or animals used to produce food that is generally considered to be safe for consumers. It provides critical guidance as to the nature of any increased health hazards in the new food. To establish substantial equivalence, extensive comparative studies of the chemical composition, nutritional quality, and levels of potentially toxic components, in both the engineered and conventional crop and animal, are conducted. Notable differences between the existing and new organism would require further evaluation to determine whether the engineered form presents a higher level of risk. Through this approach, the safety of current biotechnology-derived foods can be compared with that of their conventional counterparts, using established and accepted methods of analytical, nutritional, and toxicological research. Studies of this type have established that the level of safety to consumers of current genetically engineered foods is likely to be equivalent to that of traditional foods. At present, no verifiable evidence of adverse health effects of BD foods has been reported, although the current passive reporting system probably would not detect minor or rare adverse effects or a moderate increase in effects with a high background incidence such as diarrhea. The changes in the composition of existing foods produced through biotechnology are quite limited. Assessing safety may be more difficult in the future if genetic engineering projects cause more substantial and complex changes in a foodstuff. Methods have not yet been developed with which whole foods (in contrast to single chemical components) can be fully evaluated for safety. Progress also needs to be made in developing definitive methods for the identification and characterization of proteins that are potential allergens, and this is currently a major focus of research. Improved methods of profiling plant and microbial metabolites, proteins and gene expression may be helpful in detecting unexpected changes in BD organisms and in establishing substantial equivalence. A continuing evolution of toxicological methodologies and regulatory strategies will be necessary to ensure that the present level of safety of biotechnology-derived foods is maintained in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1876, 'Biotechnology in agriculture: implications for farm-level risk management', 'This study examines the risks associated with adoption of biotech crops and discusses their implications for risk management at the farm level. We develop an analytical risk evaluation matrix framework to illustrate changes in production and marketing risks of biotech and non-biotech crops. Price uncertainty generated by consumer concerns is the major risk facing biotech farmers, while cross-pollination with biotech crops and preservation of non-biotech status are major concerns for non-biotech farmers. Improved market infrastructure to handle biotech products and modification of the current risk management tools to accommodate new risks are essential in reducing the farm-level risks.', 'en_US'),
(1877, 'Evaluation of potential allergenicity of genetically modified plants', 'Establishing the safety of foods derived from genetically modified crops requires a multidisplinary approach using methods adapted from the biochemical, nutritional, toxicological and immunological sciences. The core principle of the process has been articulated as substantial equivalence, which is a comparative evaluation. Concerning potential allergens, it is essential to evaluate newly introduced proteins and when necessary, to evaluate potential changes in endogenous allergens. The incidence of food allergies appears to be on the rise, particularly in developed countries. Since no cure is available for those afflicted with food allergy, disease management is achieved by avoidance of the offending food. As a result, significant weight in the assessment is given to the need for prevention, which in the context of safety assessment, means reducing the likelihood of transferring offending allergens from one food source to another. Genetic engineering of food crops should have little practical consequence for the occurrence, frequency and natural history of food allergy if this evaluation is robust. Essential aspects of the assessment for allergenicity of genetically modified crops are discussed in this article.', 'en_US'),
(1878, 'Out of the woods: forest biotechnology enters the genomic era', 'Trees represent a unique life form of up most importance for mankind, as these organisms have developed a perennial lifestyle that produces the majority of terrestrial biomass. The difference between trees and annual plants is one of the main arguments behind the effort to sequence the entire genome of the poplar tree. This initiative is being backed up with a full-scale functional genomics effort on trees that will set a completely new agenda for forest research.Abbreviations: EST, expressed sequence tag; QTL, quantitative trait locus', 'en_US'),
(1879, 'Nutritional enhancement of plants', 'Plants can provide most of the nutrients required in the human diet; however, the major staple crops are often deficient in some of these nutrients. Thus, malnutrition, with respect to micronutrients like vitamin A, iron and zinc, affects >40% of the world''s population. Advances in molecular biology are being exploited to produce crops enhanced in these key nutrients. Other nutritional targets include the modification of fatty acid composition and the enhancement of antioxidant levels, particularly carotenoids, such as lycopene, and flavonoids. However, the benefit of these `biofortified'' crops to human nutrition remains to be elucidated.', 'en_US'),
(1880, 'Exploitation of molecular profiling techniques for GM food safety assessment', 'Several strategies have been developed to identify unintended alterations in the composition of genetically modified (GM) food crops that may occur as a result of the genetic modification process. These include comparative chemical analysis of single compounds in GM food crops and their conventional non-GM counterparts, and profiling methods such as DNA/RNA microarray technologies, proteomics and metabolite profiling. The potential of profiling methods is obvious, but further exploration of specificity, sensitivity and validation is needed. Moreover, the successful application of profiling techniques to the safety evaluation of GM foods will require linked databases to be built that contain information on variations in profiles associated with differences in developmental stages and environmental conditions.', 'en_US'),
(1881, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets of containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard × Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn', 'This 42-day experiment was undertaken to compare the nutritional value of insect-protected corn event MON810 (YieldGard) and YieldGard × herbicide-tolerant corn event GA21 (Roundup Ready) to their nontransgenic controls as well as four different commercial reference corns, when fed to growing Cobb × Cobb broilers. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated with five pens of males and five pens of females with 10 broilers per pen. Broilers were fed approximately 55% wt/wt corn during the first 20 d and approximately 60% wt/wt corn thereafter. The corn component of diets fed to broilers was supplied entirely with grain from the eight hybrids included in the experiment. Final live weights averaged 2.09 kg/bird fed YieldGard corn and 2.15 kg/bird fed YieldGard × Roundup Ready corn and were not different (P > 0.05) from final weights for birds fed control or commercial corn. Feed conversion was not affected (P > 0.05) by YieldGard (1.72) or YieldGard × Roundup Ready (1.77) corn feeding when compared with the feeding of other corn diets. Chill weights, fat pad, thigh weights, and wing weights were not affected by diets (P > 0.05). Differences (P < 0.05) were noted for breast and drum weights across treatments. Broilers overall performed consistently and had similar carcass yield and meat composition when fed diets containing YieldGard (event MON810) or YieldGard (event MON810) × Roundup Ready (event GA21) as compared with their nontransgenic controls and commercial diets.', 'en_US'),
(1882, 'State-contingent demand for herbicide-tolerance seed trait', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1883, 'The value of Bt corn in southwest Kansas: A Monte Carlo simulation approach', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1884, 'Segregation of grain markets: consequences for price behavior', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1885, 'A Bt transgene reduces herbivory and enhances fecundity in wild sunflowers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1886, 'The role of consumer ethnocentrism in food product evaluation', 'Despite the abundance of literature on country-of-origin (COO) effects there is a need for additional empirical research into antecedents of the COO effect. This study examines to what extent consumer ethnocentrism (as measured by the CETSCALE) can singularly, as well as in concert with other variables, predict consumers'' evaluation of a domestic versus foreign food product. A conjoint experiment was utilized in an exploratory analysis to ascertain the value consumers in Czech Republic place on yogurt being from their own or other countries. The resulting utilities were related to a consumer''s level of ethnocentrism. The findings suggest that consumer ethnocentrism is a strong and significant predictor of consumer product evaluations. Adding the ethnocentrism variable to a set of demographic and psychographic variables significantly improves the predictive ability of the set. Potential applications at the practitioners'' level include the identification of market segments that react more favorably to domestic produce.', 'en_US'),
(1887, 'The effect of trust on public support for biotechnology: Evidence from the U.S. Biotechnology Study 1997-1998', 'The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which trust directly affects public support for biotechnology, particularly in applications to food production and genetic modification of crop plants. Unlike previous research in which trust is assumed to be exogenous, this article posits that trust is endogenously determined. An econometric model is developed that controls for the endogeneiy of trust using instrumental variable and selection correction techniques. Using data from the U.S. Biotechnology Study, this study finds that the effect of trust on public support is substantially stronger than previous estimates.', 'en_US'),
(1888, 'Can biotechnology help meet the nurtition challenge in sub-Saharan Africa?', 'The successful efforts in the 1980s to redress nutrition problems in sub-Saharan Africa are being eroded. Countries in eastern and southern Africa are now facing serious food shortages because of recurrent droughts, floods, civil wars, and the concomitant growing poverty.  The potential for biotechnology to alleviate hunger holds promise if the new technology can be adapted to the prevailing sociocultural context in Africa. Agronomists and biotechnologists need to work together to ensure that the biotechnology agenda for Africa is responsive to the food and nutrition needs of its people.', 'en_US'),
(1889, 'The potential for biotechnology to improve the nutritional value of cassava', 'Cassava, a starch-rich plant that has poor protein content and usually poor vitamin content, feeds about 600 million people each day. When cereals can no longer be grown because of soil fertility problems, it is often still possible to grow cassava. It is the third most important source of dietary calories in the tropics, and reliance on the crop is especially high in West and Central Africa.  The International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology is promoting research to improve cassava productivity and is a leader in developing genetic engineering to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of this essential food crop.', 'en_US'),
(1890, 'Research and development of transgenic plants in Malaysia: An example from an Asian developing country', 'In 2000, agriculture contributed 13% to the national gross domestic product of Malaysia. The country of 23 million people has created a competitive program coordinated by the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, research institutions, and universities to undertake biotechnology research in several areas. Intensified research efforts are under way on oil palm, rubber, rice, papaya, and orchids. Although the most progress has been made in rice and papaya, no transgenic crop is ready for field trials. Nonetheless, preliminary steps have been taken to prepare for the trials, and detailed testing protocols are being developed.', 'en_US'),
(1891, 'Consumer perception of risk associated with eating genetically engineered soybeans is less in the presence of a perceived consumer benefit', 'Objective To determine whether perceived benefit alters personal risk perception associated with eating genetically engineered soybeans, consumer desire for labeling, preferred phrase on a label symbol, and desired information in an educational brochure.Design Comparison of responses of two consumer groups who completed one of two survey versions.Subjects/settings One hundred fifty supermarket shoppers, age 21 years and older, for each survey or n=300 total. Focus groups and a pilot test were used to develop the final survey in which consumers read a description of a genetically engineered soybean with either no obvious consumer benefit or an obvious consumer benefit and then completed a set of attitude questions and evaluated a voluntary label design and educational brochure content. Main outcome measures were mean opinion scores of personal risk and desire for labeling and ranking of desired label phrase and brochure topics.Statistical analyses x2 and t Tests were used.Results Consumers reading about the soybean with obvious consumer benefit were significantly more comfortable eating these than those reading about the soybean with no obvious consumer benefit (2.9±1.1 vs 3.4±1.0, respectively; P<.001). However, the groups did not differ in desire for labeling of foods made with these soybeans or preferred brochure content. They did differ significantly in preferred phrase on the symbol (P.< 05).Applications/conclusions Dietitians can use descriptions of genetic engineering applications such as those in this study to help consumers assess these applications. Dietitians can play a critical role in explaining labeling terms and designing educational materials when the FDA finalizes voluntary labeling regulations for genetically engineered foods.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1892, 'Infringement of the intellectual property rights: Causes and consequences', 'A game-theoretic model of heterogeneous producers is developed to examine the economic causes and consequences of intellectual property right (IPR) infringement in the context of a small open developing economy. Analytical results show that complete deterrence of IPR infringement is not always economically optimal. IPR infringement affects economic welfare and has important ramifications for the pricing and adoption of the new technology (biotechnology). The quantitative nature of results depends on the labeling regime. If the TRIPs agreement follows the custom of retaliatory sanctions under GATT, IPR enforcement will remain imperfect and innovators'' ability to obtain value for their biotech traits will be limited.', 'en_US'),
(1893, 'Outcrossing potential of glufosinate-resistant rice to red rice', 'The broad spectrum non-selective herbicide ammonium-glufosinate, combined with genetically modified glufosinate-resistant rice cultivars (GM rice), may comprise a rice weed control system for red rice and other weeds that infest Brazilian rice fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for outcrossing and gene flow of GM rice to red rice. Natural outcrossing between adjacent field plots (1 m x 1 m) was measured during the 1999-2000 growing season in Brazil. The outcrossing rate of the GM rice as the female parent to red rice, as the pollen donor, was 0.22% for straw hull and 0.02% for the black hull red rice, respectively. In the reciprocal crosses, when GM rice was the pollen donor and red rice, the female parent, the outcrossing rate was 0.26 and 0.14%, respectively, for straw hull and black hull red rice. The results of this study suggest that, under field conditions, outcrossing of glufosinate-resistant rice to red rice can occur at a measurable level. The potential frequency of hybrids would be minimum under situations where weed control measures help prevent the red rice from flowering.', 'en_US'),
(1894, 'Oral immunization with a recombinant malaria protein induces conformational anitbodies and protects mice against lethal malaria', 'The increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. Although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. Many logistic difficulties make such an approach prohibitively expensive. In an effort to try to overcome some of these issues, we examined the possibility of oral immunization as a route for inducing host protective immunity. We report here that oral feeding of a malaria protein induced serum antibody levels similar to those induced by intraperitoneal immunization with Freund''s adjuvant. Further, responses to conformational epitopes were induced. In the rodent challenge system, significant levels of protection to lethal challenge with malaria were induced in mice. The protective efficacy was highly correlated with antibody levels, which depended on the antigen dosage and required cholera toxin subunit B as an oral adjuvant. These findings offer new approaches to the development of a malaria vaccine and provide justification for the investigation of transgenic plants as a means of vaccine delivery.', 'en_US'),
(1895, 'Effects of the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin (OC-I) on different aphids and reduced performance of Myzus persicae on OC-I expressing transgenic oilseed rape', 'When administered in artificial diets, the cysteine protease inhibitor (PI) oryzacystatin I (OC-I) induced moderate but significant growth inhibition on the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), the cotton/melon aphid (Aphis Gossypii Glover) and the peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). In transgenic oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L. cv. Drakkar) expressing OC-I under the control of the CaMV-35S RNA promoter, oryzacystatin was detected in both leaves and phloem sap. Transgenic plants from three independent homozygous lines were used to test the effect of in planta-expression of OC-I on M. persicae. Mean adult weight and fecundity were significantly reduced, and aphid biomass produced in 2 weeks was decreased by 25?40% for aphids fed transgenic plants, when compared to those fed control plants. The effects of OC-I on M. persicae were correlated with the decrease of a major cathepsin L/H-type cysteine protease activity, detected in whole insect extracts. Immuno-histological analysis showed OC-I labeling along the gut epithelium, but also its association with aphid bacteriocytes and oenocytes. These results suggest that OC-I affects M. persicae through digestive tract targets, but also by reaching the haemolymph, thereby inhibiting extra-digestive proteolytic activities and interacting with functions related to aphid reproduction. Overall, it appears that PIs can display deleterious effects against phloem-feeding insects in addition to their activity on leaf-feeding insects.', 'en_US'),
