INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography` (`id`, `type`, `authors`, `year`, `firstPage`, `lastPage`, `journal`, `volume`, `issue`, `url`, `book`, `bookEditor`, `publisher`, `seriesTitle`, `isbn`, `showAbstract`, `file`, `showFile`, `status`, `updated`, `create`) VALUES
(3589, 'JOUR', 'Lin W, Tuan F, Dai Y, Zhong F, Chen X', '2008', '133', '123', '126', '11', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3590, 'JOUR', 'Mutandwa E', '2008', '57', '48', '126', '11', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3591, 'JOUR', 'Kaye-Blake WH, Saunders CM, Dalziel P', '2007', '70', '65', '126', '10', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3592, 'JOUR', 'Vitale J, Boyer T, Uaiene R, Sanders JH', '2007', '84', '71', '126', '10', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3593, 'JOUR', 'Elobeid A, Tokgoz S, Hayes DJ, Babcock BA, Hart CE', '2007', '18', '11', '126', '10', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3594, 'JOUR', 'Manalo AJ, Ramon GP', '2007', '32', '19', '126', '10', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3595, 'JOUR', 'Frisvold GB, Reeves JM, Tronstad R', '2006', '78', '69', '126', '9', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3596, 'JOUR', 'Kolady DE, Lesser W', '2006', '103', '94', '126', '9', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3597, 'JOUR', 'Langyintuo AS, Lowenberg-DeBoer J', '2006', '120', '111', '126', '9', '2', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3598, 'JOUR', 'Aerni P', '2006', '14', '1', '126', '9', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3599, 'JOUR', 'Gouse M, Pray C, Schimmelpfennig D, Kirsten J', '2006', '22', '15', '126', '9', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3600, 'JOUR', 'Spielman DJ, Cohen J, Zambrano P', '2006', '30', '23', '126', '9', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3601, 'JOUR', 'Gray R, Malla S, Tran KC', '2006', '41', '31', '735', '9', '1', NULL, '', '', '156', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3602, 'JOUR', 'Gao Y-L, Feng H-Q, Wu K-M', '2010', '562', '557', '55', '19', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3603, 'JOUR', 'Raybould A, Tuttle A, Shore S, Stone T', '2010', '609', '595', '55', '19', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3604, 'JOUR', 'Paul V, Guertler P, Wiedemann S, Meyer HHD', '2010', '689', '683', '55', '19', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3605, 'JOUR', 'Ménoret S, Tesson L, Remy S, Usal C, Iscache A-L, Anegon, I', '2010', '714', '711', '55', '19', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3606, 'JOUR', 'Gómez-Galera S, Rojas E,  Sudhakar D, Zhu C, Pelacho AM, Capell T, Christou P', '2010', '180', '165', '55', '19', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3607, 'JOUR', 'Colgan R, Atkinson CJ, Paul M, Hassan S, Drake PMW, Sexton AL, Santa-Cruz S, James D, Hamp K, Gutteridge C, Ma JK', '2010', '256', '241', '55', '19', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3608, 'JOUR', 'Vogler U, Rott AS, Gessler C, Dorn S', '2010', '89', '77', '55', '19', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3609, 'JOUR', 'Lowe BA, Prakash NS, Way M, Mann MT, Spencer TM, Boddupalli RS', '2009', '840', '831', '55', '18', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3610, 'JOUR', 'Willenborg CJ, Brûlé-Babel AL, Van Acker RC', '2009', '854', '841', '55', '18', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3611, 'JOUR', 'Singh AK, Praveen S, Singh BP, Varma A, Arora N', '2009', '887', '877', '55', '18', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3612, 'JOUR', 'Fan M-J, Chen S, Kung Y-J, Cheng Y-H, Bau H-J, Su T-T, Yeh S-D', '2009', '986', '971', '55', '18', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3613, 'JOUR', 'Xiao L, Lu C, Zhang B, Bo H, Wu Y, Wu G, Cao Y, Yu D', '2009', '746', '733', '55', '18', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3614, 'JOUR', 'Li X-G, Liu B, Heia S, Liu D-D, Han Z-M, Cui J-J, Luo J-Y, Zheng Y-P', '2009', '767', '757', '55', '18', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3615, 'JOUR', 'Coll A, Nadal A, Collado R, Capellades G, Messeguer J, Mele E, Palaudelmas M, Pla M', '2009', '808', '801', '55', '18', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3616, 'JOUR', 'Wang T, Shi Y, Li Y, Darmency H', '2009', '813', '809', '55', '18', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3617, 'JOUR', 'Gray BN, Ahner BA, Hanson MR', '2009', '572', '559', '55', '18', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3618, 'JOUR', 'Palaudelmàs M, Peñas G, Melé E, Serra J, Salvia J, Pla M, Nadal A, Messeguer J', '2009', '594', '583', '736', '18', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3619, 'JOUR', 'Zhang Y, Liu H, Li B, Zhang J-T, Li Y, Zhang H', '2009', '619', '607', '55', '18', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3620, 'JOUR', 'Sanchez Olguin ER, Arrieta-Espinoza G, Lobo JA, Espinoza-Esquivel AM', '2009', '647', '633', '55', '18', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3621, 'JOUR', 'Priestley AL, Brownbridge M', '2009', '443', '425', '55', '18', '3', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3622, 'JOUR', 'Rauschen S, Schultheis E, Pagel-Wieder S, Schuphan I, Eber S', '2009', '214', '203', '55', '18', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3623, 'JOUR', 'Zurbrügg C, Nentwig W', '2009', '225', '215', '55', '18', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3624, 'JOUR', 'McPherson MA, Yang R-C, Good AC, Nielson RL, Hall LM', '2009', '299', '281', '55', '18', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3625, 'JOUR', 'Adamczyk JJ, Perera O, Meredith WR', '2009', '149', '143', '55', '18', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3626, 'JOUR', 'Devos Y, Cougnon M, Vergucht S, Bulcke R, Haesaert G, Steurbaut W, Reheul D', '2008', '1077', '1059', '55', '17', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3627, 'JOUR', 'Ainasoja MM, Pohjala LL, Tammela PSM, Somervuo PJ, Vuorela PM, Teeri TH', '2008', '803', '793', '55', '17', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3628, 'JOUR', 'Begg GS, Elliott MJ, Cullen DW, Iannetta PPM, Squire GR', '2008', '816', '805', '55', '17', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3629, 'JOUR', 'Álvarez-Alfageme F, Ferry N, Castañera P, Ortego F, Gatehouse AMR', '2008', '954', '943', '55', '17', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3630, 'JOUR', 'Chen M, Zhao J-Z, Shelton AM, Cao J, Earle ED', '2008', '555', '545', '55', '17', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3631, 'JOUR', 'Li J, Brunner AM, Shevchenko O, Meilan R, Ma C, Skinner JS, Strauss SH', '2008', '694', '679', '55', '17', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3632, 'JOUR', 'Park J-Y, Canam T, Kang K-Y, Ellis DD, Mansfield SD', '2008', '192', '181', '55', '17', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3633, 'JOUR', 'Crowell EF, McGrath JM, Douches DS', '2008', '217', '205', '55', '17', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3634, 'JOUR', 'Lennefors B-L,  van Roggen PM, Yndgaard F, Savenkov EI, Valkonen JPT', '2008', '228', '219', '55', '17', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3635, 'JOUR', 'Wen X-P, Pang X-M, Matsuda N, Kita M, Inoue H, Hao Y-J, Honda C, Moriguchi T', '2008', '263', '251', '55', '17', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3636, 'JOUR', 'Chapotin SM, Wolt JD', '2007', '688', '675', '55', '16', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3637, 'JOUR', 'Li L, Van Eck J', '2007', '585', '581', '55', '16', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3638, 'JOUR', 'Avesani L, Marconi G, Morandini F, Albertini E, Bruschetta M, Bortesi L, Pezzotti M, Porceddu A', '2007', '597', '587', '55', '16', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3639, 'JOUR', 'Scott MP, Peterson JM, Moran DL, Sangtong V, Smith L', '2007', '643', '629', '55', '16', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3640, 'JOUR', 'Kubo K, Takatsuji H', '2007', '97', '85', '', '16', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3641, 'JOUR', 'Yusuf MA, Sarin NB', '2007', '113', '109', '55', '16', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3642, 'JOUR', 'Kovacs K, Zhang L, Linforth RST, Whittaker B, Hayes CJ, Fray RG', '2007', '126', '121', '55', '16', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3643, 'JOUR', 'Chen S, Li H, Liu G', '2006', '665', '655', '55', '15', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3644, 'JOUR', 'Kim Y-S, Uefuji H, Ogita S, Sano H', '2006', '672', '667', '55', '15', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3645, 'JOUR', 'Joubert DA, Slaughter AR, Kemp G, Becker JVW, Krooshof GH, Bergmann C, Benen J, Pretorius IS, Vivier MA', '2006', '702', '687', '55', '15', '6', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3646, 'JOUR', 'Mansilla C, Aguilar I, Martínez-Herrera D, Sánchez F,  Ponz F', '2006', '770', '761', '55', '15', '', NULL, '', '6', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3647, 'JOUR', 'Klas FE, Fuchs M, Gonsalves D', '2006', '541', '527', '55', '15', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3648, 'JOUR', 'Sasaki Y, Hayakawa T, Inoue C, Miyazaki A, Silver S, Kusano T', '2006', '625', '615', '55', '15', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3649, 'JOUR', 'Okumura S, Sawada M, Park YW, Hayashi T, Shimamura M, Takase H, Tomizawa K-I', '2006', '646', '637', '55', '15', '5', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3650, 'JOUR', 'Sakamoto T', '2006', '404', '399', '688', '15', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3651, 'JOUR', 'Roy-Barman S, Sautter C, Chattoo BB', '2006', '446', '435', '55', '15', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3652, 'JOUR', 'Ferry N, Mulligan EA, Stewart CN, Tabashnik BE, Port GR, Gatehouse AMR', '2006', '514', '501', '55', '15', '4', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3653, 'JOUR', 'Wu F', '2006', '289', '277', '55', '15', '3', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3654, 'JOUR', 'Dowd PF, Lagrimini LM', '2006', '204', '197', '688', '15', '2', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3655, 'JOUR', 'Eizaguirre M,  Albajes R,  López C,  Eras J, Lumbierres B, Pons X', '2006', '12', '1', '55', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3656, 'JOUR', 'Ferry N, Edwards MG, Gatehouse J,  Capell T,  Christou P, Gatehouse AMR', '2006', '19', '13', '688', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3657, 'JOUR', 'Simard M-J, Légère A, Willenborg CI', '2009', '131', '123', '429', '8', '3', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3658, 