(1896, 'Design, analysis and statistical power of the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops', '1.  The effects on British farmland wildlife of the management of four genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops are currently being studied in a 5-year trial termed the Farm-Scale Evaluations (FSE), the first 4 years of which are completed. The FSE is controversial and extensive. There has been intense scrutiny of the experimental design and proposed analysis, and of the estimated statistical power to detect effects of a given magnitude, should any exist. 2.  For each crop, the FSE is a form of on-farm trial with a single composite null hypothesis and a simple randomized block experimental design. This has statistical implications for the imposition of treatments by growers and the need for proper randomization. The choice of a half-field experimental unit was based on field availability, the focus on herbicide management, the need to reduce variability and efficiency gains in sampling effort. Farms and fields were selected to represent the range of variability of geography and intensiveness across Britain for each crop. 3.  Results of a power analysis suggested that the planned replication of the FSE of about 60 fields per crop over 3 years would be sufficient to provide useful information, from which valid statistical inferences could be drawn. The achieved replication for spring crops in the FSE exceeded, by more than threefold, that in any of 82 comparable terrestrial manipulative ecological experiments undertaken previously. 4.  Here, we exemplify a range of analyses including covariates, interactions between various factors including years and treatments, diagnostic procedures to aid selection of the most efficient statistical model, the estimation of power from coefficients of variation, a novel and apparently robust test statistic and the calculation of overall variance from within- and between-unit variability. Preliminary results indicated that a simple log-normal model appeared adequate for most analyses. 5.  Synthesis and applications. Statistical challenges created by the scope of the FSE were resolved from a sound knowledge of good experimental design. There is an urgent need for further statistical studies to develop experimental designs or modelling approaches that allow similar studies of genetically modified (GM) crops, at reduced cost. However, this power analysis has shown that this cannot be achieved at the expense of adequate replication, essential for all risk assessment studies.', 'en_US'),
(1897, 'An introduction to the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops', '1.  Several genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops have cleared most of the regulatory hurdles required for commercial growing in the United Kingdom. However, concerns have been expressed that their management will have negative impacts on farmland biodiversity as a result of improved control given by the new herbicide regimes of the arable plants that support farmland birds and other species of conservation value. 2.  The Farm-Scale Evaluations (FSE) project is testing the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the management of GMHT varieties of beet, oilseed rape and maize and that of comparable conventional varieties in their effect on the abundance and diversity of arable plants and invertebrates. The FSE also aims to estimate the magnitude and consider the implications of any differences that are found. 3.  The experimental design of the FSE is a randomized block, with two treatments allocated at random to half-fields. The target sample is around 60-75 fields for each crop, selected to represent variation of geography and intensity of management across Britain. The experimental crops are managed by commercial farmers as if under commercial conditions. 4.  Biodiversity indicators have been selected from plants and terrestrial invertebrates to identify differences between crop management regimes that may result in important ecological changes over larger scales of space and time. Field sampling is at fixed points, mainly along transects from the field boundary, starting before the crop is sown and continuing into following crops. 5.  Synthesis and applications. The FSE is best considered as an investigation into the effects of contrasting crop management regimes on farmland biodiversity, rather than a study of the effects of genetic modification. It could become a model for future studies of ecological effects of the way we use and manage agricultural land.', 'en_US'),
(1898, 'The safety of GM crops. Evaluation criteria (part 1)', 'This article provides information on the steps followed in food safety assessment of novel foods. Substantial equivalence is the approach used in assessing the safety of a GM crop and its products. The principal aspects considered in the safety assessment are the molecular, compositional, toxicological, and nutritional characteristics of the novel food/feed in comparison with its conventional counterpart. When substantial equivalence is established between the GM feed/food and its counterpart then the novel food can be treated in the same manner with respect to safety.', 'en_US'),
(1899, 'High tolerance against Chrysomela tremulae of transgenic poplar plants expressing a synthetic cry3Aa gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis', 'Hybrid poplars (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) have been genetically engineered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to express a synthetic cry3Aa gene derived from the native Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis cry3Aa gene. The presence and the expression of the transgene have been verified in four transgenic poplar lines, using Southern, northern and western analyses. The transgenic poplar''s toxicity towards the phytophagous beetle Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) has been assessed on six month-old greenhouse-grown selected plants in laboratory conditions. Laboratory experiments consisted of feeding tests of fresh detached leaves on C. tremulae at all developmental stages. Our results indicate that the transgenic poplar leaves, expressing a Cry3Aa protein amount in a range of 0.05?0.0025% of total soluble protein, were definitely deleterious for C. tremulae, regardless of the developmental stage.', 'en_US'),
(1900, 'Subtle effects of herbicide use in the context of genetically modified crops: a case study with glyphosate (Roundup(R))', 'Research on the effects of glyphosate and seed germination spans 30 years. Despite several studies reporting detrimental effects of the herbicide on seedling germination and growth, glyphosate is still being registered for use as a weed killer and preharvest desiccant. Its nonselective nature and low chance of species developing resistance has lead to the development of genetically modified crops tolerant to the herbicide which also raises concerns about increased reliance on herbicide use, and subtle ecological impact.This paper presents the result of a literature review on past studies mostly, on crop species, and the results of a new experiment performed with emphasis on noncrop species. The new experimental part attempted to determine whether glyphosate (Roundup®) would have an effect on the germination and growth of the F1 generation of seeds produced by plants sprayed with the herbicide. It was designed to mirror spray drift which might affect noncrop plants in nontarget drift zones. Of the 11 species tested using treatments of 0% (control), 1%, 10% or 100% of a 890 g a.i./ha label rate solution sprayed near seed maturity, seven showed a significant effect of the glyphosate treatment on germination and/or growth characteristics.Results of this experiment together with several previous studies reviewed in this paper suggest that there are significant effects to keep in mind when using herbicides such as glyphosate as severe ecological changes could occur.', 'en_US'),
(1901, 'Genetic engineering and perceived levels of risk', 'In recent years, concern about the negative environmental effects of technologies, and in particular the use of genetic engineering in food production, has become a major topic in public debate. Public acceptance of genetic engineering is vital to development of this technology. This study, carried out in Christchurch, New Zealand, explores the role of consumers opinions, attitudes and behaviours toward genetic engineering. It focuses on the relative perceived risk associated with consuming genetically engineering food and the role of food labelling in reducing this risk. The study found that most consumers are uninformed about genetic engineering and the potential benefits it holds. The level of accurate knowledge held by the consumer was found to be an important determinant in the perceived level of risk and willingness to accept genetic engineering. Notable relationships were also found between demographic variables, attitudes and behaviours towards genetically engineered produce.', 'en_US'),
(1902, 'Genomics, genetic engineering and domestication of crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1903, 'Outline of a risk assessment: the welfare of future xeno-donor pigs', 'The welfare of transgenic animals is often not considered prior to their generation. However, we demonstrate here how a welfare risk assessment can be carried out before transgenic animals are created. We describe a risk assessment identifying potential welfare problems in transgenic pigs generated for future xeno-donation of organs. This assessment is based on currently available information concerning transgenic animal models in which one or more transgenes relevant to future xeno-donation have been inserted. The welfare risk assessment reveals that future xeno-donor pigs may have an increased tendency toward septicaemias, reduced fertility and/or impaired vision. The transgenic animal models used in generating hypotheses about the welfare of xeno-donor pigs can also assist in the testing of these hypotheses. To ensure high levels of welfare of transgenic animals, analogous risk assessments can be used to identify potential welfare problems during the early stages of the generation of new transgenic animals. Such assessments may form part of the basis on which licenses to generate new transgenic animals are granted to research groups.', 'en_US'),
(1904, 'Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants', 'Antibodies represent a large proportion of therapeutic drugs currently in development. In most cases, they are produced in mammalian cell lines or transgenic animals because these have been shown to fold and assemble the proteins correctly and generate authentic glycosylation patterns. However, such expression systems are expensive, difficult to scale up and there are safety concerns due to potential contamination with pathogenic organisms or oncogenic DNA sequences. Plants represent an inexpensive, efficient and safe alternative for the production of recombinant antibodies. Research over the last 10 years has shown that plants can produce a variety of functional antibodies and there is now intense interest in scaling up production to commercial levels. In this review, we discuss the advantages of plants over traditional expression systems, describe how antibody expression in plants is achieved and optimized and then consider the practical issues concerning large-scale molecular farming in plants. The first plant-produced therapeutic antibodies are already in clinical trials, and, given the economic benefits of this production system, we are likely to see many more recombinant antibodies produced in this manner in the future.', 'en_US'),
(1905, 'Tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant corn (Zea mays) to diclosulam', 'Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the tolerance of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) and non-IR corn cultivars to preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) treatments of diclosulam. Crop injury was evaluated early- (5 to 6 wk after planting [WAP]), mid- (10 to 11 WAP), and late-season (13 to 15 WAP). Early-season injury of IR corn was no more than 12% in systems that included diclosulam PRE or POST at 18, 27, or 36 g ai/ha. Early-season injury of non-IR corn ranged from 85 to 89% in systems that included diclosulam PRE at any rate. At the mid-season evaluation, crop injury to IR corn was 1% or less. Non-IR corn was injured 73 to 94% in systems that included diclosulam PRE, while systems that included diclosulam POST caused 45 to 58% injury at mid-season. At the late-season evaluation, non-IR corn was injured 56, 88, and 96% with diclosulam PRE at 18, 27, and 36 g/ha, respectively, whereas systems that included diclosulam POST had 11 to 14% injury. Injury to IR corn from diclosulam PRE or POST was not apparent at the late-season evaluation. Weed-free yield of IR corn treated with diclosulam was 6,490 to 6,850 kg/ha and was equivalent to or better than yield from IR corn treated only with atrazine plus metolachlor PRE. Yield from non-IR corn treated with any diclosulam-containing system did not exceed 3,770 kg/ha.', 'en_US'),
(1906, 'Influence of glufosinate on seed weight, seed germination, and seedling vigor of glufosinate-resistant rice', 'Seeds were collected from field-grown glufosinate-resistant rice treated at various growth stages from the one-leaf through the boot stage with glufosinate at 0.84 kg ai/ha. The collected seeds were evaluated for 100-count seed weights, germination, and seedling vigor. Germination of the long-grain transformant CPRS PB-13 at five temperatures was unaffected by glufosinate treatment or temperature. At 14 d after initiation, germination of the medium-grain transformant BNGL HC-11/62 was reduced at 22 C when treated at the preboot timing. One hundred?count seed weights and seedling vigor were not affected for either glufosinate-resistant line.', 'en_US'),
(1907, 'Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow-row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max)', 'A field study was conducted during 1999, 2000, and 2001 at Stoneville, MS, on a Dundee silty clay loam to determine the impact of a rye cover crop with one or two postemergence (POST) herbicide applications on weed control, yield, and net return in narrow-row glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems. Cover crop systems included no?cover crop conventional tillage (CT), no?cover crop no-tillage (NT), and rye NT, all with early POST (EPOST), EPOST followed by late POST (LPOST), and no-herbicide weed management. Weed control and net return among glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems were similar. One POST ($111/ha) application of herbicides was more profitable than two POST ($79/ha) applications regardless of soybean cultivar and cover crop system. Rye residue reduced total weed density by 9 and 27% and biomass by 19 and 38% compared with no?cover crop CT and NT, respectively. In the rye cover crop, input costs were higher because of the additional cost of seed, planting, and rye desiccation. The additional cost resulted in a lower net return with the rye cover crop ($29/ha) compared with the no?cover crop CT ($84/ha) or NT ($87/ha) system, even though soybean yield in the rye cover crop system was comparable to that from the no?cover crop CT and NT systems. These results showed that because of additional cost, rye cover crop?based soybean production was less profitable compared with existing no?cover crop?based production systems.', 'en_US'),
(1908, 'Concerns a weed scientist might have about herbicide-tolerant crops: a  revisitation', 'Over a decade ago, the Weed Science Society of America sponsored a symposium on the then emerging technology of herbicide-tolerant crops (HTCs). The symposium and subsequent proceedings addressed potential benefits and concerns about that new technology to control weeds. Technological, biological, and ethical questions were addressed that were likely to emerge from the widespread adoption of HTCs. It was suggested at that time that if such questions were answered, HTC development would proceed on a more solid foundation, whereas continued uncertainty and criticism would probably result if the questions were not answered. We now review developments in HTC technology. Questions and concerns posed one decade ago are still pertinent, but current knowledge is still insufficient to address them. Adoption of HTC has risen dramatically since their commercial introduction, but there is still no evidence of associated production cost reductions or enhanced yields.', 'en_US'),
(1909, 'Weed management, fiber quality, and net returns in no-tillage transgenic and nontransgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)', 'Studies on weed management systems with bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton cultivars in a no-tillage environment were evaluated in North Carolina and Tennessee in 1997 and 1998. All weed management systems in nontransgenic and bromoxynil-resistant cotton controlled sicklepod 72 to 78%, whereas sicklepod was controlled at least 94% in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Entireleaf and pitted morningglory, smooth pigweed, and common cocklebur were controlled at least 92% with all management systems. Fiber quality was also measured in Tennessee. Micronaire and fiber strength ranged from 4.35 to 4.55 units and 28.6 to 30.1 g/tex, respectively, in bromoxynil-resistant and glyphosate-resistant cultivars that received postemergence over-the-top (POT) herbicides. Harvest trash content ranged from 0.80 to 1.15% in systems where POT and late postemergence?directed (LAYBY) herbicides were used and was 1.65% where multiple glyphosate applications were used with no LAYBY herbicides. Cotton lint yield and net returns were generally highest in systems that included bromoxynil or pyrithiobac POT followed by cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY or multiple glyphosate treatments where no LAYBY herbicides were used.', 'en_US'),
(1910, 'Prospects for using transgenic resistance to insects in crop improvement', 'Integrated pest management has historically placed great hopes on host plant resistance. However, conventional host-plant resistance to insects involves quantitative traits at several loci. As a result, the progress has been slow and difficult to achieve. With the advent of genetic transformation techniques, it has become possible to clone and insert genes into the crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests. Resistance to insects has been demonstrated in transgenic plants expressing genes for d-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), protease inhibitors, enzymes, and plant lectins. Most of the plant derived genes produce chronic rather than toxic effects, and some insect pests are not sensitive to some of these factors. The potential of plant derived genes can be realised by deploying them in combination with host plant resistance and exotic genes. Genes conferring resistance to insects have been inserted into crop plants such as maize, cotton, potato, tobacco, potatoes, rice, broccoli, lettuce, walnuts, apples, alfalfa, and soybean. Genetically transformed crops with Bt genes have been deployed for cultivation in USA, China, and Australia. However, very little has been done to use this technology for improving crop production in the harsh environments of the tropics, where the need for increasing food production is most urgent. International agricultural research centres, advanced research institutes, and the seed sector should make an effort to use these new tools for increasing food production in poorer regions of the world. There is an urgent need to develop a scientifically sound strategy to deploy exotic and plant derived genes for minimising the extent of losses caused by insect pests. Equally important is the need for following the biosafety regulations, more responsible public debate, social attitude, and better presentation of the benefits for a rational deployment of the genetically transformed plants.', 'en_US'),
(1911, 'Biotechnology issues for developing economies', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1912, 'Development of biotechnology in South Africa', 'Biotechnology in South Africa stands at a cross-roads. As a country with huge natural resources, equally huge social problems, and in a state of positive transition to full multi-cultural development, SA faces the complex task of effectively exploiting its science, technology and resource base for the benefit of its society. The potential of Biotechnology for social and economic development has only recently been a focal point. There are signs, at all levels from central administration to individual tertiary institutions, that the first decade of the 21st century may be the point where Biotechnology ''comes of age'' in South Africa.', 'en_US'),