'JOUR', 'Gryson N, Eeckhout M, Trouillier A, Le Bail M, Soler L-G', '2009', '159', '153', '429', '8', '3', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3659, 'JOUR', 'Perry JN, ter Braak CJF, Dixon PM, Duan JJ, Hails RS, Huesken A, Lavielle M, Marvier M, Scardi M, Schmidt K, Tothmeresz B, Schaarschmidt F, van der Voet H', '2009', '78', '65', '429', '8', '2', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3660, 'JOUR', 'Bonadei M, Balestrazzi A, Frigerio B,  Carbonera D', '2009', '86', '79', '429', '8', '2', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3661, 'JOUR', 'Harst M, Cobanov B-A, Hausmann L, Eibach R, Töpfer R', '2009', '99', '87', '429', '8', '2', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3662, 'JOUR', 'Dietz-Pfeilstetter A, Zwerger P', '2009', '111', '101', '737', '8', '2', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3663, 'JOUR', 'McPherson MA, Good AG, Topinka AKC, Yang R-C, McKenzie RH, Cathcart RJ,  Christianson JA,  Strobeck C, Hall LM', '2009', '32', '19', '429', '8', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3664, 'JOUR', 'Nishizawa T, Nakajima N, Aono M, Tamaoki M, Kubo A, Saji H', '5009', '44', '33', '429', '8', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3665, 'JOUR', 'Letourneau DK, Hagen JA', '2009', '55', '45', '429', '8', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3666, 'JOUR', 'Taverniers I, Papazova N, Bertheau Y, De Loose M, Holst-Jense A', '2008', '218', '197', '429', '7', '4', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3667, 'JOUR', 'Pizzuti F, Daroda L', '2008', '226', '219', '429', '7', '4', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3668, 'JOUR', 'Cummings JL, Handley LW, MacBryde B, Tupper SK, Werner SJ, Byram ZJ', '2008', '252', '241', '429', '7', '4', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3669, 'JOUR', 'Bigler F', '2006', '186', '183', '429', '5', '4', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3670, 'JOUR', 'Ryan E, Mullins E, Burke J, Downes M, Meade C', '2006', '117', '111', '429', '5', '2', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3671, 'JOUR', 'Ammitzbøll H, Jørgense RB', '2006', '13', '3', '429', '5', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3672, 'JOUR', 'Sutherland JP, Justinova L, Poppy GM', '2006', '25', '15', '429', '5', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3673, 'JOUR', 'Gathmann A, Wirooks L, Eckert J, Schuphan I', '2006', '36', '27', '429', '5', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3674, 'JOUR', 'Meier M, Truve E', '2006', '56', '47', '429', '5', '1', NULL, '', '', '177', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3675, 'JOUR', 'Harrigan GG, Lundry D, Drury S, Berman K, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Ridley WP,  Glenn KC', '2010', '404', '402', '14', '28', '5', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3676, 'JOUR', 'Carpenter JE', '2010', '321', '319', '14', '28', '4', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3677, 'JOUR', 'Graff GD, Zilberman D, Bennett AB', '2009', '704', '702', '671', '27', '8', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3679, 'JOUR', 'Butelli E, Titta L, Giorgio M, Mock H-P, Matros A, Peterek S, Schijlen EGWM, Hall RD, Bovy AG, Luo J, Martin C', '2008', '1308', '1301', '14', '26', '11', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3680, 'JOUR', 'Moar W, Roush R, Shelton A, Ferré J, MacIntosh S, Leonard BR, Abel C', '2008', '1074', '1072', '14', '26', '10', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3682, 'JOUR', 'Tabashnik BE, Gassmann AJ, Crowder DW, Carriére Y', '2008', '202', '199', '14', '26', '2', NULL, '', '', '770', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3683, 'JOUR', 'Storozhenko S, De Brouwer V, Volckaert M, Navarrete O, Blancquaert D, Zhang G-F, Lambert W, Van Der Straeten D', '2007', '1279', '1277', '14', '25', '11', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3684, 'JOUR', 'Mao Y-B, Cai W-J, Wang J-W, Hong G-J, Tao X-Y, Wang L-J, Huang Y-P, Chen X-Y', '2007', '1313', '1307', '14', '25', '11', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3685, 'JOUR', 'Wang Y, Johnston S', '2007', '718', '717', '14', '25', '7', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3686, 'JOUR', 'McHughen A', '2007', '727', '725', '14', '25', '7', NULL, '', '', '21', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3687, 'JOUR', 'Moura, W de M, Lima PC de, Azpiazu I, Santos J dos, Reigado FR', '2009', '43', '33', '738', '30', '253', NULL, '', '', '771', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3688, 'JOUR', 'Borem A, Gomes W', '2009', '13', '7', '738', '30', '253', NULL, '', '', '771', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3689, 'JOUR', 'Poulsen M, Pedersen JW', '2010', '6', '1', '571', '5', '034', NULL, '', '', '772', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3690, 'JOUR', 'Mocali S', '2010', '19', '1', '571', '5', '036', NULL, '', '', '772', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3691, 'JOUR', 'Kim K-M, Ryu T-H, Suh S-J', '2010', '162', '157', '739', '42', '2', NULL, '', '', '773', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3693, 'JOUR', 'Wang JM, Yang XS', '2010', '30', '18', '741', '3', '2', NULL, '', '', '775', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3694, 'JOUR', 'Binning RR, Lefko SA, Millsap AY, Thompson SD, Nowatzki TM', '2010', '561', '551', '367', '134', '7', NULL, '', '', '776', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3696, 'JOUR', 'Duan J J, Marvier M, Huesing J, Dively G, Huang ZY', '2008', '', 'e1415', '633', '3', '1', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3697, 'JOUR', 'Jurkovic Z, Milos S, Mrsa V, Knezevic D', '2010', '121', '113', '742', '52', '2', NULL, '', '', '778', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3698, 'JOUR', 'Tang T, Supriya K, Shen Y, Lu J, Wu M-L, Shi S-H, Li W-H, Wu C-I', '2010', '12940', '12935', '743', '107', '29', NULL, '', '', '369', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3699, 'JOUR', 'Zhang X-J, Diao Q-Y, Wan Y-S, Jin W-J', '2010', '587', '584', '678', '29', '3', NULL, '', '', '779', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3700, 'JOUR', 'Jalali SK, Yadavalli L, Kamath SP, Mohan KS, Head GP', '2010', '815', '809', '123', '66', '8', NULL, '', '', '780', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3701, 'JOUR', 'Bansal S, Ramaswami B', '2010', '173', '167', '335', '45', '26/27', NULL, '', '', '781', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3702, 'JOUR', 'Guertler P, Paul V, Steinke K, Wiedemann S, Preissinger W, Albrecht C, Spiekers H, Schwarz FJ, Meyer HHD', '2010', '259', '250', '617', '131', '2/3', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3703, 'JOUR', 'Rodriguez-Almazan C, Zavala LE, Munoz-Garay C, Jimenez-Juarez N, Pacheco S, Masson L, Soberon M, Bravo A', '2009', '', 'e5545', '633', '4', '5', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3704, 'JOUR', 'Dyer GA, Serratos-Hernandez JA, Perales HR, Gepts P, Pineyro-Nelson A, Chavez A, Salinas-Arreortua N, Yunez-Naude A, Taylor JE, Alvarez-Buylla ER', '2009', '', 'e5734', '633', '4', '5', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3705, 'JOUR', 'Esteves Filho AB, Oliveira JV de, Torres JB, Gondim Junior MGC', '2010', '344', '338', '744', '39', '3', NULL, '', '', '782', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3706, 'JOUR', 'Santos Amaya O, Delgado Restrepo O, Arguelles J, Aguilera Garramuno E', '2009', '32', '24', '745', '10', '1', NULL, '', '', '783', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3707, 'JOUR', 'Correia NM, Durigan JC', '2010', '327', '319', '746', '69', '2', NULL, '', '', '784', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3708, 'JOUR', 'Bervald CMP, Mendes CR, Timm FC, Moraes DM de, Barros ACSA, Peske ST', '2010', '18', '9', '747', '32', '2', NULL, '', '', '785', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3709, 'JOUR', 'Schnitzler FR, Burgess EPJ, Kean AM, Philip BA, Barraclough EI, Malone LA, Walter C', '2010', '1368', '1359', '31', '39', '4', NULL, '', '', '786', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3710, 'JOUR', 'Tian JC, Liu ZC, Chen M, Chen Y, Chen XX, Peng YF, Hu C, Ye GY', '2010', '1377', '1369', '31', '39', '4', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3711, 'JOUR', 'Li G-P, Feng H-Q, Chen P-Y, Wu S-Y, Liu B, Qiu F', '2010', '1387', '1378', '31', '39', '4', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3712, 'JOUR', 'Muh H-C, Tong J-C, Tammi MT', '2009', '', 'e5861', '633', '4', '6', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3713, 'JOUR', 'Cao G-C, Lu Q, Zhang L-L, Guo F, Liang G-M, Wu K-M, Wyckhuy KAG, Guo Y-Y', '2010', '103', '99', '748', '98', '1', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3714, 'JOUR', 'Dietz-Pfeilstetter A', '2010', '167', '164', '244', '179', '3', NULL, '', '', '788', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3715, 'JOUR', 'Rong J, Janson S, Umehara M, Ono M, Vrieling K', '2010', '296', '285', '749', '106', '2', NULL, '', '', '407', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3716, 'JOUR', 'Demont M, Devos Y, Sanvido O', '2010', '24', '18', '577', '9', '2', NULL, '', '', '789', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3717, 'JOUR', 'Tkacikova J, Vaculik P', '2010', '176', '171', '750', '52', '3', NULL, '', '', '778', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3718, 'JOUR', 'Xia H, Chen L-Y, Wang F, Lu B-R', '2010', '220', '215', '77', '118', '3', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3719, 'JOUR', 'Quemada H, Zarka K, Pett W, Bothma G, Felcher K, Mirendil H, Koch M, Brink J, Douches D', '2010', '332', '325', '405', '135', '4', NULL, '', '', '428', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3720, 'JOUR', 'Douches D, Pett W, Visser D, Coombs J, Zarka K, Felcher K, Bothma G, Brink J, Koch M, Quemada H', '2010', '340', '333', '405', '135', '4', NULL, '', '', '428', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3721, 'JOUR', 'Crespo ALB, Spencer TA, Tan SY, Siegfried BD', '2010', '1393', '1386', '675', '103', '4', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3722, 'JOUR', 'Yi H-B, Kim H-J', '2010', '29', '23', '751', '49', '1', NULL, '', '', '790', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3723, 'JOUR', 'Hu J-J, Yang M-S, Lu M-Z', '2010', '345', '336', '614', '18', '4', NULL, '', '', '791', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3724, 'JOUR', 'Bambawale OM, Tanwar RK, Sharma OP, Bhosle BB, Lavekar RC, Patil SB, Dhandapani A, Trivedi TP, Jeyakumar P, Garg