(1913, 'Technology exchange', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1914, 'Transgenic wheat with enhanced fungal resistance causes no effects on Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1915, 'Identification and quantification of carotenoids, tocopherols and chlorophylls in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables', 'The carotenoid, tocopherol and chlorophyll metabolic profiles and content of a selection of fruits and vegetables found commonly in the diet, have been determined using a rapid RP-HPLC technique with on-line PDA detection. Information gathered from the screening of secondary plant metabolites is vital for the accurate determination of the dietary intake of these micro-nutrients, and in the development of comprehensive food tables. Determination of basal levels is also necessary for the rational engineering of health-promoting phytochemicals in food crops. In addition this approach can also be applied to the routine screening of products to determine metabolic differences between varieties and cultivars, as well as between genetically modified and the corresponding non-genetically modified tissue.', 'en_US'),
(1916, 'Out-crossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice', 'The potential of transferring herbicide resistance from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to sexually compatible weeds is of paramount importance for development of effective weed control strategies. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control and frequency of natural outcrossing between a transgenic, glufosinate-resistant rice line and a Louisiana biotype of red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular and phenotypic data showed that outcrossing in field plots between a non-transgenic purple marker line and red rice did occur within one field season, but at a low rate of <1%. Similarly, molecular and phenotypic data demonstrated that glufosinate resistance was transferred from the transgenic line to the red rice biotype in the field within one year at a low frequency of 0.3%. Compared to parental lines, the transgenic-red rice hybrids were extremely late, tall, and never set seed during the normal field season. Genetic analyses in all F2 populations showed glufosinate resistance behaved in a Mendelian fashion as a single, dominant gene. Presence of the bar gene for glufosinate resistance did not increase fitness or seed fecundity in hybrids or subsequent progeny. The genetic analyses and outcrossing results from this study suggest that an effective management program can be developed to prolong the usefulness of transgenic, glufosinate herbicide technology.', 'en_US'),
(1917, 'Consumption of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) causes direct effects on adult parasitic wasps', 'Honeydew is a common sugar-rich excretion of aphids and other phloem-feeding insects and represents the primary sugar in many agricultural systems. When honeydew-producing insects feed on genetically modified plants, the honeydew can contain amounts of the transgene product. Here we address whether this route of exposure poses a risk for non-target insects. Three species of parasitic wasps were selected: i.e. Aphidius colemani, Trichogramma brassicae and Cotesia glomerata, all of which are known to use honeydew as a carbohydrate source in the field. Wasps were fed sucrose solutions with varying concentrations of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA), a protein that has been engineered into crops to confer resistance against homopteran pests and that has been detected in honeydew. Parameters evaluated included gustatory response, longevity, fecundity, progeny emergence and sex ratio. While A. colemani and T. brassicae, but not C. glomerata, were able to detect GNA, this gustatory recognition had no effect on the acceptance of a GNA-sucrose solution. In all three species, GNA ingestion reduced parasitoid survival significantly. However, in respect to fecundity, negative effects were observed for T. brassicae but not for A. colemani. The results suggest that the effect of GNA consumption may depend on the specifics of a parasitoid''s biology, especially its longevity and its mode of egg maturation.', 'en_US'),
(1918, 'Neither inverted repeat T-DNA configurations nor arrangements of tandemly repeated transgenes are sufficient to trigger transgene silencing', 'Transgene expression was analysed in Arabidopsis T-DNA transformants carrying defined numbers and arrangement of different reporter genes. All transgenes were placed under the control of the strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. High, stable transgene expression was observed in plants containing two copies of the -glucuronidase (GUS) gene, two or four copies of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and two, four or six copies of the streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene. Thus, the mere presence of multiple promoter and/or transgene sequences did not result in gene silencing. In none of the cases analysed were tandem repeat arrangements of transgenes and/or inverted repeat (IR) T-DNA structures sufficient to trigger silencing of the different reporter genes. Instead, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) correlated with the copy number of the highly expressed transgenes. Twelve copies of the SPT and four copies of the GUS gene triggered silencing. Silencing is frequently associated with repetitive T-DNA structures. We favour the idea that in many cases this may be attributed to the high transgene doses rather than the repeat arrangements themselves.', 'en_US'),
(1919, 'Genetic susceptibility of food allergy is linked to differential TH2-TH1 responses in C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice', 'Background: Although food allergy is a serious health problem in westernized countries, factors influencing the development of food allergy are largely unknown. Appropriate murine models of food allergy would be useful in understanding the mechanisms underlying food allergy in human subjects.Objective: We sought to determine the susceptibility of different strains of mice to food hypersensitivity.Methods: C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice were sensitized to cow''s milk (CM) or peanut by means of intragastric administration, with cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Mice were then challenged with CM or peanut. Antigen-specific IgE levels, anaphylactic symptoms, plasma histamine levels, and splenocyte cytokine profiles of these 2 strains were compared.Results: CM-specific IgE levels were significantly increased only in the C3H/HeJ strain, 87% of which exhibited systemic anaphylactic reactions accompanied by significantly increased plasma histamine levels in response to challenge. BALB/c mice exhibited no significant CM-specific IgE response, increased plasma histamine levels, or anaphylactic symptoms. After peanut challenge, 100% of peanut-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice exhibited high levels of peanut-specific IgE and anaphylactic symptoms. In contrast, no hypersensitivity reactions were detected in BALB/c mice, despite the presence of significant serum peanut-specific IgE levels. Splenocytes from CM- and peanut-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice exhibited significantly increased IL-4 and IL-10 secretion, whereas splenocytes from BALB/c mice exhibited significantly increased IFN- secretion.Conclusion: Induction of food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in mice is strain dependent, with C3H/HeJ mice being susceptible and BALB/c mice being resistant. This strain-dependent susceptibility to food allergy is associated with differential TH2-TH1 responses after intragastric food allergen sensitization. ', 'en_US'),
(1920, 'Value judgements and risk comparisons.  The care of genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1921, 'Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management', 'Laboratory studies were performed to characterize the lepidopteran toxicity of cotton plants expressing two different toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), in order to assess insect resistance management implications of a commercial, two-toxin transgenic cotton. An independent and additive interactive effect of two Bt -endotoxins expressed by the transgenic cotton variety 15985 was demonstrated by examining the responses of Heliothis virescens (F.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae to field- or greenhouse-grown tissue from genetic near-isolines, which expressed Cry1A only, Cry2Ab only, or both toxins. In all cases, the Cry2Ab component was the larger contributor to total toxicity in the two-toxin isoline. Toxin-specific, quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests confirmed that the levels of each toxin in tissues of the two-toxin isoline were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from the levels found in the corresponding tissues of the respective single-toxin isoline. Resistance management considerations were discussed. Considering the additive interaction of toxins, a relatively simple insect resistance-monitoring procedure was proposed for the monitoring of commercial cotton varieties expressing both toxins.', 'en_US'),
(1922, 'Genetically modified bacteria in agriculture', 'Certain bacteria isolated from soils possess properties that allow them to exert beneficial effects on plants either by enhancing crop nutrition or by reducing damages caused by pathogens or pests. Some of them, such as rhizobia, azospirilla, and agrobacteria, have been traditionally released in fields as seed inoculants and they often lead to increases in the yield of different crops while the application of others, such as pseudomonads, often fails to give the expected results. Bacteria genetically modified to be easily traceable and/or to be improved in their expression of beneficial traits have been constructed and released with plants in a number of experimental field plots. With these releases, it has been possible to monitor the modified inoculant bacteria after their introduction in field ecosystems and to assess their impact on the resident microflora. Local environmental factors appeared as playing a crucial role in the survival and persistence of bacteria once released in fields and in the expression of the beneficial traits whether improved or not. The spread of inoculant bacteria from their point of dissemination was limited. Transient shifts in favour of the released bacteria and in disfavour of some members of the bacterial and fungal populations present in the plant rhizosphere might occur with certain released bacteria. The changes observed were, however, less important than those observed under usual agricultural practices. Gene transfer from resident population to introduced bacteria was detected in one case. The transconjugants were found only transiently in the phytosphere of plants but not in soils. No differences between the survival, spread, persistence in field and ecological impacts of genetically modified bacteria and of the corresponding unmodified parent strain could be detected.', 'en_US'),
(1923, 'Genetically modified lactic acid bacteria: applications to food or health and risk assessment', 'Lactic acid bacteria have a long history of use in fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications may lead to improvements in food technology (bacteria better fitted to technological processes, leading to improved organoleptic properties...), or to new applications including bacteria producing therapeutic molecules that could be delivered by mouth. Examples in these two fields will be discussed, at the same time evaluating their potential benefit to society and the possible risks associated with their use. Risk assessment and expected benefits will determine the future use of modified bacteria in the domains of food technology and health.', 'en_US'),
(1924, 'Between myth and reality: genetically modified maize, an example of a sizeable scientific controversy', 'Maize is a major crop plant with essential agronomical interests and a model plant for genetic studies. With the development of plant genetic engineering technology, many transgenic strains of this monocotyledonous plant have been produced over the past decade. In particular, field-cultivated insect-resistant Bt-maize hybrids are at the centre of an intense debate between scientists and organizations recalcitrant to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This debate, which addresses both safety and ethical aspects, has raised questions about the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on the biodiversity of traditional landraces and on the environment. Here, we review some of the key points of maize genetic history as well as the methods used to stably transform this cereal. We describe the genetically engineered Bt-maizes available for field cultivation and we investigate the controversial reports on their impacts on non-target insects such as the monarch butterfly and on the flow of transgenes into Mexican maize landraces.', 'en_US'),
(1925, 'Plant biotechnology in agriculture', 'Knowledge on plant genomes has progressed during the past few years. Two plant genomes, those of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, have been sequenced. Our present knowledge of synteny also indicates that, despite plasticity contributing to the diversity of the plant genomes, the organization of genes is conserved within large sections of chromosomes. In parallel, novel plant transformation systems have been proposed, notably with regard to plastid transformation and the removal of selectable marker genes in transgenic plants. Furthermore, a number of recent works considerably widen the potential of plant biotechnology.', 'en_US'),
(1926, 'Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris', 'A 200-day study was carried out to investigate the impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn on immature and adult Lumbricus terrestris in the field and in the laboratory. Another objective of this study was to develop test methods that could be used for standard testing of the impact of transgenic plants on different earthworm species in the field and in the laboratory. For this purpose two different experiments were involved, a laboratory experiment with adult L. terrestris and a field experiment with immature L. terrestris. No lethal effects of transgenic Bt corn on immature and adult earthworms were observed. Immature L. terrestris in the field had a very similar growth pattern when fed either (Bt+) or (Bt) corn litter. No significant differences in relative weights of (Bt+) and (Bt) corn-fed adult L. terrestris were observed during the first 160 days of the laboratory trial, but after 200 days adult L. terrestris had a significant weight loss of 18% of their initial weight when fed (Bt+) corn litter compared to a weight gain of 4% of the initial weight of (Bt) corn-fed earthworms. Further studies are necessary to see whether or not this difference in relative weight was due to the Bt toxin or other factors discussed in the study. Degradation of Cry1Ab toxin in corn residues was significantly slower in the field than at 10 °C in the laboratory. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that earthworms in both experiments were exposed to the Bt toxin throughout the whole experimental time.', 'en_US'),
(1927, 'Gene flow assessment in transgenic plants', 'In most of the important crops in the world, gene flow between cultivars and between wild and weedy relatives has always taken place. Factors influencing this gene flow, such as the mating system, mode of pollination, mode of seed dispersal and the particular characteristics of the habitat where the crops grow, are difficult to evaluate and in consequence, the quantification of gene flow is not easy. Transgene flow from engineered crops to other cultivars or to their wild and weedy relatives is one of the major concerns in relation to the ecological risks associated with the commercial release of transgenic plants. With transgenic crops it is important to quantify this gene flow and to try to establish strategies to control or minimise it, taking into account the possible ecological effect of the newly introduced genes, whether advantageous or disadvantageous. The use of transgenic plants has proven to be an effective tool to quantify the gene flow to other cultivars of the same species or to wild and weedy relatives in all crops analysed. Here we review the major studies in this area, and conclude that the potential risk of gene flow has to be assessed case by case and caution is necessary when making general conclusions.', 'en_US'),
(1928, 'Three cadherin alleles associated with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in pink bollworm', 'Evolution of resistance by pests is the main threat to long-term insect control by transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Because inheritance of resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops is typically recessive, DNA-based screening for resistance alleles in heterozygotes is potentially much more efficient than detection of resistant homozygotes with bioassays. Such screening, however, requires knowledge of the resistance alleles in field populations of pests that are associated with survival on Bt crops. Here we report that field populations of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a major cotton pest, harbored three mutant alleles of a cadherin-encoding gene linked with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac and survival on transgenic Bt cotton. Each of the three resistance alleles has a deletion expected to eliminate at least eight amino acids upstream of the putative toxin-binding region of the cadherin protein. Larvae with two resistance alleles in any combination were resistant, whereas those with one or none were susceptible to Cry1Ac. Together with previous evidence, the results reported here identify the cadherin gene as a leading target for DNA-based screening of resistance to Bt crops in lepidopteran pests.', 'en_US'),
(1929, 'Development of monoclonal antibodies against Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis and their application in an ELISA for detection of transgenic Bt-maize', 'Several transgenic insect resistant maize varieties, commonly referred to as Bt-maize, express the gene for the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab. As a method for the determination of Bt-maize, a sandwich-type ELISA for Cry1Ab was established. Monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunization of mice with trypsin-activated Cry1Ab. The secondary antibody was labeled with horseradish peroxidase, and 3,3'',5,5''-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was used as chromogene. The detection limit was 0.4 ng mlm1 of Cry1Ab. No (Cry1Ac, Cry1C, Cry2A, Cry3A) or only little (Cry9C) cross-reactivity with other Cry proteins was observed. Furthermore, the assay was applied to protein extracts from maize powder containing different amounts of Bt-maize from three different lines (Bt-176, Bt-11 and MON810). Using 100 mg maize per sample and Tris-borate buffer for rapid protein extraction, the minimum detectable mass fraction was 0.10% for Bt-11 and 0.23% for MON810. In contrast, Bt-176 maize could not be detected due to the fact that the Cry1Ab gene is not expressed in seed tissue of Bt-176 maize.', 'en_US'),