DK, Jafri AA, Meena BL', '2010', '736', '730', '752', '80', '8', NULL, '', '', '792', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3725, 'JOUR', 'Darmency H', '2010', '5', '1', '753', '17', '1', NULL, '', '', '793', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3726, 'JOUR', 'Downey PO, Johnson SB, Virtue JG, Williams PA', '2010', '15', '1', '571', '5', '038', NULL, '', '', '772', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3727, 'JOUR', 'Harst M, Topper R', '2010', '11', '8', '754', '146', '12', NULL, '', '', '794', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3728, 'CONF', 'Mulaa MA, Bergvison D, Mugo S, Ngeny J', '2007', '1070', '1067', '', '', '', NULL, '', 'Ahmed KZ', '795', '8th African Crop Science Society Conference, El-Minia, Egypt, 27-31 October 2007.', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3729, 'CONF', 'Omanya GO, Kouko E, Nang''ayo F, Boadi R, Simyu-Wafukho S, Muchiri N, Mignouna HD, Bokanga M', '2007', '1870', '1867', '', '', '', NULL, '', 'Ahmed, KZ', '795', '8th African Crop Science Society Conference, El-Minia, Egypt, 27-31 October 2007.', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3730, 'CONF', 'Tumusiime E, Groote H de, Vitale J', '2007', '2037', '2033', '', '', '', NULL, '', 'Ahmed, KZ', '795', '8th African Crop Science Society Conference, El-Minia, Egypt, 27-31 October 2007.', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3731, 'JOUR', 'Karuri HW, Amata R, Amugune N, Waturu C', '2010', '1896', '1889', '755', '5', '14', NULL, '', '', '796', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3732, 'JOUR', 'Yin H-D, Wang X-Y, Xue K, Huang C-H, Wang R-J, Yan F-M, Xu C-R', '2010', '352', '344', '545', '17', '4', NULL, '', '', '797', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3733, 'JOUR', 'Kavanagh VB, Hall LM, Hall JC', '2010', '1140', '1128', '20', '50', '4', NULL, '', '', '798', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3734, 'JOUR', 'Langhof M, Hommel B, Husken A, Njontie C, Schiemann J, Wehling P, Wilhelm R, Ruhl G', '2010', '1508', '1496', '20', '50', '4', NULL, '', '', '798', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3735, 'JOUR', 'Lassoued R, Giannakas K', '2010', '526', '499', '582', '61', '', NULL, '', '3', '789', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3736, 'JOUR', 'Zeller SL, Kalinina O, Brunner S, Keller B, Schmid B', '2010', '', 'e11405', '633', '5', '7', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3737, 'JOUR', 'Sandhu S, Blount AR, Quesenberry KH, Altpeter F', '2010', '929', '919', '756', '121', '5', NULL, '', '', '799', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3738, 'JOUR', 'Walter C, Fladung M, Boerjan W', '2010', '658', '656', '14', '28', '7', NULL, '', '', '800', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3739, 'JOUR', 'Dexter JE, Jhala AJ, Yang R-C, Hills MJ, Weselake RJ, Hall LM', '2010', '1328', '1321', '32', '102', '4', NULL, '', '', '801', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3740, 'JOUR', 'Dillen K, Mitchell PD, Looy T van, Tollens E', '2010', '966', '956', '123', '66', '9', NULL, '', '', '780', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3741, 'JOUR', 'Wolt JD, Peterson RKD', '2010', '1188', '1182', '304', '73', '6', NULL, '', '', '802', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3742, 'RPRT', 'Huffman WE', '2010', '', '45', '', '10029', '', NULL, '', '', '803', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3743, 'JOUR', 'Flachowsky G, Wenk C', '2010', '170', '149', '259', '19', '2', NULL, '', '', '804', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3744, 'JOUR', 'Hommel B', '2010', '351', '341', '757', '62', '9', NULL, '', '', '805', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3745, 'JOUR', 'Lawo NC, Wackers FL, Romeis J', '2010', '1710', '1702', '758', '56', '11', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3746, 'JOUR', 'Gruere GP, Sengupta D', '2010', '352', '333', '759', '27', '3', NULL, '', '', '806', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3747, 'JOUR', 'Raybould A, Quemada H', '2010', '259', '247', '760', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '807', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3748, 'JOUR', 'Lacatusu AR, Badea EM, Dumitru M, Lacatusu R, Balaceanu C, Anghel A, Vrinceanu A, Lungu M, Lazar R', '2010', '75', '66', '740', '42', '2', NULL, '', '', '774', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3749, 'RPRT', 'Thrall PH, Bever JD, Burdon JJ', '2010', '584', '405', '761', '3', '5/6', NULL, '', 'Bever JD', '789', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3750, 'RPRT', 'Carriere Y, Crowder DW, Tabashnik BE', '2010', '573', '561', '762', '3', '5/6', NULL, '', 'Bever JD', '789', 'Evolutionary Applications, Special Issue: Evolution in agro-ecosystems', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:06:19', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3751, 'RPRT', 'Downes S, Mahon RJ, Rossiter L, Kauter G, Leven T, Fitt G, Baker G', '2010', '584', '574', '762', '3', '5/6', NULL, '', 'Bever JD', '789', 'Evolutionary Applications, Special Issue: Evolution in agro-ecosystems', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:06:19', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3752, 'JOUR', 'Tothova T, Sobekova A, Holovska K, Legath J, Pristas P, Javorsky P', '2010', '663', '656', '763', '5', '5', NULL, '', '', '808', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3753, 'JOUR', 'Cresswell JE', '2010', '421', '415', '296', '11', '4', NULL, '', '', '809', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3754, 'JOUR', 'Silva EC da, Maciel GM', '2010', '549', '544', '764', '26', '4', NULL, '', '', '810', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3755, 'CONF', 'Matsumoto S, Yamada K, Shiratake K, Koketsu T, Negishi H, Taneda A, Fukui H, Ueda Y', '2009', '182', '175', '191', '870', '', NULL, '', 'Ueda Y', '275', 'V International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation, Gifu, Japan, 24-28 May 2009', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3756, 'JOUR', 'Liu YB, Wei W, Ma KP, Darmency H', '2010', '465', '459', '244', '179', '5', NULL, '', '', '788', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3757, 'JOUR', 'Li Y-P, Liang G-M, Wu J-X, Chen H, Ma K-S, Wu K-M, Guo Y-Y', '2010', '128', '118', '765', '38', '9', NULL, '', '', '811', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3758, 'JOUR', 'Jhala AJ, Raatz LL, Dexter JE, Hall LM', '2010', '252', '244', '129', '24', '3', NULL, '', '', '812', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3759, 'JOUR', 'Liu C-X, Li Y-H, Gao Y-L, Ning C-M, Wu K-M', '2010', '941', '934', '766', '53', '8', NULL, '', '', '813', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3760, 'JOUR', 'Jongsma MA, Gould F, Legros M, Yang L-M, Loon JJA van, Dicke M', '2010', '1030', '1017', '767', '24', '5', NULL, '', '', '814', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3761, 'JOUR', 'Zhang X-Y, Huang J-K, Qiu H-G, Huang Z-R', '2010', '462', '456', '359', '35', '5', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3763, 'JOUR', 'Philippidis G', '2010', '17', '3', '769', '8', '1', NULL, '', '', '816', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3764, 'JOUR', 'Penna PMM, Aquino CF, Castanheira DD, Brandi IV, Cangussu ASR, Macedo Sobrinho E, Sari RS, Silva MP da, Miguel ASM', '2010', '565', '555', '770', '77', '3', NULL, '', '', '817', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3782, 'JOUR', 'Jiao Z, Deng, JC Li GK, Zhang ZM, Cai ZW', '2010', '647', '640', '563', '23', '6', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3783, 'JOUR', 'Axelsson EP; Hjalten J, LeRoy CJ; Julkunen-Tiitto R, Wennstrom A, Pilate G', '2010', '1059', '1049', '561', '13', '7', NULL, '', '', '815', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3788, 'JOUR', 'Li GP, Feng HQ, Ga, YL, Wyckhuy, KAG, W, KM', '2010', '1704', '1698', '689', '39', '5', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3789, 'JOUR', 'Channakeshava R, Chakravarthy AK, Doddabasappa B, Shashank PR', '2010', '234', '229', '776', '4', '2', NULL, '', '', '827', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3790, 'JOUR', 'Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N, Agrawal L, Ghosh S, Narula K, Shekhar S, Naik PS, Pande PC, Chakrborti SK, Datta A', '2010', '17538', '17533', '777', '107', '41', NULL, '', '', '376', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3791, 'JOUR', 'Tank JL, Rosi-Marshall EJ, Royer TV, Whiles MR, Griffiths NA, Frauendorf TC, Treering DJ', '2010', '17650', '17645', '777', '107', '41', NULL, '', '', '376', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3793, 'JOUR', 'Gschwendtner S, Reichmann M, Muller M, Radl V, Munch JC, Schloter M', '2010', '422', '413', '506', '335', '1/2', NULL, '', '', '828', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3795, 'JOUR', 'Engels H, Bourguet D, Cagan L, Manachini B, Schuphan I, Stodola TJ, Micoud A, Brazier C, Mottet C, Andow DA', '2010', '1809', '1803', '30', '103', '5', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3799, 'JOUR', 'Randhawa GJ, Singh M, Chhabra R, Sharma R', '2010', '303', '295', '780', '3', '4', NULL, '', '', '815', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3801, 'JOUR', 'Vendomois JS de; Cellier D, Velot C, Clair E, Mesnage R, Seralini GE', '2010', '598', '590', '781', '6', '6', NULL, '', '', '833', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3804, 'JOUR', 'Munoz-Garay C, Soberon M, Bravo A', '2010', '386', '383', '326', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3805, 'JOUR', 'Gomez I, Arenas I, Pacheco S, Bravo A, Soberon M', '2010', '390', '387', '782', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3807, 'JOUR', 'Moar W, Dennehy T, Anilkumar K, Hea, G', '2010', '398', '395', '782', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3808, 'JOUR', 'Gao YL, An JJ, Liu CX, Wu KM', '2010', '402', '399', '782', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(3810, 'JOUR', 'Blanco CA, Portilla M, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Sanchez JF, Viteri D, Vega-Aquino P, Teran-Vargas AP, Azuara-Dominguez A, Lopez JD Jr, Arias R, Zhu YC, Lugo-Barrera D, Jackson R', '2010', '415', '409', '326', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3811, 'JOUR', 'Tabashnik BE, Carriere Y', '2010', '424', '417', '326', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3812, 'JOUR', 'Fabrick, JA', '2010', '435', '431', '782', '35', '3', NULL, '', '', '834', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3813, 'JOUR', 'Downes S, Parker T, Mahon R', '2010', '', 'e12567', '633', '5', '9', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3814, 'JOUR', 'Smith MD, Asche F, Guttormsen AG, Wiener JB', '2010', '1053', '1052', '33', '330', '6007', NULL, '', '', '836', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3815, 'JOUR', 'Bakhsh A, Rao AQ, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Riazuddin S', '2010', '44', '37', '783', '4', '1', NULL, '', '', '837', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3816, 'JOUR', 'Omer MA, Abdalla OM, Mahmoud SS', '2010', '557', '553', '784', '4', '9', NULL, '', '', '819', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3817, 'JOUR', 'Marenkova TV, Deineko EV', '2010', '520', '511', '785', '46', '5', NULL, '', '', '828', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3818, 'JOUR', 'Himanen SJ, Nerg AM, Poppy GM, Stewart CN Jr, Holopainen JK', '2010', '512', '513', '723', '11', '6', NULL, '', '', '809', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3819, 'JOUR', 'Reuter H, Middelhoff U, Graef F, Verhoeven R, Batz T, Weis M, Schmidt G, Schroder W, Breckling B', '2010', '1490', '1479', '710', '17', '8', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography` (`id`, `type`, `authors`, `year`, `firstPage`, `lastPage`, `journal`, `volume`, `issue`, `url`, `book`, `bookEditor`, `publisher`, `seriesTitle`, `isbn`, `showAbstract`, `file`, `showFile`, `status`, `updated`, `create`) VALUES
(3820, 'JOUR', 'Bagavathiannan MV, Gulden RH, Begg GS, Acker RC van', '2010', '1459', '1448', '709', '17', '8', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3821, 'JOUR', 'Knispel AL, McLachlan SM', '2010', '25', '13', '709', '17', '1', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3822, 'JOUR', 'Santos MN, Nogueira PM, Dias FBS, Valle D, Moreira LA', '2010', '1135', '1129', '55', '19', '6', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3823, 'JOUR', 'Sousa MEC, Santos FAB, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Teixeira AAC, Siqueira HAA de, Alves LC, Torres JB', '2010', '1919', '1913', '298', '56', '12', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3824, 'JOUR', 'Sahoo L, Schmidt JJ, Pedersen JF, Lee DJ, Lindquist JL', '2010', '1617', '1610', '79', '97', '10', NULL, '', '', '838', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3825, 'JOUR', 'Meirmans PG, Lamothe M, Gros-Louis MC, Khasa D, Perinet P, Bousquet J, Isabel N', '2010', '1697', '1688', '79', '97', '10', NULL, '', '', '838', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3826, 'JOUR', 'Duan M, Zhang T, Hu W, Guan B, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhu Z', '2010', '912', '908', '488', '26', '6', NULL, '', '', '776', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3827, 'JOUR', 'Peterson JA, Romero SA, Harwood JD', '2010', '217', '207', '786', '4', '4', NULL, '', '', '828', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3828, 'JOUR', 'Chassy BM', '2010', 'S70', 'S62', '12', '58', '3(1)', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3829, 'JOUR', 'Dijk JP van, Leifert C, Barros E, Kok EJ', '2010', 'S25', 'S21', '12', '58', '3(1)', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3830, 'JOUR', 'Batista R, Oliveira M', '2010', 'S12', 'S8', '673', '58', '', NULL, '3(1)', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3831, 'JOUR', 'Natarajan SS', '2010', 'S29', 'S26', '12', '58', '3(1)', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3832, 'JOUR', 'Han P, Niu CY, Lei CL, Cui JJ, Desneux N', '2010', '1459', '1452', '419', '19', '8', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3833, 'JOUR', 'Han P, Niu CY, Lei CL, Cui JJ, Desneux N', '2010', '1619', '1612', '787', '19', '8', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3834, 'JOUR', 'Schluter U, Benchabane M, Munger A, Kiggundu A, Vorster J, Goulet MC, Cloutier C, Michaud D', '2010', '4183', '4169', '193', '61', '15', NULL, '', '', '407', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3835, 'JOUR', 'Vogeli GA, Wolf D, Lip, M', '2010', '233', '227', '788', '7', '2/4', NULL, '', '', '840', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3836, 'JOUR', 'Lu HH, Wu WX, Chen YX, Wang HL, Devare M, Thies JE', '2010', '1605', '1598', '789', '10', '8', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3837, 'JOUR', 'Wang JM, Yang XS', '2010', '42', '36', '741', '3', '3', NULL, '', '', '775', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3838, 'JOUR', 'Ghimire MN, Huang FN, Leonard R, Head GP, Yang YL', '2011', '81', '74', '273', '30', '1', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3839, 'JOUR', 'Folcher L, Delos M, Marengue E, Jarry M, Weissenberger A, Eychenne N, Regnault-Roger C', '2010', '719', '711', '606', '30', '4', NULL, '', '', '825', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3840, 'JOUR', 'Huangfu CH, Qiang S, Song XL', '2011', '62', '57', '714', '30', '1', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3841, 'JOUR', 'Ahuja V, Quatchadze M, Stelter D, Albrecht A, Stahlmann R', '2010', '917', '909', '790', '84', '12', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3842, 'JOUR', 'Sander M, Madliger M, Schwarzenbach RP', '2010', '8876', '8870', '791', '44', '23', NULL, '', '', '841', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3843, 'JOUR', 'Cao SH, He XY, Xu WT, Ran WJ, Liang LX, Luo YB, Yuan YF, Zhang N, Zhou X, Huang KL', '2010', '481', '474', '12', '58', '3', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3844, 'JOUR', 'Heuberger S, Ellers-Kirk C, Tabashnik BE, Carriere Y', '2010', '', 'e14128', '633', '5', '11', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3845, 'JOUR', 'Londo JP, Bautista NS, Sagers CL, Lee EH, Watrud LS', '2010', '965', '957', '749', '106', '6', NULL, '', '', '407', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3846, 'JOUR', 'Chen J, Jiang XF, Luo LZ, Hu Y', ' 2010', '1126', '1119', '792', '53', '10', NULL, '', '', '842', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3847, 'JOUR', 'Zu J, Qiang S, Song XL', '2010', '616', '608', '793', '24', '6', NULL, '', '', '843', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3848, 'JOUR', 'Lu LY, Peng YF, Wang WX, Sun XQ, Chen LJ, Yu LQ', '2010', '666', '663', '793', '24', '6', NULL, '', '', '843', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3849, 'JOUR', 'Ting YP, Chang H, Kao YW, Lu HY, Chen LFO, Wu MT, Chan LF', '2010', '274', '261', '794', '59', '4', NULL, '', '', '844', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3850, 'JOUR', 'Wu KM', '2010', '1275', '1273', '14', '28', '12', NULL, '', '', '800', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3851, 'JOUR', 'Tabashnik BE, Sisterson MS, Ellsworth PC, Dennehy TJ, Antilla L, Liesner L, Whitlow M, Staten RT, Fabrick JA, Unnithan GC, Yelich AJ, Ellers-Kirk C, Harpold VS, Li XC, Carriere Y', '2010', '1307', '1304', '14', '28', '12', NULL, '', '', '800', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3852, 'JOUR', 'Squire GR, Breckling B, Pfeilstetter AD, Jorgensen RB, Lecomte J, Pivard S, Reuter H, Young MW', '2011', '115', '111', '710', '18', '1', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3853, 'JOUR', 'Cheeke TE, Pace BA, Rosenstiel TN, Cruzan MB', '2011', '312', '304', '58', '75', '2', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3854, 'JOUR', 'Parimala P, Muthuchelian K', '2010', '634', '630', '795', '48', '4', NULL, '', '', '828', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3855, 'JOUR', 'Thompson GD, Dalmacio SC, Criador IV AR, Alvarez ER, Hechanova RF', '2010', '383', '375', '796', '93', '4', NULL, '', '', '846', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3856, 'JOUR', 'Cao CW, Liu GF, Wang ZY, Yan SC, Ma L, Yang CP', '2010', '13', '1', '648', '10', '200', NULL, '', '', '847', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3857, 'JOUR', 'Llorente B, Alonso GD, Bravo-Almonacid F, Rodriguez V, Lopez MG, Carrari F, Torres HN, Flawia MM', '2011', '150', '136', '366', '9', '2', NULL, '', '', '789', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3858, 'JOUR', 'Romeis J, Meissle M', '2010', '6', '1', '719', '135', '1', NULL, '', '', '848', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3859, 'JOUR', 'Gaspers C, Siegfried BD, Spencer T, Alves AP, Storer NP, Schuphan I, Eber S', '2011', '16', '7', '719', '135', '1/2', NULL, '', '', '848', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3860, 'JOUR', 'Pereira EJG, Storer NP, Siegfried BD', '2011', '24', '17', '719', '135', '1/2', NULL, '', '', '848', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3861, 'JOUR', 'Ouyang F, Liu ZD, Yin Ji, Su JW, Wang CZ, Ge F', '2011', '160', '153', '298', '57', '1', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3862, 'JOUR', 'Hardke JT, Leonard BR, Huang FN, Jackson RE', '2011', '172', '168', '273', '30', '2', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3863, 'JOUR', 'Xing ZJ, Wang ZY, He KL, Bai SX', '2010', '4976', '4970', '715', '43', '23', NULL, '', '', '849', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3864, 'JOUR', 'Pilacinski W, Crawford A, Downey R, Harvey B, Huber S, Hunst P, Lahman LK, MacIntosh S, Pohl M, Rickard C, Tagliani L, Weber N', '2011', '7', '1', '797', '49', '1', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3865, 'JOUR', 'Lu CM', '2010', '115', '113', '798', '1', '3', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3866, 'JOUR', 'James C', '2010', '12', '8', '799', '1', '1', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3867, 'JOUR', 'Raybould A', '2010', '31', '25', '798', '1', '1', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3868, 'JOUR', 'Penna S, Ganapathi TR', '2010', '136', '128', '799', '1', '3', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3869, 'JOUR', 'Abdallah NA', '2010', '119', '116', '798', '1', '3', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3870, 'JOUR', 'Nishizawa T, Tamaoki M, Aono M, Kubo A, Saji H, Nakajima N', '2010', '156', '143', '798', '1', '3', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3871, 'JOUR', 'Faria JC, Carneiro GES, Aragao FJL', '2010', '98', '94', '799', '1', '2', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3872, 'JOUR', 'Berge JB, Ricroch AE', '2010', '219', '214', '798', '1', '4', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3873, 'JOUR', 'Downes S, Parker TL, Mahon RJ', '2010', '2154', '2147', '30', '103', '6', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3874, 'JOUR', 'An JJ, Gao YL, Wu KM, Gould F, Gao JH, Shen ZC, Lei CL', '2010', '2173', '2169', '675', '103', '6', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3875, 'JOUR', 'Hibbard BE, Clark TL, Ellersieck MR, Meihls LN, El-Khishen AA, Kaster V, Steiner