(1930, 'Fitness effects of transgenic diesease resistance in sunflowers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1931, 'Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis', 'Farmers, industry, governments and environmental groups agree that it would be useful to manage transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins to delay the evolution of resistance in target pests. The main strategy proposed for delaying resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic crops is the high-dose/refuge strategy. This strategy is based on the unverified assumption that resistance alleles are initially rare (<10-3). We used an F2 screen on >1,200 isofemale lines of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) collected in France and the US corn belt during 1999-2001. In none of the isofemale lines did we detect alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin. A Bayesian analysis of the data indicates that the frequency of resistance alleles in France was <9.20 2 10-4 with 95% probability, and a detection probability of >80%. In the northern US corn belt, the frequency of resistance to Bt maize was <4.23 2 10-4 with 95% probability, and a detection probability of >90%. Only 95 lines have been screened from the southern US corn belt, so these data are still inconclusive. These results suggest that resistance is probably rare enough in France and the northern US corn belt for the high-dose plus refuge strategy to delay resistance to Bt maize.', 'en_US'),
(1932, 'Model studies on the detectability of genetically modified feeds in milk', 'Detecting the use of genetically modified feeds in milk has become important, because the voluntary labeling of milk and dairy products as ''GMO free'' or as ''organically grown'' prohibits the employment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The aim of this work was to investigate whether a DNA transfer from foodstuffs like soya and maize was analytically detectable in cow''s milk after digestion and transportation via the bloodstream of dairy cows and, thus, whether milk could report for the employment of transgene feeds. Blood, milk, urine, and feces of dairy cows were examined, and foreign DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction by specifically amplifying a 226-bp fragment of the maize invertase gene and a 118-bp fragment of the soya lectin gene. An intravenous application of purified plant DNA showed a fast elimination of marker DNA in blood or its reduction below the detection limit. With feeding experiments, it could be demonstrated that a specific DNA transfer from feeds into milk was not detectable. Therefore, foreign DNA in milk cannot serve as an indicator for the employment of transgene feeds unless milk is directly contaminated with feed components or airborne feed particles.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1933, 'Gene silencing in transgenic soybean plants transformed via particle bombardment', 'Transgenes are susceptible to silencing in plants especially when multiple copies of the gene of interest are introduced. Transgenic plants derived by particle bombardment, which is the common method for transforming soybean, have a tendency to have multiple integration events. Three independent transgenic soybean plants obtained via particle bombardment were analyzed for transgene silencing. A GUS transgenic soybean line had at least 100 copies of the GUS gene while there were approximately 60 copies of the transgene in the two soybean lines transformed with a 15-kDa zein storage protein gene from maize. Soybean plants transformed with the GUS gene showed variable GUS expression. The coding region and promoter of the GUS gene in the plants with low expression of GUS were heavily methylated. Variability in GUS expression was observed in the progeny of the high expressors in the T2 and T3 generations as well. Expression level of the 15-kDa zein gene in transgenic soybean plants showed correlation with the level of transgene methylation. The helper component-proteinase from potyviruses is known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing. Transgenic plants were inoculated with the soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV) to test possible effects on transgene silencing in soybean. Infection with SMV did not suppress transgene silencing in these plants and suggests that the silencing in these plants may not be due to post-transcriptional gene silencing.', 'en_US'),
(1934, 'Effect of a gap on gene flow between otherwise adjacent transgenic Brassica napus crops', 'Gene flow resulting from cross pollination becomes an issue when transgenic crops are involved and the genetic modification carries a trait of ecological importance. As crop fields are often separated by a barren gap, such as an intervening roadway or unplanted area, I measured cross contamination between two herbicide-resistant transgenic fields (canola, Brassica napus) across a gap of up to 12 m. I focused on pollen exchange from the field border up to 7 m inside each field over two seasons. In the absence of a gap, I found that gene dispersal diminished rapidly with distance, with more than 40% of transgenic progeny found within the first meter from the edge of the adjacent crop. Cross contamination between fields declined more rapidly when there were intervening plants, however. Plants separated from the transgenic source by a gap of 3-4 m, yielded the same level of transgenic progeny as those separated by 1 m of crop. Both insects and wind pollinate canola, and so the explanation for my observations could involve the influence of gaps on wind patterns or on the behaviour of pollinators. The gap effect does not seem to depend only upon the variation in the density of neighbours that surrounds those plants at the crop edge versus those in the crop matrix. On the basis of this study, it is recommended that economic profit would be maximised by removing field borders after flowering rather than by leaving a surrounding gap, which would need to occupy up to threefold as much field surface to achieve the same level of containment.', 'en_US'),
(1935, 'Resistance mechanisms to plant viruses: an overview', 'To obtain virus-resistant host plants, a range of operational strategies can be followed nowadays. While for decades plant breeders have been able to introduce natural resistance genes in susceptible genotypes without knowing precisely what these resistance traits were, currently a growing number of (mostly) dominant resistance genes have been cloned and analyzed. This has led not only to a better understanding of the plant''s natural defence systems, but also opened the way to use these genes beyond species borders. Besides using natural resistance traits, also several novel, ''engineered'' forms of virus resistance have been developed over the past 15 years. The first successes were obtained embarking from the principle of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) by transforming host plants with viral genes or sequences with the purpose to block a specific step during virus multiplication in the plant. As an unforeseen spin-off of these investments, the phenomenon of post-translational gene silencing (PTGS) was discovered, which to date is by far the most successful way to engineer resistance. It is generally believed that PTGS reflects a natural defence system of the plant, and part of the hypothesized components required for PTGS have been identified. As counteracting strategy, and confirming PTGS to be a natural phenomenon, a considerable number of viruses have acquired gene functions by which they can suppress PTGS. In addition to PDR and PTGS, further strategies for engineered virus resistance have been explored, including the use of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), 2'',5''-oligoadenylate synthetase and ''plantibodies''. This paper will give a brief overview of the major strategies that have become operational during the past 10 years.', 'en_US'),
(1936, 'Modelling the spatial configuration of refuges for a sustainable control of pests: a case study of Bt cotton', 'The ''high-dose-refuge'' (HDR) strategy is widely recommended by the biotechnology industry and regulatory authorities to delay pest adaptation to transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. This involves cultivating nontoxic plants (refuges) in close proximity to crops producing a high dose of Bt toxin. The principal cost associated with this strategy is due to yield losses suffered by farmers growing unprotected, refuge plants. Using a population genetic model of selection in a spatially heterogeneous environment, we show the existence of an optimal spatial configuration of refuges that could prevent the evolution of resistance whilst reducing the use of costly refuges. In particular, the sustainable control of pests is achievable with the use of more aggregated distributions of nontransgenic plants and transgenic plants producing lower doses of toxin. The HDR strategy is thus suboptimal within the context of sustainable agricultural development.', 'en_US'),
(1937, 'Genetically modified soybeans and food allergies', 'Allergenic reactions to proteins expressed in GM crops has been one of the prominent concerns among biotechnology critics and a concern of regulatory agencies. Soybeans like many plants have intrinsic allergens that present problems for sensitive people. Current GM crops, including soybean, have not been shown to add any additional allergenic risk beyond the intrinsic risks already present. Biotechnology can be used to characterize and eliminate allergens naturally present in crops. Biotechnology has been used to remove a major allergen in soybean demonstrating that genetic modification can be used to reduce allergenicity of food and feed. This provides a model for further use of GM approaches to eliminate allergens.', 'en_US'),
(1938, 'Model-based analysis of the likelihood of gene introgression from genetically modified crops into wild relatives', 'The proliferation of genetically modified crops has created a need for methods to predict the likelihood of gene introgression into related species in situ. We present a model of a modified crop and an associated unmodified plant population removed spatially from the modified crop but not completely isolated from it, reflecting standard practices for isolation of field trials. We develop models for two kinds of life histories, broadly based on Brassica and Gossypium, taxa that are targets for genetic modification. We find that current prescriptions for field trials are likely to lead to escape of transgenes into wild populations when outcrossing rates are moderate and hybrids are fertile. The results are sensitive to pollen rain within plausible bounds for model parameters, suggesting buffer widths are an important aspect of the design of field trials. When gene introgression requires the spontaneous development of a polyploid, the likelihood of gene introgression is lower but still appreciable in realistic circumstances. Events that are unlikely over periods of a few years become almost certain within scales of a few decades, emphasising the need for gene risk assessments to be set in specified time frames. The models serve to identify the parts of the system that are poorly known and that are important in determining outcomes, providing a focus for future research. There is a need for research on the consequences of changes in fitness due to the transgenes, competitive interactions between related species, and the broader ecological consequences of changes in agricultural practice resulting from the use of genetically modified crops.', 'en_US'),
(1939, 'Evaluation of the feed value of a transgenic strain of the narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in the diet of the marine fish, Pagrus auratus', 'This study assessed the nutritional and biological value of a noncommercial, transgenic line of the Australian sweet lupin, Lupinus angustifolius, (cv. Warrah), produced to increase the methionine content of the seed. An initial experiment demonstrated that differences in the methionine content of the transgenic and nontransgenic control lupins had no apparent influence on the growth of juvenile red seabream fed practical diets. Re-evaluation of the nutritional characteristics of the lupin meals with subsequent digestibility studies allowed the determination of the digestible value of the protein and energy content of each of the varieties. The digestible protein content of either variety was similar, however significant differences in the digestible energy value of each variety existed (56.3% cf. 64.0%). This re-evaluation of the nutritional value of the genetically manipulated (GM) and non-GM lupin varieties enabled the reformulation of diets on a digestible protein and energy basis. A second growth trial was undertaken using sub-satietal pair-feeding regimes, with the experiment also involving protein-restrictive diets to allow expression of the differences in the methionine content of the transgenic and nontransgenic lupin meals. A significant benefit of the enhanced methionine level in the transgenic lupin was observed. It is argued that in the high-protein fish diets used, the importance of amino acid composition is relatively limited. Economic modelling of the potential value of the increased methionine in the transgenic lupin suggests that this will have limited benefit for aquaculture industries, and that greater value would be attributable to higher protein and energy levels in ingredients.', 'en_US'),
(1940, 'Using environmental bonds to regulate the risks of GM crops: problems and prospects', 'We examine the characteristics and limitations of the existing system of tort liability for addressing potential environmental damages from GM crops and consider whether environmental bonding could be used to address these risks. We find that in the case of GM crops, a bonding mechanism would complement some of the strengths of tort liability. Specifically, the bonding mechanism provides some protection against bankruptcy, and also shifts the burden of risk toward life science companies that develop the technology. These factors could encourage additional early research by life science firms. However, a bonding mechanism adds to the regulatory apparatus, and would likely increase administrative costs, over tort liability, for public and private parties. Nevertheless, an attractive possibility is that the cumulative outcomes of bonding, e.g., shifting the risk burden, providing a measure of bankruptcy protection, and introducing an additional regulatory component, would mitigate some of the political and social objections to the environmental release of GM crops.', 'en_US'),
(1941, 'Transgene containment by molecular means -- is it possible and cost effective?', 'With the rapid advancement of transgenic biotechnology, large numbers of transgenic crops have been produced and released for commercial cultivation (James, 2001), raising considerable biosafety concerns all over the world. One of the major issues is the potential ecological risk resulting from transgenes escaping into and persist- ing in the environment. The extensive on-going debate on this issue (Arriola, 1997; Wolfenbarger and Phifer, 2000; Crawley et al., 2001; Prakash, 2001; Dale et al., 2002) poses challenging questions regarding the research direc- tions that need to be taken to ensure that biotechnology outputs are responsibly deployed worldwide. Unless these biosafety issues are satisfactorily addressed, large-scale commercial release of the transgenic crops developed and further advancement of transgenic bio- technology are likely to be hampered. For an in-depth review of crop-to-wild gene flow, see Jenczewski et al. (2002) in this number of EBR. Here the more specific issue of the effectiveness of preventing gene flow from occurring will be discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1942, 'Crop-to-wild gene flow, introgression and possible fitness effects of transgenes', 'Crop-to-wild gene flow has received close attention over the past ten years in connection with the development and cultivation of transgenic crops. In this paper, we review key examples of crop/wild sympatry and overlapping flowering phenology, pollen and seed dispersal, the barriers to hybridisation and introgression, the evolution and fate of interspecific hybrids, their fitness, and the potential cost of transgenes. We pay particular attention to ways in which the evolution and divergence between crops and their wild relatives may interfere with these successive steps. Our review suggests that crop-to-weed gene flow is highly idiosyncratic and that crop gene dispersion will certainly be very difficult to preclude totally. Future directions for research should thus focus on the long-term establishment and effects of transgenes on natural communities.', 'en_US'),
(1943, 'Bt-transgenic oilseed rape hybridization with its weedy relative, Brassica rapa', 'The movement of transgenes from crops to weeds and the resulting consequences are concerns of modern agriculture. The possible generation of ''superweeds'' from the escape of fitness-enhancing transgenes into wild populations is a risk that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Oilseed rape, Brassica napus (L.), is a crop with sexually compatible weedy relatives, such as birdseed rape (Brassica rapa (L.)). Hybridization of this crop with weedy relatives is an extant risk and an excellent interspecific gene flow model system. In laboratory crosses, T 3 lines of seven independent transformation events of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) oilseed rape were hybridized with two weedy accessions of B. rapa. Transgenic hybrids were generated from six of these oilseed rape lines, and the hybrids exhibited an intermediate morphology between the parental species. The Bt transgene was present in the hybrids, and the protein was synthesized at similar levels to the corresponding independent oilseed rape lines. Insect bioassays were performed and confirmed that the hybrid material was insecticidal. The hybrids were backcrossed with the weedy parent, and only half the oilseed rape lines were able to produce transgenic backcrosses. After two backcrosses, the ploidy level and morphology of the resultant plants were indistinguishable from B. rapa. Hybridization was monitored under field conditions (Tifton, GA, USA) with four independent lines of Bt oilseed rape with a crop to wild relative ratio of 1200:1. When B. rapa was used as the female parent, hybridization frequency varied among oilseed rape lines and ranged from 16.9% to 0.7%.', 'en_US'),
(1944, 'Fitness effects of Alternaria dauci on wild carrot in The Netherlands', 'In a field experiment with a susceptible population of annual wild carrot (Daucus carota) from Iran, artificial inoculations with the fungal pathogen A. dauci led to a strong and very significant increase of the diseased leaf area. The pathogen caused a very significant decrease in fecundity and seed survival of the host. This considerable fitness reduction by A. dauci would suggest that introgression of disease resistance from cultivated (transgenic) carrot cultivars into wild carrot populations could strongly increase the fitness of wild carrot. In spite of the potential ability of A. dauci to lower the fitness of the host considerably, wild carrot is very common in The Netherlands. Disease levels of wild carrot were estimated in 26 natural populations in 1998. No A. dauci could be detected on the leaves, and only 0.4% of the seeds were contaminated with A. dauci, in spite of the conducive weather for A. dauci. Resistance tests showed that all 26 monitored populations were highly resistant to A. dauci strains from The Netherlands. It is probable that the strong potential fitness reduction by A. dauci led to a high selection pressure towards resistance in The Netherlands. In conclusion, our results suggest that transgenic resistance to A. dauci would not be beneficial to wild carrot populations in The Netherlands because they are already resistant to this pathogen.', 'en_US'),