HY, Kurtz R', '2010', '2196', '2187', '675', '103', '6', NULL, '', '', '851', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3876, 'JOUR', 'Romeis J, Hellmich RL, Candolfi MP, Carstens K, Schrijver A de, Gatehouse AMR, Herman RA, Huesing JE, McLean MA, Raybould A, Shelton AM, Waggoner A', '2011', '22', '1', '688', '20', '1', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3877, 'JOUR', 'Asanuma Y, Jinkawa T, Tanak, H, Gondo T, Zaita N, Akashi R', '2011', '97', '91', '55', '20', '1', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3878, 'JOUR', 'Zhang K, Li Y, Lian L', '2011', '216', '205', '368', '149', '2', NULL, '', '', '310', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3879, 'JOUR', 'Jiang SJ, Luo LZ, Hu Y, Zhang L', '2010', '1366', '1360', '792', '53', '12', NULL, '', '', '842', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3880, 'JOUR', 'Gao MQ, Hou SP, Pu DQ, Shi M, Ye GY, Chen XX', '2010', '2044', '2039', '689', '39', '6', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3881, 'JOUR', 'Leslie TW, Biddinger DJ, Rohr JR, Fleischer SK', '2010', '2055', '2045', '689', '39', '6', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3882, 'JOUR', 'Belcher LA, MacKenzie SA, Donner M, Sykes GP, Frame SR, Gillies PJ', '2011', '63', '53', '12', '59', '1', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3883, 'JOUR', 'Sanden M, Johannessen LE, Berdal KG, Sissener N, Hemre GI', '2011', 'e759', 'e750', '428', '17', '3', NULL, '', '', '852', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3884, 'JOUR', 'Rabbi IY, Parzies HK, Kiambi D, Haussmann BIG, Folkertsma R, Geiger HH', '2011', '224', '217', '13', '130', '2', NULL, '', '', '853', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3885, 'JOUR', 'Khan MS, Ali S, Iqbal J', '2011', '2369', '2359', '800', '38', '4', NULL, '', '', '854', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3886, 'JOUR', 'Abid M, Ashfaq M, Khalid I, Ishaq U', '2011', '81', '78', '801', '30', '1', NULL, '', '', '855', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3887, 'JOUR', 'Gatehouse AMR, Ferry N, Edwards MG, Bell HA', '2011', '1452', '1438', '802', '366', '1569', NULL, '', '', '856', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3888, 'JOUR', 'Jhala AJ, Bhatt H, Topinka K, Hall LM', '2011', '566', '557', '164', '106', '4', NULL, '', '', '857', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3889, 'JOUR', 'Lee JS, Yoo SH', '2011', '168', '160', '', '31', '2', NULL, '', '', '858', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3890, 'JOUR', 'Econopouly BF, McKay JK, Westra P, Lapitan NLV, Chapman PL, Byrne PF', '2011', '194', '188', '321', '59', '2', NULL, '', '', '859', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3891, 'JOUR', 'Balog A, Szenasi A, Szekeres D, Palinkas Z', '2011', '297', '293', '61', '21', '3', NULL, '', '', '840', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3892, 'JOUR', 'Han LZ, Hou ML, Wu KM, Peng YF, Wang F', '2011', '393', '384', '445', '10', '3', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3893, 'JOUR', 'Maciel CD de G, Poletine JP, Amstalden SL, Gazziero DLP, Raimondi MA, Lima GRG, Oliveira Neto AM de, Guerra N, Justiniano W', '2011', '42', '35', '803', '58', '1', NULL, '', '', '860', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3894, 'JOUR', 'Mikschofsky H, Hartmann A, Janczyk P, Keil GM, Konig P, Schirrmeier H, Hammer M, Junghans H, Schmidt K, Schmidtke J, Souffrant WB, Schwerin M, Broer I', '2011', '86', '74', '804', '2', '2', NULL, '', '', '861', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3895, 'JOUR', 'Stefani FOP, Hamelin, RC', '2010', '475', '441', '805', '18', '', NULL, '', '', '862', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3896, 'JOUR', 'Onstad DW, Mitchell PD, Hurley TM, Lundgren JG, Porter RP, Krupke CH, Spencer JL, Difonzo CD, Baute TS, Hellmich RL, Buschman LL, Hutchison WD, Tooker JF', '2011', '352', '343', '30', '104', '2', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3897, 'JOUR', 'Kullik SA, Sears MK, Schaafsma AW', '2011', '493', '484', '30', '104', '2', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3898, 'JOUR', 'Cui JJ, Luo JY, van der Werf W, Ma Y, Xia JY', '2011', '684', '673', '30', '104', '2', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3899, 'JOUR', 'Valdez MRW de, Nimmo D, Betz J, Gong HF, James AA, Alphey L, Black WC IV', '2011', '4775', '4772', '777', '108', '12', NULL, '', '', '376', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3900, 'JOUR', 'Gusta M, Smyth SJ, Belcher K, Phillips PWB, Castle D', '2011', '13', '1', '126', '14', '1', NULL, '', '', '863', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3901, 'JOUR', 'Sanchis V', '2011', '231', '217', '606', '31', '1', NULL, '', '', '864', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3902, 'JOUR', 'Chiang SS, Liu CF, Ku TW, Mau JL, Lin HT, Pan TM', '2011', '3883', '3877', '1', '59', '8', NULL, '', '', '841', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3903, 'JOUR', 'McNaughton J, Roberts M, Rice D, Smith B, Hinds M, Delaney B, Iiams C, Sauber T', '2011', '389', '377', '28', '90', '2', NULL, '', '', '865', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3904, 'JOUR', 'Sissener NH, Sanden M, Krogdahl A, Bakke AM, Johannessen LE, Hemre GI', '2011', '574', '563', '311', '68', '3', NULL, '', '', '862', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3905, 'JOUR', 'Strauss SH, Kershen DL, Bouton JH, Redick TP, Tan HM, Sedjo RA', '2010', '741', '729', '98', '60', '9', NULL, '', '', '866', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3906, 'JOUR', 'Boyd E', '2010', '750', '742', '98', '60', '9', NULL, '', '', '866', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3907, 'JOUR', 'Madin EMP', '2011', '', '6', '98', '61', '1', NULL, '', '', '866', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3908, 'JOUR', 'Bakhsh A, Shahzad K, Husnain T', '2011', '9', '1', '806', '47', '1', NULL, '', '', '867', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3909, 'JOUR', 'Dietiker D, Oehen B, Ochsenbein C, Westgate ME, Stamp P', '2011', '837', '829', '20', '51', '2', NULL, '', '', '798', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3910, 'JOUR', 'McFarlane I, Park J, Ceddia G, Phipps R', '2011', '62', '54', '807', '3', '2', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3911, 'JOUR', 'Hoss S, Nguyen HT, Menzel R, Pagel-Wieder S, Miethling-Graf R, Tebbe CC, Jehle JA, Traunspurger W', '2011', '2684', '2674', '808', '409', '13', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3912, 'JOUR', 'Xiong JW, Peng D, Qin XJ, Wang J', '2011', '256', '251', '678', '30', '2', NULL, '', '', '779', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3913, 'JOUR', 'Gao MQ, Hou SP, Pu DQ, Shi M, Ye GY, Peng YF, Chen XX', '2011', '476', '467', '792', '54', '4', NULL, '', '', '868', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3914, 'JOUR', 'Madliger M, Gasser CA, Schwarzenbach RP, Sander M', '2011', '4384', '4377', '809', '45', '10', NULL, '', '', '841', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3915, 'JOUR', 'Ekici K, Sancak, YC', '2011', '1642', '1639', '755', '6', '7', NULL, '', '', '796', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3916, 'JOUR', 'Ramalho F de S, Azeredo TL, Nascimento ARB de, Fernandes FS, Nascimento Junior JL, Malaquias JB, Silva CAD da, Zanuncio JC', '2011', '214', '207', '87', '139', '3', NULL, '', '', '852', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3917, 'JOUR', 'Singh JS, Abhilash PC, Singh HB, Singh RP, Singh DP', '2011', '9', '1', '810', '480', '1/2', NULL, '', '', '869', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3918, 'JOUR', 'Burg S von, Veen FJF van, Alvarez-Alfageme F, Romeis J', '2011', '391', '387', '568', '7', '3', NULL, '', '', '474', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3919, 'JOUR', 'Chifflet R, Klein EK, Lavigne C, Feon V le, Ricroch AE, Lecomte J, Vaissiere BE', '2011', '696', '689', '83', '48', '3', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3920, 'JOUR', 'Chatterjee A, Arpita Ghose A', '2010', '105', '69', '398', '12', '2', NULL, '', '', '870', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3921, 'JOUR', 'Kothamasi D, Vermeylen S', '2011', '546', '535', '811', '13', '3', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3922, 'JOUR', 'Bagavathiannan MV, Spok A, Acker RC van', '2011', '242', '227', '812', '24', '3', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3923, 'JOUR', 'Cheavegatti-Gianotto A, Abreu HMC de, Arruda P, Bespalhok Filho JC, Burnquist WL, Creste S, Ciero L di, Ferro JA, Figueira AV de O, Filgueiras T de S, Grossi-de-Sa M de F, Guzzo EC, Hoffmann HP, Landell MG de A, Macedo N, Matsuoka S, Reinach F de C, Rom', '2011', '89', '62', '813', '4', '1', NULL, '', '', '871', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3924, 'JOUR', 'Ladics GS, Cressman RF, Herouet-Guicheney C, Herman RA, Privalle L, Song P, Ward JM, McClain S', '2011', '53', '46', '12', '60', '1', NULL, '', '', '839', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3925, 'JOUR', 'Zhang B, Chen M, Zhang X, Luan H, Diao S, Tian Y, Su X', '2011', '573', '567', '814', '31', '5', NULL, '', '', '407', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3926, 'JOUR', 'Engel KH, Vogel RF, Knorr D, Habermeyer M, Kochte-Clemens B, Eisenbrand G', '2011', '963', '957', '815', '55', '6', NULL, '', '', '872', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3927, 'JOUR', 'Herman RA, Phillips AM, Lepping MD, Fast BJ, Sabbatini J', '2010', '311', '294', '799', '1', '5', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3928, 'JOUR', 'Burkness EC, Dively G, Patton T, Morey AC, Hutchison WD', '2010', '343', '337', '799', '1', '5', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(3929, 'JOUR', 'Kwit C, Moon HS, Warwick SI, Stewart CN Jr', '2011', '293', '284', '50', '29', '6', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4020, 'JOUR', 'Bonny S', '2011', '1322', '1302', '843', '3', '9', NULL, '', '', '906', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4035, 'JOUR', 'Foetzki A, Winzeler M, Boller T, Felber F, Gruissem W, Keel C, Keller B, Mascher F, Maurhofer M, Nentwig W, Romeis J, Sautter C, Schmid B, Bigler F', '2011', '453', '446', '851', '18', '10', NULL, '', '', '912', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography` (`id`, `type`, `authors`, `year`, `firstPage`, `lastPage`, `journal`, `volume`, `issue`, `url`, `book`, `bookEditor`, `publisher`, `seriesTitle`, `isbn`, `showAbstract`, `file`, `showFile`, `status`, `updated`, `create`) VALUES
(4047, 'JOUR', 'Prasad NVVSD, Rao NHP', '2009', '283', '279', '855', '71', '4', NULL, '', '', '919', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4048, 'JOUR', 'Brunet J, Stewart CM', '2010', '', '', '856', '', '', NULL, '', '', '920', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4049, 'JOUR', 'Coates BS, Sumerford DV, Lopez MD, Wang HC, Fraser LM, Kroemer JA, Spencer T, Kim KS, Abel CA, Hellmich RL, Siegfried BD', '2011', '972', '961', '857', '139', '8', NULL, '', '', '904', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4050, 'JOUR', 'Shi MJ, Lu PL, Shi XL, Yang YZ', '2011', '552', '547', '858', '108', '4', NULL, '', '', '921', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4051, 'JOUR', 'Brusetti L, Crotti E, Tamburini A, Cittaro D, Garavaglia V, Rolli E, Sorlini C, Daffonchio D, Borin, S', '2011', '930', '925', '313', '61', '4', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4052, 'JOUR', 'Axelsson EP, Hjalten J, LeRoy CJ, Whitham TG, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Wennstrom A', '2011', '1479', '1472', '83', '48', '6', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4053, 'JOUR', 'Duc C, Nentwig W, Lindfeld A', '2011', '', 'e25014', '633', '6', '10', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4054, 'JOUR', 'Schafer MG, Ross AA, Londo JP, Burdick CA, Lee EH, Travers SE, Water PK van de, Sagers CL', '2011', '', 'e25736', '633', '6', '10', NULL, '', '', '922', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:11', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4055, 'JOUR', 'Pons E, Navarro A, Ollitrault P, Pena L', '2011', '', 'e25810', '633', '62', '10', NULL, '', '', '922', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4056, 'JOUR', 'Chiarabolli A', '2011', '', '683', '565', '30', '6', NULL, '', '', '923', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4057, 'JOUR', 'Burrell A, Foy C, Burns M', '2011', '', '', '859', '2011', '', NULL, '', '', '924', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4061, 'JOUR', 'Frank DL, Bukowsky R, French BW, Hibbard BE', '2011', '2061', '2054', '675', '104', '6', NULL, '', '', '786', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4062, 'JOUR', 'Han Y, Xu XL, Ma WH, Yuan BQ, Wang H, Liu FZ, Wang MQ, Wu G, Hua HX', '2011', '1747', '1739', '445', '10', '11', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4063, 'JOUR', 'Hagler JR, Mueller S, Teuber LR, Machtley SA, Deynze A van', '2011', '', 'Article 144', '690', '11', '', NULL, '', '', '847', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4064, 'JOUR', 'Teufer T', '2011', '335', '328', '861', '', '6', NULL, '', '', '925', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4065, 'JOUR', 'Natterer A', '2011', '349', '347', '861', '', '6', NULL, '', '', '925', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4066, 'JOUR', 'Yoshimura Y, Mizuguti A, Matsuo K', '2011', '216', '210', '322', '11', '4', NULL, '', '', '874', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4067, 'JOUR', 'Xu XL, Han Y, Wu G, Cai WL, Yuan BQ, Wang H, Liu FZ, Wang MQ, Hua HX', '2011', '1028', '1019', '766', '54', '11', NULL, '', '', '813', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4068, 'JOUR', 'Wang SB, O''Brien TR, Pava-Ripoll M., St. Leger RJ', '2011', '20454', '20449', '53', '108', '51', NULL, '', '', '376', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4071, 'JOUR', 'Black R, Fava F, Mattei N, Robert V, Seal S, Verdier V', '2010', '381', '370', '159', '156', '4', NULL, '', '', '901', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4072, 'JOUR', 'Isaza LA, Opelt K, Wagner T, Mattes E, Bieber E, Hatley EO, Roth G, Sanjuan J, Fischer HM, Sandermann H, Hartmann A, Ernst D', '2011', '604', '595', '863', '66', '11/12', NULL, '', '', '927', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4073, 'JOUR', 'Thompson JR, Tepfer M', '2010', '56', '33', '864', '76', '', NULL, '', '', '928', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4074, 'JOUR', 'Xue K, Liu B, Yang J, Xue DY', '2010', '1700', '16936', '865', '9', '11', NULL, '', '', '929', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4075, 'JOUR', 'Dabrowski ZT, Grabowski M', '2011', '1454', '1447', '866', '51', '4', NULL, '', '', '930', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4076, 'JOUR', 'Ragionieri MP, Chiarabolli A', '2011', '570', '565', '565', '30', '5', NULL, '', '', '931', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4080, 'JOUR', 'Li GP, Feng HQ, McNeil JN, Liu B, Chen PY, Qiu F', '2011', '1578', '1573', '714', '30', '12', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4082, 'JOUR', 'Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodriguez-Cerezo E', '2011', '957', '945', '366', '9', '9', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4083, 'JOUR', 'Samuels J, Shanmugam G', '2011', '986', '985', '263', '9', '9', NULL, '', '', '442', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4084, 'JOUR', 'Sanvido O, Romeis J, Bigler F', '2011', '1201', '1191', '688', '20', '6', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4085, 'JOUR', 'Bernauer T, Tribaldos T, Luginbuhl C, Winzeler M', '2011', '1234', '1227', '688', '20', '6', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4086, 'JOUR', 'Mushunje A, Muchaonyerwa P, Mandikiana BW, Taruvinga A', '2011', '5923', '5918', '755', '6', '27', NULL, '', '', '819', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4087, 'JOUR', 'Azadi H, Ho P', '2010', '168', '160', '145', '28', '11', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4088, 'JOUR', 'Kleppin L, Schmidt G, Schroder W', '2011', '4715', '2190', '868', '23', '4', NULL, '', '', '935', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4089, 'JOUR', 'Peterson, JA, Lundgren JG, Harwood JD', '2011', '21', '1', '869', '39', '1', NULL, '', '', '936', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4090, 'JOUR', 'Soujanya PL, Prasad NVVSD, Rao PA, Gopinath M', '2011', '25', '19', '870', '73', '1', NULL, '', '', '937', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4091, 'JOUR', 'Chiarabolli A', '2011', '143', '138', '798', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '938', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4092, 'JOUR', 'Avila Mendez K, Chaparro Giraldo A, Reyes Moreno G, Silva Castro C', '2011', '168', '163', '798', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '938', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4093, 'JOUR', 'Herman RA, Dunville CM, Juberg DR, Fletcher W, Cromwell GL', '2011', '175', '169', '799', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '939', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4094, 'JOUR', 'Huesing J, Romeis J, Ellstrand N, Raybould A, Hellmich R, Wolt J, Ehlers J, Dabire C, Fatokun C, Hokanson K, Ishiyaku MF, Margam V, Obokoh N, Mignouna J, Nangayo F, Ouedraogo J, Pasquet R, Pittendrigh B, Schaal B, Stein J, Tamo M, Murdock L', '', '224', '211', '798', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '938', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4098, 'GEN', 'Bouet A, Gruere G, Leroy L', '2011', '34', '', '873', 'No. 1102', '', NULL, '', '', '943', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4099, 'JOUR', 'Chaparro Giraldo A', '2011', '252', '231', '874', '16', '3', NULL, '', '', '944', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4100, 'JOUR', 'Axelsson EP, Hjalten J, LeRoy CJ', '2012', '171', '167', '875', '264', '', NULL, '', '', '901', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-09-19 16:03:40', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4101, 'JOUR', 'Bharat Ramaswami, Pray CE, Lalitha N', '2012', '188', '177', '876', '40', '1', NULL, '', '', '901', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4162, 'JOUR', 'Chen Y, Tian JC, Wang W, Fang Q, Akhtar ZR, Peng YF, Cui H, Guo YY, Song QS, Ye GY', '2012', '291', '279', '55', '21', '2', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4163, 'JOUR', 'Snell C, Bernheim A, Berge JB, Kuntz M, Pascal G, Paris A, Ricroch AE', '2012', '1148', '1134', '106', '50', '3/4', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4167, 'JOUR', 'Chun YJ, Kim HJ, Park KW, Jeong SC, Lee BK, Back KW, Kim HM, Kim CG', '2012', '461', '453', '458', '48', '4', NULL, '', '', '832', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4171, 'JOUR', 'Cantley M', '2012', '47', '40', '799', '3', '1', NULL, '', '', '957', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4172, 'JOUR', 'Redick T', '2012', '71', '60', '799', '3', '1', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4173, 'JOUR', 'Wafula D, Waithaka M, Komen J, Karembu M', '2012', '77', '72', '799', '3', '1', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4174, 'JOUR', 'Komen J', '2012', '84', '78', '799', '3', '1', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4175, 'JOUR', 'Wang YY, Li YH, Romeis J, Chen XP, Zhang J, Chen HY, Peng Y', '2012', '251', '246', '493', '61', '3', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4176, 'JOUR', 'Garcia M, Ortego F, Castanera P, Farinos G', '2012', '302', '293', '572', '102', '3', NULL, '', '', '439', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4177, 'JOUR', 'Delplancke M, Alvarez N, Espindola A, Joly H, Benoit L, Brouck E, Arrigo N', '2012', '329', '317', '761', '53', '4', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4178, 'JOUR', 'Pereira WA, Savio FL, Dias DCF dos S, Cruz CD, Borem A', '2012', '236', '227', '892', '47', '2', NULL, '', '', '958', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4179, 'JOUR', 'Dhillon MK, Gujar GT, Kalia V', '2011', '165', '161', '893', '33', '2', NULL, '', '', '959', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4180, 'JOUR', 'Ryan CD, Smyth SJ', '2012', '30', '21', '126', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '863', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4181, 'JOUR', 'Gruber S, Husken A, Dietz-Pfeilstetter A, Mollers C, Weber EA, Stockmann F, Thole H, Schatzki J, Dowideit K, Renard M, Becker HC, Schiemann J, Claupein W', '2012', '53', '44', '126', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '863', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4182, 'JOUR', 'Acker RC van', '2012', '60', '54', '126', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '863', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4183, 'JOUR', 'Araya-Quesada M, Craig W, Ripandelli D', '2012', '88', '77', '126', '15', '1', NULL, '', '', '960', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4184, 'JOUR', 'Gomez-Galera S, Twyman RM, Sparrow PAC, Droogenbroeck B van, Custers R, Capell T, Christou P', '2012', '523', '511', '686', '10', '5', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4185, 