(1945, 'Ostrinia nubilalis parasitism and the field abundance of non-target insects in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn (Zea mays)', 'In this study, we evaluated in field trials the effects on non-target species, of transgenic corn producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In 1998, we collected Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) larvae from transgenic Bt corn (Novartis Hybrid 176) and non-Bt corn at four geographical sites. We found a significant variation in parasitism by the tachinids Lydella thompsoni (Herting) and Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (Walker) among sites, and more parasitism in non-Bt than in Bt fields. The Bt effect did not vary significantly among fields. In 1999, we performed a field experiment at two sites, comparing the temporal abundance of non-target arthropods in Bt corn (Monsanto Hybrid MON810) and non-Bt corn. The non-target insects studied included the aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.), the bug Orius insidiosus (Say), the syrphid Syrphus corollae (Meigen), the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata (L.), the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), thrips and hymenopteran parasitoids. For all species but one, the number of individuals varied greatly over the season but did not differ between the types of corn. The only exception was thrips which, at one site, was significantly more abundant in Bt corn than in non-Bt corn. However this difference did not remain significant when we took the multiple tests into account. Implications for pest resistance management, population dynamics and risk assessment are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1946, 'GMO biosafety research in China', 'Over the years, genetically modified organism (GMO) development and regulation in China have regularly attracted international attention. In the early 1990s, China became the first country to commercialize a genetically modified (GM) crop with planting of a virus-resistant transgenic tobacco variety on a relatively large scale, while other parts of the world were debating about the risks of GMOs. A few years later, the GM tobacco was removed from cultivation because of strong pressure from outside of the country. This situation was not changed until late 1997, when an insect-resistant cotton variety was approved by the GMO Biosafety Committee in the Ministry of Agriculture for commercial cultivation in five provinces. This paper will give an overview of GMO development and biosafety research in China.', 'en_US'),
(1947, 'Towards safer vectors for the field release of recombinant bacteria', 'The prospect of the deliberate environmental release of genetically manipulated microorganisms has given rise to a great deal of polemic. Amongst the rational scientific concerns are those concerned with the fate of the released bacteria, the fate of the recombinant genes that they carry, the selective pressures acting upon them in different environmental situations and the long term effects on the environment and human health. All recombinant DNA is carried by vectors (plasmids, transposons or bacteriophage or remnants of these). Thus the way in which recombinant constructions are made may itself lead to potential biosafety concerns, irrespective of the host bacterium and the recombinant DNA fragment of primary interest. The purpose of the present review is to assess progress in improved vector design aimed at eliminating risks due to the way recombinant vectors are constructed. Improved vector constructions include the avoidance of the use, or removal, of antibiotic resistance genes, the use of defective transposons rather than plasmids in order to reduce horizontal transfer and the development of conditionally lethal suicide systems. More recently, new site-specific recombination systems have permitted transposon vectors to be manipulated following strain construction, but before environmental release, so that virtually all recombinant DNA not directly involved in the release experiment is eliminated. Such bacteria are thus pseudo-wild type in that they contain no heterologous DNA other than the genes of interest.', 'en_US'),
(1948, 'Transgenic plants in poultry nutrition', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1949, 'Transgenic plants and their products: effects, risks and food safety', 'This paper provides an overview of the effects of transgenic plants, also known as Genetically Modified Organisms, and food safety. Modern biotechnologies are powerfull tools in reprogramming life. However, a major problem in the risk assessment of the organisms produced by biotechnology is that the outcome of transformations cannot be fully foreseen. Potential risks to human health include unpredicted side effects, allergy, toxicity and intolerance. The main effects on the environment include the gene lateral transfer, genetic pollution, and damage to non-target species. The substantial equivalence principle should be abandoned in favor of more scientific criteria. With the Biosafety Protocol approved January 2000, the precautionary principle was reaffirmed and the labeling became compulsory. The public perception reached a stage where restrictions on the consumption of genetically modified foods are imposed, compelling enterprises and scientists to a science-based approach for the risk assessment analysis.', 'en_US'),
(1950, 'Safety of GM crops: a nutritional study, II', 'This second module (the first part having been published in Tecnica Molitoria, January 2003) is intended to provide information on the nutritional studies on GM feeds performed on different farm animals. Results in feeding trials comparing novel and conventional feeds, have indicated no significant differences in nutritional composition or animal performance. Moreover, several studies on authorized novel food/feed concerning digestive fate of transgenic DNA and proteins have been carried out, providing a substantial assurance of safety.', 'en_US'),
(1951, 'Controlling the release of pollen from genetically modified maize and increasing its grain yield by growing mixtures of male-sterile and male-fertile plants', 'There is public concern about the consequences of pollen dispersal from genetically modified (GM) crops. The release of viable pollen from GM maize can be controlled by growing mixtures of cytoplasmic male-sterile plants and male-fertile non-transformed pollinator plants. Our experiments indicate that such associations can bring about grain yields as high or even higher than those produced by pure male-fertile maize crops, especially when the male-sterile component is pollinated non-isogenically. The grain yield benefits from cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia as well as the fact that seed of male-sterile varieties can be produced cheaply and reliably in large quantities would facilitate the implementation of the proposed system in agricultural practice.', 'en_US'),
(1952, 'Innovation and trade with endogenous market failure: the case of genetically modified products', 'We build a partial-equilibrium, two-country model to analyze some implications of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the model, innovators hold proprietary rights on the new technology, whereas farmers are (competitive) adopters; some consumers deem food produced from GM products to be inferior to traditional food; countries trade both traditional and GM products; countries can adopt regulations (such as mandatory labeling of GM products) that have direct trade implications; and, crucially, the mere introduction of GM crops affects the costs of non-GM food (because it makes it necessary to implement costly identity preservation). The analysis shows that, although agricultural biotechnology innovations have the potential to improve efficiency, some agents (consumers and/or producers that adopt the innovation) can actually be made worse off by the innovation, and indeed it is even possible that the costs induced by the innovation outweigh the efficiency gains. The study also illustrates the potential for protectionist policies that arise in the context of regulating GM products. In particular, mandatory labeling of GM products (as being implemented by the European Union) is unnecessary, inferior to a system of voluntary labeling, and has costly implications from the perspective of an exporting country that adopts GM products. But this costly labeling policy may actually benefit the importing country that implements the labeling requirement.', 'en_US'),
(1953, 'The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: reconciling trade in biotechnology with environment and development?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1954, 'Change in New Zealand farmer and grower attitudes towards gene technology: results from a follow up survey', 'This study examined changes in the intentions, attitudes and beliefs of farmers regarding their use of gene technology. Of 656 respondents to a postal survey in 2000, the views of 115 were assessed again in 2002. These follow up respondents indicated their intention to use gene technology, attitudes toward using gene technology and beliefs about market acceptance, commercial viability and environmental risk from using the technology. Results from this comparative study show how farmers'' thinking about gene technology may have changed but they are not necessarily a good indication of New Zealand farmers and growers views in 2002 (this topic is covered in AERU Report No.258).After two years, attitudes and intentions to use gene technology had undergone a minor, non-significant, change towards more positive intentions to use the technology. However, some significant shifts had occurred. These farmers and growers were found to be less supportive of New Zealand becoming GE free. In addition, they thought it less likely that gene technology would cause damage to ecological systems and endanger public health. It was also thought more likely that economic growth would occur from using gene technology, and that using gene technology would increase food production. Overall only a minor change in farmer response was found to have occurred over the two-year period between measurements. Nevertheless, results showed a link between the consequences of using gene technology and farmer and grower attitudes and intentions. Consequently, prospects for change in attitudes and beliefs about the consequences of using gene technology are discussed as key determining factors in farmer and grower decisions regarding their use of gene technology.', 'en_US'),
(1955, 'Biotechnology: a modern tool for food production improvement', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1956, 'Nutrition and food allergy', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1957, 'The success of transgenic cultures in the United States: agro-economic and perspective factors', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1958, 'Recombination with coat protein transgene in a complementation system based on cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)', 'In order to study the feasibility of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as an expression vector, the full-length cDNA of RNA 3 from strain SD was cloned and the sequence around the start codon of the coat protein (CP) gene was modified to create an Nsi¢ñ site for insertion of foreign genes. The CP gene was replaced by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. The cDNAs of Fny RNAs 1 and 2 and the chimeric SD RNA 3 were cloned between the modified 35S promoter and terminator. Tobacco protoplasts were transfected with a mixture of the viral cDNAs containing 35S promoter and terminator as a replacement vector and expressed GFP. A complementation system was established when the replacement vector was inoculated onto the transgenic tobacco plants expressing SD-CMV CP. GFP was detected in the inoculated leaves in 5 of 18 tested plants and in the first upper systemic leaf of one of the 5 plants ten days after inoculation. However, no GFP could be detected in all the plants one month after inoculation. Recombination between the CMV vector and the CP transgene was proved by retro-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and verified by DNA sequencing. Our results argue against the feasibility of the CMV-based replacement vector trans-complemented by the CP transgene, and at the same time, enlighten ways to improve the CMV-based expression vector and the biosafety of CMV CP-mediated virus resistant transgenic plants.', 'en_US'),
(1959, 'Standards and experiences made by the German Federal Environmental Agency and their significance with regard to evaluating the environmental impact of genetically modified organisms (GMO)', 'Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can have effects on the environment in a variety of ways. The Genetic Engineering Act (GenTG) stipulates that, before a GMO may be used, its characteristics have to be assessed and its behaviour in the environment has to be estimated and evaluated. The Federal Environmental Agency is the first and hitherto only authority involved in the implementation of the Genetic Engineering Act to have presented a risk assessment concept, in order to ensure that consent decisions taken in the enforcement of the Act are comprehensible and comparable. This concept is presented, as are proposals for the envisaged revision which results from changes in the legal framework, notably the adoption of the Biosafety Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the new EU Deliberate Release Directive 2001/18/EC. In addition, the contribution discusses the role of the precautionary principle and possible implications for decision-making by the authorities. The precautionary principle demands that environmental risks and damage should be avoided as far as possible, or prevented from arising at the outset. A particular challenge when refining assessment concepts is the integration of nature conservation principles. These have been given insufficient attention to date. The contribution presents the results of a workshop on this subject, which was jointly organised by the Federal Environmental Agency and the Federal Nature Conservation Agency. Those participating in the workshop identified aspects which go beyond the scope of the Genetic Engineering Act and are derived from the specific objective of biotope and species protection. Furthermore, the contribution addresses the provisions of the new Deliberate Release Directive 2001/18/EC on environmental risk assessment (e.r.a). The aim of e.r.a., on a case-by-case basis is, to identify and evaluate potential adverse effects of the GMO, either direct and indirect, immediate or delayed, on human health and the environment, which the deliberate release or the placement of GMOs on the market may have. There exists a link to the definition of goals for a sustainable agriculture which have to be considered when assessing the impact of GMOs.', 'en_US'),
(1960, 'Ecological monitoring of genetically engineered plants (GEP''s)', 'Ecological monitoring of genetically engineered plants (GEPs) is being developed in the Bavarian Environmental Protection Agency. Focusing on oilseed rape (Brassica napus, Cruciferae), a method is being established to measure the impact of the commercial release of GEPs on plant communities. Oilseed rape is known to escape from cultures and to establish outside the fields. It also produces hybrid offspring with wild relatives of the European flora. The study site is located in Bavaria (Germany) and comprises an area of 5700 ha. It is characterized by a mosaic of protected natural habitats in close vicinity to intensively cultivated farmland. In this region species composition and population density of Cruciferae is documented prior to a possible commercial release of GEPs. Furthermore, Cruciferae of the study site are tested for the presence of transgenes. Therefore, plant material of selected Cruciferae is randomly sampled. We also test oilseed rape honey from the study site and pollen from pollen traps for the presence of hybrid pollen. The molecular method used is the ´´real-time PCR´´. In addition, an intensive monitoring program is established in two types of biotopes, which are located in the study site. Multivariate statistics are being used to correlate plant community data with soil parameters.', 'en_US'),
(1961, 'Recent food labelling system', 'Revision of JAS (Japanese agricultural standard) was performed over a big range in Japan in 2000-01. All manufactures and traders had to display the place of origin of all perishable foods. A certification system for organic foods was established. Periodical reexamination of JAS was legalized. Private enterprises were allowed to register and rate foods. Displays about genetically modified foods were defined based on scientific classification.', 'en_US'),
(1962, 'Gene silencing: the whats and hows?', 'This paper focuses on gene silencing, its role in developing transgenic plants and the various molecular mechanisms behind it. Particular emphasis is given on: transcriptional gene silencing; chromosomal environment of the transgene; repeat induced DNA methylation; DNA-DNA interaction; post-transcriptional silencing (PTGS); role of transgene expression level; PTGS and methylated transgenes; elimination of homologous transcripts (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-complementary RNA model); and the number of transgenes per integration site.', 'en_US'),
(1963, 'Science, controversy and future prospects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)', 'A transgenic crop plant commonly referred as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted using genetic engineering instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination or conventional breeding. Research on GMOs began a decade ago, but only recently, genetically modified crops have reached the farmers field and their area is constantly increasing every year. In the year 1996, the GM crops acquired 4.3 million acres which has been increased to 109.2 million acres in the year 2000 in 13 countries. Most of the transgenic crop varieties currently grown by farmers are either herbicide tolerant or insect pest resistant. The list of GM crops includes soyabean, corn cotton, canola, potato, sugar beet, tomato, rice, etc. The rapidly accelerating adoption rate provides a good indicator of the acceptance of GM crops among the farming community. But GMOs have become a flesh point of controversy because of some anticipated potential risks associated with them and there are wide spread and highly publicized protests by the opponents of this technology around the world including US, Europe and India. However, most of the concern about the safety of GM crops and GM food have not been substantiated through experimental evidence. The various aspects of GMOs related to its science, potential benefits to farmers, controversial issues, public acceptance, biosafety regulations and their future prospects have been discussed in detail in this paper.', 'en_US'),
(1964, 'Emergence and growth of hybrids between Brassica napus and Raphanus raphanistrum', 'Risk assessment studies of transgenic crops have recently brought evidence of a low spontaneous hybridization frequency of Brassica napus with Raphanus raphanistrum. The fate of the first generation hybrids is crucial to determine the initial rate of spread of transgenes. This work aims to compare the fitness components of parents and F1 hybrids at the first step of the life cycle. The ability to emerge, establish seedling, cover the soil and develop adult plant was examined in controlled and field conditions, alone or in competition. The F1 hybrids showed a lower seedling emergence, a significant delay of emergence, and a lower survival than for both parents. Rosette diameter and dry matter of hybrid plants were very reduced compared with those of both parents, especially when they grew in the field and under competition conditions. The relevance of these results to gene flow and possible impact to agriculture and environment is discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1965, 'Genetically modified foods: current situation and some considerations regarding detection techniques', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1966, 'Initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis poplar in a field population of Chrysomela tremulae', 'Globally, the estimated total area planted with transgenic plants producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins was 12 million hectares in 2001. The risk of target pests becoming resistant to these toxins has led to the implementation of resistance-management strategies. The efficiency and sustainability of these strategies, including the high-dose plus refuge strategy currently recommended for North American maize, depend on the initial frequency of resistance alleles. In this study, we estimated the initial frequencies of alleles conferring resistance to transgenic Bt poplars producing Cry3A in a natural population of the poplar pest Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). We used the F2 screen method developed for detecting resistance alleles in natural pest populations. At least three parents of the 270 lines tested were heterozygous for a major Bt resistance allele. We estimated mean resistance-allele frequency for the period 1999-2001 at 0.0037 (95% confidence interval = 0.00045-0.0080) with a detection probability of 90%. These results demonstrate that (i) the F2 screen method can be used to detect major alleles conferring resistance to Bt-producing plants in insects and (ii) the initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt toxin can be close to the highest theoretical values that are expected prior to the use of Bt plants if considering fitness costs and typical mutation rates.', 'en_US'),