'JOUR', 'Bakonyi G, Dolezsai A, Matrai N, Szekacs A', '2011', '252', '243', '894', '2', '2', NULL, '', '', '961', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4186, 'JOUR', 'Lang A, Dolek M, Theissen B, Zapp A', '2011', '411', '400', '894', '2', '3', NULL, '', '', '961', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4187, 'JOUR', 'Fabrick JA, Tabashnik BE', '2012', '', 'e35658', '633', '', '', NULL, '', '', '922', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4188, 'JOUR', 'Barriuso J, Valverde JR, Mellado RP', '2012', '', 'e35481', '860', '', '', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4189, 'JOUR', 'Kim JK, Park SY, Ha SH, Lee SM, Lim SH, Kim HJ, Ko HS, Oh SD, Park JS, Suh SC', '2012', '9335', '9330', '772', '11', '39', NULL, '', '', '819', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4190, 'JOUR', 'McGinnis EE, Meyer MH, Smith AG', '2012', '1002', '991', '20', '52', '3', NULL, '', '', '798', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4191, 'JOUR', 'Okeno JA, Mutegi E, Villiers S de, Wolt JD, Misra MK', '2012', '515', '507', '364', '173', '5', NULL, '', '', '962', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4192, 'JOUR', 'Heinemann JA, El-Kawy OA', '2012', '71', '68', '895', '45', '', NULL, '', '', '116', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4193, 'JOUR', 'Palaudelmas M, Mele E, Monfort A, Serra J, Salvia J, Messeguer J', '2012', '483', '471', '688', '21', '3', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4194, 'JOUR', 'Tang MX, Xie TT, Cheng WK, Qian LL, Yang SL, Yang DC, Cui WT, Li K', '2012', '510', '499', '55', '21', '3', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4195, 'JOUR', 'Raybould A, Higgins LS, Horak MJ, Layton RJ, Storer NP, Fuente JM de la, Herman RA', '2012', '646', '655', '688', '21', '3', NULL, '', '', '826', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4196, 'JOUR', 'Prendeville HR, Ye XH, Morris TJ, Pilson D', '2012', '1042', '1033', '79', '99', '6', NULL, '', '', '838', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4197, 'JOUR', 'Reddy KN', '2012', '374', '364', '504', '26', '3', NULL, '', '', '918', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4198, 'JOUR', 'Rong J, Wang F, Song ZP, Su J, Chen R, Lu BR', '2012', '11', '3', '131', '161', '1', NULL, '', '', '845', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4199, 'JOUR', 'Chavez NB, Flores JJ, Martin J, Ellstrand NC, Guadagnuolo R, Heredia S, Welles SR', '2012', '137', '132', '122', '66', '2', NULL, '', '', '815', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4200, 'JOUR', 'Layton AC, Smartt AE, Chauhan A, Ripp,.; Williams DE, Burton W, Moser S, Phillips J, Palumbo AV, Sayler GS', '2012', '', '009', '896', '3', 'S1', NULL, '', '', '963', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4201, 'JOUR', 'Zhang JH, Guo JY, Xia JY, Wan FH', '2012', '9880', '9873', '772', '11', '41', NULL, '', '', '819', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4202, 'JOUR', 'Tabashnik BE, Gould F', '2012', '776', '767', '30', '105', '3', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4203, 'JOUR', 'Gassmann AJ, Hannon ER, Sisterson MS, Stock SP, Carriere Y, Tabashnik BE', '2012', '1005', '994', '30', '105', '3', NULL, '', '', '787', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4204, 'JOUR', 'Roberts A,', '2011', '3', '1', '737', '10', '1', NULL, '', '', '964', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4205, 'JOUR', 'McLean MM', '2011', '25', '5', '737', '10', '1', NULL, '', '', '964', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4206, 'JOUR', 'Udikeri SS, Patil BV, Basavanagoud K, Khadi BM, Kulkarni KA, Vamadevaiah HM', '2012', '560', '555', '752', '82', '6', NULL, '', '', '792', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4207, 'JOUR', 'Taylor NJ, Halsey M, Gaitan-Solis E, Anderson P, Gichuki S, Miano D, Bua A, Alicai T, Fauquet CM', '2012', '103', '93', '799', '3', '2', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4208, 'JOUR', 'Foetzki A, Quijano CD, Moullet O, Fammartino A, Kneubuehler Y, Mascher F, Sautter C, Bigler F', '2012', '122', '115', '799', '3', '2', NULL, '', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4209, 'JOUR', 'Brookes G, Barfoot P', '2012', '137', '129', '799', '3', '', NULL, '2', '', '850', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4210, 'JOUR', 'Bernardi O, Malvestiti GS, Dourado PM, Oliveira WS, Martinelli S, Berger GU, Head GP, Omoto C', '2012', '1091', '1083', '123', '68', '7', NULL, '', '', '874', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4211, 'JOUR', 'Srinivas KR, Singh P, Joseph RK, Chaturvedi S', '2012', '61', '53', '335', '47', '23', NULL, '', '', '781', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
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(4213, 'JOUR', 'Walsh MC, Buzoianu SG, Rea MC, O''Donovan O, Gelencser E, Ujhelyi G, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG', '2012', '', 'e36141', '633', '7', '5', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4214, 'JOUR', 'Alvarez-Alfageme F, Luthi C, Romeis J', '2012', '', 'e36862', '633', '7', '5', NULL, '', '', '965', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4215, 'JOUR', 'Ziska LH, Gealy DR, Tomecek MB, Jackson AK, Black HL', '2012', '', 'e37522', '633', '7', '5', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4216, 'JOUR', 'Tseng CS, Wu MT, Huang HC, Lin YR', '2012', '108', '100', '897', '15', '2', NULL, '', '', '966', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4217, 'JOUR', 'Yoshimura Y, Matsuo K', '2012', '147', '137', '898', '81', '2', NULL, '', '', '966', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4218, 'JOUR', 'Pilate G, Dejardin A, Leple JC', '2012', '36', '1', '899', '61', '', NULL, '', '', '869', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4219, 'JOUR', 'Zhou XH, Dong Y, Wang Y, Xiao X, Xu Y, Xu B, Li X, Wei XS; Liu QQ', '2012', '1910', '1902', '106', '50', '6', NULL, '', '', '869', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4220, 'JOUR', 'Carroll MW, Head G, Caprio M', '2012', '79', '74', '273', '38', '', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4221, 'JOUR', 'Lupwayi NZ, Blackshaw RE', '2012', '1048', '1041', '32', '104', '4', NULL, '', '', '967', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4222, 'JOUR', 'Pack IS, Kim YJ, Youk ES, Lee WK, Yoon WK, Park KW, Kim CG, Harn CH, Kim HM, Jeong SC', '2012', '115', '107', '900', '15', '2', NULL, '', '', '968', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4223, 'JOUR', 'Meissle M, Romeis J, Bigler F', '2012', '297', '292', '901', '6', '', NULL, '', '', '969', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4224, 'JOUR', 'Zhang HN Tian W, Zhao J, Jin L, Yang J, Liu CH, Yang YH, Wu SW, Wu KM, Cui JJ, Tabashnik BE, Wu YD', '2012', '10280', '10275', '777', '109', '26', NULL, '', '', '376', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4225, 'JOUR', 'Dai PL, Zhou W, Zhang J, Jiang WY, Wang Q, Cui HJ, Sun JH, Wu YY, Zhou T', '2012', '391', '384', '157', '43', '4', NULL, '', '', '864', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4226, 'JOUR', 'Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Gomez-Barbero M, Rodriguez-Cerezo E', '2012', '411', '401', '359', '37', '4', NULL, '', '', '543', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4227, 'JOUR', 'Bansal S, Gruere GP', '2012', '472', '467', '359', '37', '4', NULL, '', '', '888', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4228, 'JOUR', 'Kruger M, Rensburg JBJ van, Berg J van den', '2012', '43', '35', '542', '20', '1', NULL, '', '', '970', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4229, 'JOUR', 'Zhang FJ, Peng DH, Ye XB, Yu ZQ, Hu ZF, Ruan LF, Sun M', '2012', '', 'e38534', '633', '7', '6', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4230, 'JOUR', 'Mahon RJ, Downes SJ, James B', '2012', '', 'e39192', '633', '7', '6', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4231, 'JOUR', 'Liu YB, Tang ZX, Darmency H, Stewart CN Jr, Di K, Wei W, Ma KP', '2012', '', 'e39705', '633', '7', '6', NULL, '', '', '777', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4232, 'JOUR', 'Lojtnant CL, Boelt B, Clausen SK, Damgaard C, Kryger P, Novy A, Philipp M, Ingvordsen CH, Jorgensen RB', '2012', '430', '421', '902', '17', '4', NULL, '', '', '828', '', '', 'Disabled', '', '', 'Enabled', '2013-04-19 20:41:12', '0000-00-00 00:00:00'),
(4233, 'JOUR', 'Andrographis1', '2013', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', NULL, '4', '', '', 'Enabled', '', 'Disabled', 'Enabled', '2013-09-12 10:36:33', '0000-00-00 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(1, 'Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organsisms on the use of antibiotic resistance genes as as marker genes in genetically modified plants.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(2, 'Biosafety of kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(3, 'Aminoglycoside 3’-phosphotransferase II: a review of its safety and use in the production of genetically engineered plants.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(4, 'Safety assessment of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(5, 'Acute and repeated dose (28 day) mouse oral toxicology studies with Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 Bt proteins used in coleopteran resistant DAS-59122-7 corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(6, 'Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-157-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(7, 'Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Fed Corn Grain from DAS-157-1 (Herculex I) Hybrids.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(8, 'Evaluation of corn grain with the genetically modified input trait DAS-59122-7 fed to growing-finishing pigs.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(9, 'Effect of Feeding DAS-59122-7 Corn Grain and Nontransgenic Corn Grain to Individually Fed Finishing Steers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(10, 'Feeding performance in broiler chickens fed diets containing DAS-59122-7 maize grain compared to diets containing non-transgenic maize grain.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(11, 'Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-9814-6 in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(12, 'Effects of feeding rations with genetically modified whole cottonseed to lactating Holstein cows.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(13, 'Limited survival of a Cry2Ab-resistant strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bollgard II.