(1967, 'Virus-resistant transgenic plants for environmentally safe management of viral diseases', 'Plant viruses are one of the major yield reducing factors for agricultural and horticultural crops. In India, most destructive diseases are caused by gemini-, poty-, and tospoviruses. Virus resistant transgenic plants (VRTPs), developed by the transfer of transgenes from virus, plant or other origins, have been found resistant to a wide range of viruses. The most successful approach is the viral coat protein mediated resistance (CPMR). Other transgenes of viral origin, which have shown promise are: replicase protein, movement protein, proteases, and antisense sequences. ''R''-genes from plants, plantibodies and yeast RNase genes are also useful for developing VRTPs. In a large number of VRTPs developed using transgenes of viral origin, resistance is conferred by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS); in some cases PTGS has been overcome when plants are infected by a heterologous virus, indicating need for cautious approach. Overall, the bio-safety concerns in the use of VRTPs get insignificant, but these must be addressed scientifically. In India, initiatives have been taken for developing VRTPs to manage important plant viral diseases. The present world area under VRTPs is about 0.4 mha. Judging from the success of various strategies, the area under VRTPs is expected to grow at a fast rate in the coming years.', 'en_US'),
(1968, 'Developments in biotechnology: an overview', 'Human quest for improving the natural capabilities of microorganisms, making them capable of novel processes, and discovering microorganisms with new capabilities has led to tremendous development, today referred to as modern biotechnological advances. This has led to the development of recombinant DNA technology, which allows modifying microbes and other organisms to create in them highly valuable, novel and naturally non-existent capabilities. R & D in areas such as stem cell, human genome, transgenic crops, etc. has made untreatable diseases to understand and control. However, research in many areas such as cloning, stem cell, etc. has also posed serious concern on ethical and societal issues, which if not taken proper measures, could be eventually very dangerous. This paper traces the significant biotechnology developments and their impact on human life with a futuristic approach.', 'en_US'),
(1969, 'Regulation of GMO''s: the commercial conflict between the United States and the European Union', 'The United States is the leading country in the application of biotechnology to agricultural methods. One of the principal reasons for this is the flexibility of its legislation on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). A significant part of its production of soya or corn is already genetically modified, so that its companies need to avoid technical barriers to their exports in the world markets. In the EU, negative public opinion has contributed to the adoption by the authorities of demanding legislation in order to avoid the possible risks to human health and the environment posed by GMOs. The rules of international trade are regulated by agreements signed up by the members of the WTO. The EU can argue that its authorisation procedure is designed to reduce the risks to health and the environment. This line of argument is compatible with the Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The Protocol of Biosafety further supports the EU position since it advocates a cautious approach exemplified by the fact that the Protocol permits consideration of non-scientific risks during risk assessment. However, the Protocol is not yet in force, it is pending ratification by at least 50 countries and, now more than ever, it is uncertain whether the United States will be willing to ratify the Protocol. However, we cannot be sure that there will be future commercial controversy which will show the contradictions between the commercial agreement and the environmental one.', 'en_US'),
(1970, 'Microbial biopesticides developed as inducible plant defensive systems transgenically', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1971, 'Effects of different control methods of natural enemies in cotton field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1972, 'The impact of insect resistant transgenic crops on natural enemies', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1973, 'Transgenic plants: biosafety and people', 'Transgenic research in Indian agriculture began with the establishment of centres for plant molecular biology and indigenously produced transgenic plants are being evaluated at different stages. Approvals for field experiments have been accorded to certain private seed companies through the procedures of national biosafety guidelines. The concern expressed by certain farmers groups and NGOs on these field trials in different forums and media highlight the need for building public acceptance in India not only for transgenic plants but also for all the future biotechnology products. In this paper an attempt is made to discuss some of the issues relevant to public acceptance from the perspective of farming communities and consumers in general and compare them with the trends abroad.', 'en_US'),
(1974, 'Fate of genetically modified maize DNA in the oral cavity and rumen of sheep', 'The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to investigate the fate of a transgene in the rumen of sheep fed silage and maize grains from an insect-resistant maize line. A 1914-bp DNA fragment containing the entire coding region of the synthetic cryIA(b) gene was still amplifiable from rumen fluid sampled 5 h after feeding maize grains. The same target sequence, however, could not be amplified from rumen fluid sampled from sheep fed silage prepared from the genetically modified maize line. PCR amplification of a shorter (211-bp), yet still highly specific, target sequence was possible with rumen fluid sampled up to 3 and 24 h after feeding silage and maize grains, respectively. These findings indicate that intact transgenes from silage are unlikely to survive significantly in the rumen since a DNA sequence 211-bp long is very unlikely to transmit genetic information. By contrast, DNA in maize grains persists for a significant time and may, therefore, provide a source of transforming DNA in the rumen. In addition, we have examined the biological activity of plasmid DNA that had previously been exposed to the ovine oral cavity. Plasmid extracted from saliva sampled after incubation for 8 min was still capable of transforming competent Escherichia coli to kanamycin resistance, implying that DNA released from the diet within the mouth may retain sufficient biological activity for the transformation of competent oral bacteria.', 'en_US'),
(1975, 'Effects of Bt transgenic poplar on detoxification enzyme and AChE in American white moth larvae', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1976, 'Modelling GMO impact: why and how?', 'Modelling is the only way by which one can hope to become really predictive concerning the fate of GMOs in agricultural ecosystems. Unfortunately, in this area, very few efforts have been developed. This paper presents some models of gene and plant dispersal taking into account diverse factors ranging from pollen dispersal to agricultural practices. These models could, once validated, allow to predict the environmental impacts of the cultivation of GMOs. Only once a real effort has been devoted to such studies, including experimental parameters determination and validation can we hope to make reliable predictions on this topic.', 'en_US'),
(1977, 'Agro-environmental impact of the cultivation of herbicide tolerant genetically modified rapeseed varieties', 'Herbicide tolerant (HT) canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties were selected from spontaneous (triazine) or induced mutation (sulfonylurea) and through gene transfer technology (glufosinate, glyphosate). Since 1995, these varieties have been drastically developed in North America and more recently in Australia. Agronomic and economical genetic benefits of herbicide tolerance were monitored in field conditions in these countries. Before developing this strategy in Europe, there is a need to estimate potential benefits and undesirable impacts of HT varieties in our specific conditions. Main constraints expected from HT varieties are due to gene flow in or outside cultivated fields from rapeseed volunteers as well as from seed and pollen dispersal, and to potential outcrossing with related species B. rapa, wild radish, hoary mustard and wild mustard). Field experiments have been carried out in natural conditions by academic research in connection with professional organizations to develop and to validate gene flow models useful in various conditions. Long term studies need to be focused on large scale field experiments, long distance pollen dispersal in discontinuous designs and on the evolution of spontaneous populations and interspecific hybrids.', 'en_US'),
(1978, 'Cropping of genetically modified oil rapeseed varieties tolerant to an herbicide: from evaluation to biovigilance', 'With the development of genetically modified organisms in agriculture, new concerns about crop management have been addressed. Apart from the evaluation carried out with the regulation process before marketing, observations under current agricultural practices are required in order to build suitable agronomic management and design a monitoring system. Many studies have been carried out in France since 1995 and preliminary results suggest that a more integrated crop management should be required. In the present paper, we will first analyse the impacts which may be associated with the possible cropping of genetically modified varieties of oil rapeseed tolerant to an herbicide. These impacts have been investigated with different complementary approaches. Given the current knowledge, we can draw some conclusions regarding agronomic management and biovigilance monitoring. These results show the essential close connection between evaluation, management and biovigilance and emphasize the fact that studies must be pursued at a larger scale.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1979, 'Development of Bt-cry5 insect-resistant potato lines ''Spunta-G2'' and  ''Spunta-G3''', 'The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) is the primary insect pest of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in tropical and subtropical regions, causing both foliar and tuber damage. In contrast, the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) is the most important insect pest in the northern potato production latitudes. The codon-modified Bacillus thuringiensis Bt-cry5 gene (revised nomenclature cry1IaI), specifically toxic to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, was transformed into cultivar Spunta using an Agrobacterium vector to provide resistance to both potato tuber moth and Colorado potato beetle. The Bt-cry5 gene was placed downstream from the constitutive CaMV35S promoter. Two transgenic ''Spunta'' clones, G2 and G3, produced high levels of mortality in first instars of potato tuber moth in detached-leaf bioassays (80% to 83% mortality), laboratory tuber tests (100% mortality), and field trials in Egypt (99% to 100% undamaged tubers). Reduced feeding by Colorado potato beetle first instars was also observed in detached-leaf bioassays (80% to 90% reduction). Field trials in the United States demonstrated that the horticultural performance of the two transgenic lines was comparable to ''Spunta''. These Bt-cry5 transgenic potato plants with high potato tuber moth resistance have value in integrated pest management programs.', 'en_US'),
(1980, 'The diffusion of biotechnologies in the agricultural sector: legislative framework and patent system', 'A previous paper analysed the diffusion of transgenic crops in the agricultural sector and its relation with the development of biotechnology based industry. This work describes the ongoing legal dispute between the so-called Miami Cartel and the European Union and analyses the European legislative framework concerning commercialisation, labelling and traceability of GMOs. Finally, the systems for the protection of biotechnology intellectual property rights are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1981, 'Biosafety principles for GMO''s in the context of sustainable development', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1982, 'Genetically engineered corn rootworm resistance: potential for reduction of human health effects from pesticides', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1983, 'A long-term study of knowledge, risk, and ethics for students enrolled in an introductory biotechnology course', 'Since 1989, an undergraduate course addressing issues concerning biotechnology in agriculture has been taught annually. To determine the extent to which students were engaged in classroom instruction and assimilated knowledge from the course, students were asked to complete an ''Attitudes About Biotechnology'' questionnaire. Students were queried about their knowledge of biotechnology, perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology, and ethics and attitudes toward the use of biotechnology in agriculture. Responses to the survey questions were evaluated both pre-and postcourse. Data were collected from 13 classes over a 10-yr period. Inspection of the precourse grade point average and the course grades for these students revealed no trends up or down over the period of this study. Similarly, inspection of the data revealed no effect from problem-based learning, student-facilitated group work, or technology on student attainment of knowledge, perception of risk, or ethical views. For each of the five knowledge questions, the average score increased as a result of taking the course. On two of the knowledge questions, the average score increase for females from pre- to postcourse was greater than for males. Based on our measurements using the postcourse questionnaire, the correlation between perceived and actual knowledge was not significantly different from zero. In two of the four risk questions, there was no change in average score as a result of the course; however, student perception of risk associated with genetic engineering of plants increased. Although average scores for student perception of risk due to the perceived impact of genetically engineered products on people or the environment decreased from pre- to postcourse assessment, the average score was higher (P < 0.01) for females than for males. Males were more accepting of genetic manipulation of cells in a laboratory than were females both pre- and postcourse. Although student knowledge of biotechnology was increased and the perceived risk due to biotechnology was altered, there was no evidence that students altered their ethical position on biotechnology as a result of this course.', 'en_US'),
(1984, 'The GRAS process: regulatory impact', NULL, 'en_US'),
(1985, 'Evaluation of impact of pollen grains from Bt, Bt/CpTI transgenic cotton and Bt corn plants on the growth and development of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)', 'The delta-endotoxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and proteinase inhibitor (PI) genes are two kinds of genes popularly used for developing transgenic plants resistant to pests. A series of feeding experiments was conducted to determine the effects of pollen from transgenic cotton (cv. SGK321) and maize crops containing cry1Ac, cry1A+CpTI or cry1Ab genes, as well as pollen from non-transgenic normal cotton (cv. Shiyuan321) and maize, on the growth and development as well as cocoon quality of Bombyx mori. The pollen from non-transgenic plants had no significant adverse effects on larval mortality, cocoon weight, pupal weight, cocoon shell weight, pupation rate, emergence rate and fecundity of silkworm after neonates were fed with the pollen for 72 h. In addition, no dosage effects of pollen were found. Though the duration of 1st instar larvae was prolonged in the case of feeding with transgenic pollen as compared with those of the non-pollen treatment, they were not significantly different from those fed with pollen from non-transgenic cotton or maize. Meanwhile, the body weight of the 3rd instar molters fed with transgenic pollen was significantly heavier than that of the controls. Consequently, it is considered that pollen from transgenic insect-resistant cotton and maize has negligible adverse effects on the growth and development of the silkworm.', 'en_US'),
(1986, 'Monitoring the persistance of genes deriving from genetically modified plants in the soil environment', 'To study the gene persistence in the soil environment, soil samples were collected from sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) experimental fields just before harvest. They were homogenized, mixed and stored at constant humidity in a non-heated room. Sub-samples of soils were subsequently collected at regular intervals, dried and sieved through a 1.8-mm mesh before DNA was extracted. Specific primers were then used for the detection of plant DNA by hot start polymerase chain reaction. Results reveal that, under laboratory conditions, transgenic and non-transgenic sugarbeet DNA was still detected after 25 days incubation in the soil taken from a sugarbeet experimental plot while detection of chicory DNA was still possible after 50 days incubation in soil taken from the chicory experimental plot. This might be in correlation with the stronger resistance of chicory radicles to decomposition as compared to radicles from sugarbeets.', 'en_US'),
(1987, 'Pear transformed with a lytic peptide gene for disease control affects nontarget organism, pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae)', 'The biology and behavior of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, on a transgenic clone of ''Bartlett'' pear, Pyrus communis L., containing a synthetic antimicrobial gene, D5C1, was compared with that of a nontransgenic parental clone to determine whether there were any nontarget effects. The gene construct also contained the marker gene nptII (aminoglycoside 3-phosphotransferase II) that encodes for antibiotic resistance to identify transformed plants. The purpose of the original transformation was to enhance pear resistance to the bacterial disease fireblight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. The biology and behavior of pear psylla on a transgenic clone were compared with a nontransgenic parental pear clone in short- 7-d) and long-term (32-d) studies. Short-term studies indicated pear psylla adults preferred to settle and oviposit, and nymphs fed more and developed slightly faster, on transgenic pear compared with nontransgenic pear. In contrast, a long-term study on psylla colony development showed considerably fewer eggs, nymphs, and adults were produced on transgenic pear. Although adults reared on transgenic pear did not have weight affected, females produced fewer eggs and nymphal hatch was significantly reduced on the transgenic pear clone. Our results suggest that pear psylla biology and behavior are initially enhanced on this transgenic pear clone. However, chronic exposure of psylla populations to transformed pear plants that express the nptII marker and lytic peptide genes had detrimental effects on pear psylla reproductive biology. Field studies would be required to determine the specific effects of each gene on pear psylla biology and behavior and whether these effects would be expressed under natural conditions. The four-fold reduction in psylla population levels that resulted on this disease resistant transgenic pear line would be an added benefit to a pear integrated pest management (IPM) program. Overall, this study demonstrates that genetically altering plants to control one particular organism can have unintentional yet beneficial effects against other nontarget pest organisms in agricultural crops.', 'en_US'),
(1988, 'Biotechnology and the European corn borer: measuring historical farmer perceptions and adoption of transgenic Bt corn as a pest management strategy', 'A 3-yr, multi-state survey of farmers who had planted transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn was conducted to evaluate perceptions of Bt corn performance and its utility as a management option for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). A questionnaire was sent to farmers in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania who had grown Bt corn during the growing seasons of 1996, 1997, or 1998. There were 7,427 usable questionnaires returned with the following response percentages: 1996 (42.1%), 1997 (35.0%), and 1998 (22.6%). Adoption rates, based on percentage of acreage planted to Bt corn, increased dramatically from 1996 (10.5%) to 1998 (40.7%). The states growing the highest percentage of Bt corn were Minnesota, Iowa, and then Nebraska. However, Illinois, was adopting Bt corn at the fastest rate. Historical use of insecticides did not influence the adoption of Bt corn. In addition, of those farmers who used insecticides to control European corn borer, the percentage that decreased their use of insecticides nearly doubled from 13.2% (1996) to 26.0% (1998) over this 3-yr period. The primary reason farmers planted Bt corn was to eliminate the yield loss caused by European corn borer. Scouting for European corn borers decreased from 91% (scouting 2.2 times a year) in 1996 to 75% (scouting 1.8 times a year) in 1998. The percentage of farmers not scouting for European corn borers increased from 9.6% (1996) to 25% (1998). Most farmers believed yields of Bt hybrids were either similar to or greater than the yields of non-Bt hybrids. Minnesota farmers perceived the greatest yield advantages. Farmers are becoming more aware of insect resistance management guidelines; however, they also clearly show preferences for having the flexibility to use different spatial plantings of Bt and non-Bt corn. Finally, after having planted Bt corn and obtained excellent control of European corn borer, most farmers believed that this insect had been causing more yield loss than they previously had suspected in their non-Bt corn. The data represented here provide an historical foundation for how transgenic Bt corn was used by farmers during the first 3 yr of commercial availability, their initial perceptions on the performance of this technology, and their attitudes regarding management of the European corn borer.', 'en_US'),
(1989, 'Inheritance of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)', 'Laboratory selection with Cry1Ac, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in transgenic cotton, initially produced 300-fold resistance in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), a major cotton pest. After additional selection increased resistance to 3,100-fold, we tested the offspring of various crosses to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ac. The progeny of reciprocal F1 crosses (resistant male × susceptible female and vice versa) responded alike in bioassays, indicating autosomal inheritance. Consistent with earlier findings, resistance was recessive at a high concentration of Cry1Ac. However, the dominance of resistance increased as the concentration of Cry1Ac decreased. Analysis of survival and growth of progeny from backcrosses (F1 × resistant strain) suggest that resistance was controlled primarily by one or a few major loci. The progression of resistance from 300- to 3,100-fold rules out the simplest model with one locus and two alleles. Overall the patterns observed can be explained by either a single resistance gene with three or more alleles or by more than one resistance gene. The pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac described here fits ''mode 1'' resistance, the most common type of resistance to Cry1A toxins in Lepidoptera. ', 'en_US'),
(1990, 'Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring lepidopteran insects (Crambidae) in areas with transgenic corn and frequent insecticide use', 'We simulated the population dynamics and population genetics of two bivoltine species of corn borers, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, in a hypothetical region of irrigated transgenic and nontransgenic corn where insecticide was applied only to the nontransgenic refuge crop. Over the 100-yr time horizon, resistance developed quickly in both species and to both transgenic corn and the insecticide when the allele for resistance to the respective toxin was dominant. When the allele for transgenic resistance was not dominant and the refuge location was constant over the time horizon, spraying the refuge to control southwestern corn borer had no effect on how quickly resistance to the transgenic corn developed. In contrast, the European corn borer developed resistance to transgenic corn much sooner when the refuge was sprayed once per year, and the time to 3% resistance allele frequency decreased as efficacy of the insecticide increased. Only when the refuge was treated less than once every 5 yr (10 generations) did the frequency of application decline enough to permit resistance management for the European corn borer to approximate the effectiveness of an unsprayed refuge. A consistently sprayed refuge <40% of the corn acreage was an inadequate resistance management strategy for the European corn borer even when a low efficacy insecticide (70% mortality) was used. When assumptions about European corn borer adult behavior were changed and the adults behaved similarly to adult southwestern corn borer, the development of resistance to the transgenic crop was slowed significantly.', 'en_US'),
(1991, 'Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)', 'A simulation model of the population dynamics and genetics of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was created for a landscape of corn, soybean, and other crops. Although the model was created to study a 2-locus problem for beetles having genes for resistance to both crop rotation and transgenic corn, during this first phase of the project, the model was simulated to evaluate only resistance management plans for transgenic corn. Allele expression in the rootworm and toxin dose in the corn plant were the two most important factors affecting resistance development. A dominant resistance allele allowed quick evolution of resistance to transgenic corn, whereas a recessive allele delayed resistance >99 yr. With high dosages of toxin and additive expression, the time required to reach 3% resistance allele frequency ranged from 13 to >99 yr. With additive expression, lower dosages permitted the resistant allele frequency to reach 3% in 2?9 yr with refuges occupying 5?30% of the land. The results were sensitive to delays in emergence by susceptible adults and configuration of the refuge (row strips versus blocks).', 'en_US'),
(1992, 'Establishment of Cry9C susceptibility baselines for European corn borer and southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)', 'In 1997 and 1998, Cry9C susceptibility baselines were established for field-collected populations of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar. Bioassay of neonate European corn borer larvae of 16 colonies collected from the midwestern United States indicated LC50 values ranging from 13.2 to 65.1 ng of Cry9C protein per square centimeter. Neonate European corn borer LC90 values ranged from 46.5 to 214 ng/cm2. Neonate larvae of three colonies of southwestern corn borer collected from the southern and southwestern United States exhibited LC50 values from 16.9 to 39.9 ng of Cry9C protein per square centimeter. Southwestern corn borer neonate LC90 confidence limit values ranged from 40.3 to 157 ng of Cry9C protein per centimeter. The most sensitive southwestern corn borer colony was collected from the Mississippi delta exhibiting an LC50 value of 22.6 ng of Cry9C per cm2 and also displayed the widest LC90 confidence limits of 40.3-94.8 ng of Cry9C per cm2. Geographic baseline susceptibility data establishes the natural genetic variation and provides the foundation for future testing of insect populations exposed to increased use of Bacillus thuringiensis-based crops. Insect resistance management and stewardship of Cry9C will rely upon baseline data for the validation of discriminating dose assays for European corn borer and southwestern corn borer.', 'en_US'),
(1993, 'Influence of agronomic hosts on the susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to genetically engineered and non-engineered cottons', 'Field and laboratory studies evaluated the influence of selected crop hosts on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) population dynamics in relation to genetically engineered Bt (Bollgard) and non-Bt cottons. Host specific H. zea colonies were initiated with a colony originally collected from sweet corn. The colony was allowed to complete one generation on meridic diet then split into cohorts and allowed to complete one generation on field corn, grain sorghum, soybean, cotton, or meridic diet in individual 29.5 ml plastic cups. During the first part of the study, larval developmental times, pupal weights, and survival were measured. H. zea survival was higher on meridic diet and grain sorghum than on soybean and cotton. Development of H. zea larvae was faster on field corn than all other larval diets. Also, H. zea required a longer period of time to complete development on cotton than on the other hosts. Pupal weights were higher on meridic diet than the plant hosts. Pupal weights of H. zea that completed larval stadia on cotton were lower than on the other larval diets. Neonates (F1) from each of the host specific colonies (200 per colony) were exposed to Bt and non-Bt cottons. Mortality of second generation H. zea on non-Bt and Bt cottons was measured at 96 h. H. zea larvae from the cotton colony had higher mortality on non-Bt cotton than the other host specific colonies except the grain sorghum colony. On Bt cotton, larvae from the corn colony had a higher level of mortality than larvae from the soybean and grain sorghum colonies. These data provide valuable information for evaluating the contribution of cultivated hosts as additional, alternative refugia in Bt cotton resistance management plans.', 'en_US'),
(1994, 'Effect of Bt-toxin (Cry1Ac) in transgenic cotton on the adult longevity of four heteropteran predators', 'The management of agroecosystems affects intricately linked assemblages of organisms, and nontarget species are not necessarily unimpacted. We examined the effect of Bt-cotton and of lepidopteran prey (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) that had ingested it on the adult survivorship of four important heteropteran predators of cotton pests. Longevity significantly decreased for Orius tristicolor White and Geocoris punctipes Say (by 28 and 27% of the control value, respectively), whereas no effect was found for Nabis sp. and Zelus renardii Kolenati. This finding contrasts with the results of previous studies in which Orius spp. and G. punctipes were either fed only plant material or nonlepidopteran prey. S. exigua is a lepidopteran with low susceptibility to the Bt toxin expressed in cotton and therefore exemplifies the possible effect on predators of lepidopteran pests that would become resistant to Bt. The importance of Bt toxin type, the difference between plants and prey and between different prey species as routes of ingestion of Bt toxins, and the need for studies assessing the population and ecosystem-level effects of Bt cotton are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(1995, 'Coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb toxin from transgenic corn pollen does not affect the fitness of a nontarget species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer  (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)', 'Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer is a polyphagous predator that is important for suppressing pest populations in corn. We evaluated the impact of Cry3Bb-expressing transgenic corn pollen (event MON863) on C. maculata fitness parameters in the laboratory. C. maculata larvae were fed mixtures of pollen containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% transgenic pollen, aphids, or were not fed; and the duration of each instar and pupal weight were compared among treatments. In a second trial, other C. maculata larvae were reared on one of the pollen mixtures or artificial diet; and the duration of larval and pupal stages, pupal weight, adult mobility, adult survivorship, and female fecundity were compared among treatments. There were no differences in any of the fitness parameters among C. maculata in the treatments fed different mixtures of pollen. Beetles in the pollen mixture treatments had faster larval development times, greater larval survivorship, and greater pupal weight than the beetles fed only aphids or an artificial diet. We conclude that we did not detect any effects on the fitness of C. maculata that ingested pollen from event MON863. However, these results do not necessarily apply to other transgenic crops expressing toxins specific to Coleoptera.', 'en_US'),
(1996, 'Male fitness of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds', 'The likelihood that two species hybridise and backcross may depend strongly on environmental conditions, and possibly on competitive interactions between parents and hybrids. We studied the paternity of seeds produced by weedy Brassica rapa growing in mixtures with oilseed rape (B. napus) and their F1 hybrids at different frequencies and densities. Paternity was determined by the presence of a transgene, morphology, and AFLP markers. In addition, observations of flower and pollen production, and published data on pollen fertilisation success, zygote survival, and seed germination, allowed us to estimate an expected paternity. The frequency and density of B. napus, B. rapa, and F1 plants had a strong influence on flower, pollen, and seed production, and on the paternity of B. rapa seeds. Hybridisation and backcrossing mostly occurred at low densities and at high frequencies of B. napus and F1, respectively. F1 and backcross offspring were produced mainly by a few B. rapa mother plants. The observed hybridisation and backcrossing frequencies were much lower than expected from our compilation of fitness components. Our results show that the male fitness of B. rapa, B. napus, and F1 hybrids is strongly influenced by their local frequencies, and that male fitness of F1 hybrids, when pollinating B. rapa seeds, is low even when their female fitness (seed set) is high.', 'en_US'),
(1997, 'China, GMO''s and world trade in agricultural and textile products', 'China has always strived for self-sufficiency in farm products, particularly staple foods. Its rapid industrialization following its opening up to global markets during the past two decades has been making that more difficult, and its accession to the WTO may add to that difficulty. New agricultural biotechnologies could ease that situation. The adoption and spread of some of those biotechnologies in agriculture have, however, raised concerns, particularly over the environmental and food safety effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This Paper focuses on possible implications of the GMO controversy for China, since it is prospectively not only a major producer and consumer of GM farm products but also a potential exporter of some of them. It explores the potential economic effects of China not adopting versus adopting GMOs when some of its trading partners adopt that technology. The effects are shown to depend to a considerable extent on the trade policy stance taken in high-income countries opposed to GMOs and/or to liberalization of China''s trade in textiles and apparel.', 'en_US'),
(1998, 'Determining whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein are detectable in muscle from swine fed Roundup Ready soybean meal', 'Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic feed have been raised in regard to human consumption and commercial trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, well-characterized analytical methods, pork loin samples were analyzed for the presence of fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein from animals fed meal prepared from conventional or glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans. Pigs were fed diets containing24, 19, and 14% RR or conventional soybean meal during grower, early-finisher, and late-finisher phases of growth, respectively, and longissimus muscle samples were collected (12 per treatment) after slaughter. Total DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed by PCR, followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 272-bp fragment of the cp4 epsps coding region (encoding the synthetic enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase derived from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4) and a 198-bp fragment of the endogenous soybean gene le1 (encoding soy lectin). Using 1 µg of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cp4 epsps or le1 at the limit of detection (LOD) for these PCR/Southern blot assays. The LOD for these assays was shown to be approximately one diploid genome equivalent of RR soybean DNA, even in the presence of 10 µg of pork genomic DNA. A 185-bp fragment of the porcine preprolactin (prl) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. Using a competitive immunoassay with an LOD of approximately 94 ng of CP4 EPSPS protein/g of pork muscle, neither the CP4 EPSPS protein nor the immunoreactive peptide fragments were detected in loin muscle homogenates from pigs fed RR soybean meal. Taken together, these results show that neither small fragments of transgenic DNA nor immunoreactive fragments of transgenic protein are detectable in loin muscle samples from pigs fed a diet containing RR soybean meal.', 'en_US'),
(1999, 'Expression of hemagglutinin protein of Rinderpest virus in transgenic pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] plants', 'Abstract. Rinderpest virus is the causative agent of a devastating, often fatal disease in wild and domestic bovids that is endemic in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The existing live attenuated vaccine is heat-labile, and thus there is a need for the development of new strategies for vaccination. This paper reports the development of transgenic pigeon pea [Cajanus cajun (L.) Millsp.] expressing one of the protective antigens, the hemagglutinin (H) protein of Rinderpest virus. A 2-kb fragment containing the coding region of the H protein was cloned into pBI121 and mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Embryonic axes and cotyledonary nodes from germinated seeds of pigeon pea were used for transformation. The presence of the transgene in transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blots, and the specific transcription of the marker gene in the plants was demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Integration of the H gene into the pigeon pea genome was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The expression of the H protein in the transgenic lines was confirmed by Western blot analysis using a polyclonal monospecific antibody to the H protein. The highest level of expression of the hemagglutinin protein in leaves of pigeon pea was 0.49% of the total soluble protein. The transgenic plants were fertile and the transgene expressed in the progeny.', 'en_US'),
(2000, 'Assembly of cholera toxin B subunit full-length rotavirus NSP4 fusion protein oligomers in transgenic potato', 'A CTB-NSP4175 fusion gene encoding the entire 175-aa murine rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin protein was transferred into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The CTB-NSP4175 enterotoxin fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed leaves by PCR DNA amplification. Synthesis and assembly of the full-length CTB-NSP4175 fusion protein into oligomeric structures of pentamer size was detected in transformed tuber extracts by immunoblot analysis. The binding of CTB-NSP4175 fusion protein pentamers to intestinal epithelial cell membrane receptors was quantified by GM1-ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA). The ELISA results showed that CTB-NSP4175 fusion protein was 0.006-0.026% of the total soluble tuber protein. The synthesis of CTB-NSP4175 monomers and their assembly into biologically active oligomers in transformed potato tubers demonstrates the feasibility of using edible plants for the synthesis of enterocyte-targeted full-length rotavirus enterotoxin antigens that retain all of their pathogenic epitopes for initiation of a maximum mucosal immune response.', 'en_US'),
(2001, 'Expression of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as a fusion protein in transgenic tomato', 'Epitopes often require co-delivery with an adjuvant or targeting protein to enable recognition by the immune system. This paper reports the ability of transgenic tomato plants to express a fusion protein consisting of the B subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) and an immunocontraceptive epitope. The fusion protein was found to assemble into pentamers, as evidenced by its ability to bind to gangliosides, and had an average expression level of 37.8 wg gm1 in freeze-dried transgenic tissues. Processing of selected transgenic fruit resulted in a 16-fold increase in concentration of the antigen with minimal loss in detectable antigen. The species-specific nature of this epitope was shown by the inability of antibodies raised against non-target species to detect the LTB fusion protein. The immunocontraceptive ability of this vaccine will be tested in future pilot mice studies.', 'en_US'),
(2002, 'Allerginicity prediction by protein sequence', 'Potential allergenicity of transgenic proteins for consumption must be investigated before their introduction into the food chain. A prerequisite is sequence analysis. We have critically reviewed the performance of the current guidelines proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) for allergenicity prediction based on protein sequence and show that its precision is very low. To improve prediction, we propose a new strategy based on sequence motifs identified from a new allergen database. If tested on random test sequences and known allergens, both methods are apparently very sensitive. However, the precision of our motif-based prediction (95.5%) is superior to the current method (36.6%). We conclude that the proposed motif-based prediction is a superior alternative to the current method for use in the decision-tree approach for allergenicity assessment.', 'en_US'),
(2003, 'The ''trust gap'' hypothesis: predicting support for biotechnology across national cultures as a function of trustt in actors', 'Using results from the 1999 Eurobarometer survey and a parallel telephone survey done in the United States in 2000, this study explored the relationship between levels of knowledge, educational levels, and degrees of encouragement for biotechnology development across a number of medical and agricultural applications. This cross-cultural exploration found only weak relationships among these variables, calling into question the common assumption that higher science literacy produces greater acceptance (whether or not mediated by lower perceived risk). The relationship between encouragement and trust in specific social institutions was also weak. However, regression analysis based on ''trust gap'' variables (defined as numerical differences between trust in specific pairs of actors) did predict national levels of encouragement for several applications, suggesting an opinion formation climate in which audiences are actively choosing among competing claims. Differences between European and U.S. reactions to biotechnology appear to be a result of different trust and especially ''trust gap'' patterns, rather than differences in knowledge or education.', 'en_US'),
(2004, 'Influence of Cry1Ab protein and hybrid genotype on fumonisin contamination and fusarium ear rot of corn', 'Fusarium ear rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is associated with feeding damage from the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, and the corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Specific transformation events encoding for Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) may reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin concentration in grain by minimizing damage from certain insects. The objective of this study was to determine if effects from Cry1Ab protein in kernels and silks on fumonisin concentration in grain vary depending on the genotype of the hybrid or the predominant insect species. Four Bt corn hybrids and their corresponding nontransgenic, near-isogenic hybrids were compared for ear rot severity and fumonisin concentration in grain in four environments. Treatments included inoculation with F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. (Syn = F. moniliforme J. Sheld.) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenb., infestation with ECB larvae, infestation with CEW larvae, and controls. Cry1Ab protein from the Mon810 transformation event was associated with reduced ear rot severity when hybrids were not inoculated with Fusarium spp., regardless of whether hybrids were infested or not infested with insects. Cry1Ab protein was associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain when ECB was the predominant insect, but not when CEW was the predominant insect. Cry1Ab protein was not associated with reduced fumonisin concentration in grain for the most resistant hybrid pair in this study. Results suggest that Bt hybrids can reduce fumonisin concentration in grain during seasons when ECB is favored, but not during seasons when CEW is favored. Hybrid genotype was an important factor in reducing fumonisin concentration in grain. Abbreviations: Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis ? CEW, corn earworm ? ECB, European corn borer ? ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ? FDA, Food and Drug Administration ? FB1, fumonisin B1 ? FB2, fumonisin B2 ? FB3, fumonisin B3 ? HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography ? PBS, phosphate buffered saline ? PDA, Potato dextrose agar ? R2, blister developmental stage of corn ? R4, dough developmental stage of corn ? USDA-ARS-NCAUR, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research ? V8, developmental stage of corn when eight leaves with collars are visible ? VT, tasseling developmental stage of corn', 'en_US'),
(2005, 'Reduced amino acid content in transgenic potato tubers due to antisense inhibition of the leaf H+/amino acid symporter StAAP1', 'Transport processes across the plasma membrane of leaf vascular tissue are essential for transport and distribution of assimilates. In potato, leaves are the predominant sites for nitrate reduction and amino acid biosynthesis. From there, assimilated amino acids are exported through the phloem to supply tubers with organic nitrogen. To study the role of amino acid transporters in long-distance transport and allocation of organic nitrogen in potato plants, a gene encoding a functional, leaf-expressed amino acid permease StAAP1 was isolated. Similar to the sucrose transporter SUT1, StAAP1 expression was induced during the sink-to-source transition, indicating a role in phloem loading. To test the role of StAAP1, expression was inhibited by an antisense approach. Transgenic plants with reduced StAAP1 expression were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild type, as were photosynthetic capacity and tuber yield. However, tubers from antisense StAAP1 plants showed up to 50% reduction in free amino acid contents. In comparison, starch content was not affected or tended to increase relative to wild type. The reduction in all amino acids except aspartate in the antisense plants is consistent with the properties of amino acid permeases (AAPs) found in heterologous systems. The results demonstrate an important role for StAAP1 in long-distance transport of amino acids and highlight the importance of plasma membrane transport for nutrient distribution in plants.', 'en_US'),
(2006, 'Stable transgene expression and random gene silencing in wheat', 'Wheat genes for pathogenesis-related (PR-)proteins, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase, under the control of maize ubiquitin promoter-intron were used for transforming the spring wheat ''Bobwhite'', using a biolistic approach. Twenty of the 24 primary transgenic lines expressing the PR-protein genes in the T0 generation were silenced in either the T1 or T2 generations. Two apparently genetically identical regenerants arising from a single callus co-bombarded with chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase transgene combinations, but differing in the expression of the transgenes were selected for further characterization. In one homozygous line, transgene silencing was observed in the T3 plants, while the other line homozygous for the transgene loci stably expressed and inherited the transgenes to at least the T4 generation. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from the two lines using the isoschizomeric methylation-sensitive enzymes, MspI and HpaII, revealed a higher degree of methylation of CCGG sequences in the line with the silenced transgene locus. Analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Northern blotting and Western blotting detected stable expression of the transgenes in the line with a lesser extent of methylation, whereas the line with a higher level of CCGG methylation had no transgene expression by the T3 generation. The germination of seeds from the silenced plants in the presence of a cytidine analogue, 5-azacytidine (azaC), did not lead to a reversion of this phenotype.', 'en_US'),
(2007, 'Site-specific recombination for genetic engineering in plants', 'Site-specific recombination has been developed into a genetic engineering tool for higher eukaryotes. The manipulation of newly introduced DNA is now possible in the course of genetic transformation procedures, thus making the process more predictable and reliable. Also, a wide variety of chromosomal rearrangements using site-specific recombination have been documented both in metazoan and plant species. Applying such methods to plants opens new avenues for large-scale chromosome engineering in the future.', 'en_US'),
(2008, 'Miniaturized analytical assays in biotechnology', 'Biotechnology today is a well-established paradigm in many areas of human endeavor, such as the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, management of the environment and many others.Meanwhile, biology is undergoing a spectacular transition: whereas systematic biology was replaced gradually by molecular biology, the latter is rapidly being transformed into a new systematic era in which entire genomes are being charted by ever more sophisticated analytical techniques.In the wake of this onslaught of data, new fields are germinating, such as bioinformatics in an attempt to find answers to fundamental questions, answers that may be hidden in the massive amounts of data already available today.', 'en_US'),
(2009, 'Positive, negative and marker-free strategies for transgenic plant selection', 'In this review, the use of the most common selection marker genes on plant transformation and the effects of their respective selective agents are discussed. These genes could be divided in two categories according their mode of action: genes for positive and negative selection. The retention of the marker gene flow through chloroplast transformation is also discussed. Further, strategies to recover marker-free transgenic plants, involving multi-auto-transformation (MAT), co-transformation, site-specific recombination and intragenomic relocation of transgenes through transposable elements are reviewed.', 'en_US'),
(2010, 'Genetically modified organisms: concerns and biosafety issues', NULL, 'en_US'),
(2011, 'Identification of Bt-transgenic rice plants for resistance to stripe stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and genetic analysis of transgenes', 'Resistance to herbicide Basta was used to identify Bt-transgenic rice plants and the progenies of crosses between the Bt-transgenic rice and the rice varieties cultivated in the Huang Huai area of China. The results demonstrated that the Basta-positive rice plants were highly resistant to stripe stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) both in the laboratory and field tests. Both cryIA (b) and bar genes were expressed and co-inherited in both selfing and crossing progenies. Mendelian segregation of the marker gene bar was observed in F2 and BC1 progenies. The results implicates that it is possible to transfer cryIA (b) gene into other cultivated varieties through crosses and back crosses.', 'en_US'),
(2012, 'Studies on rapid quantative analysis of Bt toxin by using Envirologix Kits in transgenic rice', NULL, 'en_US'),
(2013, 'Trade issues for agricultural GMO''s under international trade and environment rules', 'The objective of this paper is to investigate international regulatory development and underlying approaches, and analyze trade implications for genetically modified organisms (GMOs).  To explore potential application of legitimate trade measures against GMOs, it visited and compared most relevant international agreements and rules for environmental and trade goals.  Special attention is given to trade measures potentially applicable to agricultural GMOs under which the provisions of the Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety are comparatively analyzed with the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and the WTO agreements.', 'en_US'),
(2014, 'Debating the precautionary principle: ''guilty until proven innocent'' or ''innocent until proven guilty''?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(2015, 'Phytoremediation of organomercurial compounds via chloroplast genetic engineering', 'Mercury (Hg), especially in organic form, is a highly toxic pollutant affecting plants, animals, and man. In plants, the primary target of Hg damage is the chloroplast; Hg inhibits electron transport and photosynthesis. In the present study, chloroplast genetic engineering is used for the first time to our knowledge to enhance the capacity of plants for phytoremediation. This was achieved by integrating a native operon containing the merA and merB genes (without any codon modification), which code for mercuric ion reductase (merA) and organomercurial lyase (merB), respectively, into the chloroplast genome in a single transformation event. Stable integration of the merAB operon into the chloroplast genome resulted in high levels of tolerance to the organomercurial compound, phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) when grown in soil containing up to 400 µM PMA; plant dry weights of the chloroplast transformed lines were significantly higher than those of wild type at 100, 200, and 400 µM PMA. That the merAB operon was stably integrated into the chloroplast genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern-blot analyses. Northern-blot analyses revealed stable transcripts that were independent of the presence or absence of a 3''-untranslated region downstream of the coding sequence. The merAB dicistron was the more abundant transcript, but less abundant monocistrons were also observed, showing that specific processing occurs between transgenes. The use of chloroplast transformation to enhance Hg phytoremediation is particularly beneficial because it prevents the escape of transgenes via pollen to related weeds or crops and there is no need for codon optimization to improve transgene expression. Chloroplast transformation may also have application to other metals that affect chloroplast function.', 'en_US'),
(2016, 'Clinical and laboratory investigation of allergy to genetically modified foods', 'Technology has improved the food supply since the first cultivation of crops. Genetic engineering facilitates the transfer of genes among organisms. Generally, only minute amounts of a specific protein need to be expressed to obtain the desired trait. Food allergy affects only individuals with an abnormal immunologic response to food--6% of children and 1.5-2% of adults in the United States. Not all diseases caused by food allergy are mediated by IgE. A number of expert committees have advised the U.S. government and international organizations on risk assessment for allergenicity of food proteins. These committees have created decision trees largely based on assessment of IgE-mediated food allergenicity. Difficulties include the limited availability of allergen-specific IgE antisera from allergic persons as validated source material, the utility of specific IgE assays, limited characterization of food proteins, cross-reactivity between food and other allergens, and modifications of food proteins by processing. StarLink was a corn variety modified to produce a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin, Cry9C. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated 51 reports of possible adverse reactions to corn that occurred after the announcement that StarLink, allowed for animal feed, was found in the human food supply. Allergic reactions were not confirmed, but tools for postmarket assessment were limited. Workers in agricultural and food preparation facilities have potential inhalation exposure to plant dusts and flours. In 1999, researchers found that migrant health workers can become sensitized to certain Bt spore extracts after exposure to Bt spraying. Thus, the potential for occupational and consumer risks needs to be assessed.', 'en_US'),
(2017, 'Protein digestibility and relevance to allergenicity', 'In January 2001 a Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Consultation Committee on Allergenicity of Foods Derived from Biotechnology published a report outlining in detail an approach for assessing the allergenic potential of novel proteins. One component of this decision tree is a determination of whether the protein of interest is resistant to proteolytic digestion. Although these in vitro methodologies have been useful, the correlation between resistance to proteolysis and allergenic activity is not absolute. Two views and highlights of supporting research regarding the relationship of resistance to digestion and allergenicity are presented in this article.', 'en_US'),
(2018, 'Assessment of protein allergenicity on the basis of imnnune reactivity: amimal models', 'Because of the public concern surrounding the issue of the safety of genetically modified organisms, it is critical to have appropriate methodologies to aid investigators in identifying potential hazards associated with consumption of foods produced with these materials. A recent panel of experts convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization suggested there is scientific evidence that using data from animal studies will contribute important information regarding the allergenicity of foods derived from biotechnology. This view has given further impetus to the development of suitable animal models for allergenicity assessment. This article is a review of what has been achieved and what still has to be accomplished regarding several different animal models. Progress made in the design and evaluation of models in the rat, the mouse, the dog and in swine is reviewed and discussed.', 'en_US');