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(14, 'Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in Australian populations of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from 2002 to 2006.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(15, 'Field and laboratory evaluations of transgenic cottons expressing one or two Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner proteins for management of noctuid (Lepidoptera) pests.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(16, 'Impact of Bt cottons expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Berliner on growth and survival of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(17, 'Toxicity and characterization of cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins for control of lepidopteran pests.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(18, 'Comparison of broiler chicken performance when fed diets containing meals of Bollgard II hybrid cotton containing Cry-X gene (Cry1Ac and Cry2ab gene), parental line or commercial cotton.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(19, 'Bollgard II cotton: compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(20, 'Subchronic feeding study with genetically modified stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DAS-157-1xDAS-59122-7) maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(21, 'Frequency and severity of western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ear damage in transgenic corn hybrids expressing different <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> cry toxins.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(22, 'Cry1F protein not detected in soil after three years of transgenic Bt corn (1507 corn) use.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(23, 'Alfalfa containing the glyphosate-tolerant trait has no effect on feed intake, milk composition, or milk production of dairy cattle.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(24, 'An engineered chymotrypsin/cathepsin G site in domain I renders <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry3A active against Western corn rootworm larvae.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(25, 'Rapid degradation of the Cry3Bb1 protein from Diabrotica-resistant Bt-corn MON88017 during ensilation and fermentation in biogas production facilities.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(26, 'Molecular analysis to determine the genetic stability of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 across generations', NULL, 'en_US'),
(27, 'Safety assessment of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 containing genes encoding the CP4 EPSPS and CP4 EPSPS L214P proteins', NULL, 'en_US'),
(28, 'Immuno-detectability of CP4 EPSPS and CP4 EPSPS L214P proteins in the grain of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 after heat treatment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(29, 'The effect of corn grain matrix on the in vitro digestibility of CP4 EPSPS and CP4 EPSPS L214P proteins from the grain of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 in simulated gastric fluid', NULL, 'en_US'),
(30, 'Molecular characterization of Roundup Ready (CP4 EPSPS) corn line NK603', NULL, 'en_US'),
(31, 'Glyphosate negatively affects pollen viability but not pollination and seed set in glyphosate-resistant corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(32, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from Roundup Ready (NK603), YieldGard  Roundup Ready (MON810  NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(34, 'Development and characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, glyphosate-tolerant corn event.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(35, 'Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(36, 'The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean', NULL, 'en_US'),
(37, 'Bioinformatics evaluation of the Cry2Ab2 protein utilizing the AD6, TOXIN5, and ALLPEPTIDES databases', NULL, 'en_US'),
(38, 'Bioinformatics evaluation of the  protein utilizing the AD6, TOXIN5, and ALLPEPTIDES databases', NULL, 'en_US'),
(39, 'Updated bioinformatics evaluation of the Cry2Ab2 protein utilizing the AD8 database', NULL, 'en_US'),
(40, 'Updated bioinformatics evaluation of the  protein utilizing the AD8 database', NULL, 'en_US'),
(41, 'Immunodetection of Cry2Ab2 and  proteins in corn grain from MON 89034 following heat treatment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(42, 'Assessment of the <i>in vitro</i> digestibility of the Cry2Ab2 protein in simulated gastric fluid', NULL, 'en_US'),
(43, 'Assessment of the <i>in vitro</i> digestibility of the  protein in simulated gastric fluid', NULL, 'en_US'),
(44, 'Molecular analysis of corn MON 89034', NULL, 'en_US'),
(45, 'Compositional analyses of corn forage and grain collected from MON 89034 grown in 2004 U.S. field trials', NULL, 'en_US'),
(46, 'Assessment of the <i>in vitro</i> digestibility of purified <i>E. coli</i>-produced CP4 EPSPS protein in simulated gastric fluid', NULL, 'en_US'),
(48, 'Immunodetection of CP4 EPSPS protein in Roundup Ready Flex cotton MON 88913 defatted, raw cottonseed meal following heat treatment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(49, 'The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5-enolypyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from <i>Agrobacterium</i> sp. Strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(50, 'Evaluation of the safety and nutritional equivalence of a genetically modified cottonseed meal in a 90-day dietary toxicity study in rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(51, 'Corn event MIR604', NULL, 'en_US'),
(52, 'Maize event DP-098140-6 and compositions and methods for the identification and/or detection thereof', NULL, 'en_US'),
(53, 'Comparison of swine performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn -GA21-, a parental line, or commercial corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(55, 'Effect of feeding glyphosate-tolerant (roundup-ready events GA21 or nk603) corn compared with reference hybrids on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristic', NULL, 'en_US'),
(56, 'Event-specific detection of stacked genetically modified maize Bt11 x GA21 by UP-M-PCR and real-time PCR.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(57, 'Impact of Bt-corn MON88017 in comparison to three conventional lines on <i>Trigonotylus caelestialium</i> (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae) field densities.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(58, 'Susceptibility of <i>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</i> (Coileoptera-Chrysomelidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> when feeding on <i>Bacillus thruingiensis</i> Cry3Bb1-expressing maize.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(59, 'Fatty acid patterns of genetically modified Cry3Bb1-expressing Bt-maize Mon88017 and its near-isogenic line.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(60, 'Is the German suspension of MON810 maize cultivation scientifically justified', NULL, 'en_US'),
(61, 'Corn plant and seed corresonding to transgenic event MON89034 and methods for detection and use thereof', NULL, 'en_US'),
(62, 'Novel soybean oils with different fatty acid profiles alter cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(63, 'Aquatic fate and effects of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry3Bb1 protein: toward risk assessment.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(64, 'Fate of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) Cry3Bb1 protein in a soil microcosm.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(65, 'Cry3Bb1 protein from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> in root exudates and biomass of transgenic corn does not persist in soil.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(66, 'Microbial populations and enzyme activities in soil in situ under transgenic corn expressing cry proteins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(67, 'Non-target organism risk assessment of MIR604 maize expressing mCry3A for control of corn rootworm.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(68, 'Life history traits of <i>Helicoverpa zea</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in eastern North Carolina.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(69, 'Growth performance of broilers fed insect - protected (MON 810) or near isogenic control corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(70, 'Performance of weaned piglets fed insect-protected - MON 810 - or near isogenic corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(71, 'Sensitive PCR analysis of animal tissue samples for fragments of endogenous and transgenic DNA.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(72, 'Performance of insect-protected corn varieties derived from Bt line Mon 810, genetically protected from corn borers.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(73, 'Response of <i>Danaus plexippus</i> to pollen of two new Bt corn events via laboratory bioassay.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(74, 'Effect of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> transgenic corn for Lepidopteran control on nontarget arthropods.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(75, 'Cry1Ab protein does not persist in soil after 3 years of sustained Bt corn use.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(76, 'Influence of transgenic corn on the in vitro rumen microbial fermentation.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(77, 'Effect of Mon 810 Bt transgenic maize diet on stored-product moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(78, 'GM soybeans and health safety--controversy reexamined.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(79, 'A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(80, 'Lack of detectable allergenicity of transgenic maize and soya samples.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(81, 'Current methods of assessing safety of genetically modified crops as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready soybeans. Genetically Modified Food: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(82, 'Evaluating the allergic risk of genetically modified soybean.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(83, 'Allergenicity test of genetically modified soybean in Sprague Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(84, 'Assessment of the endogenous allergens in glyphosate-tolerant and commercial soybean varieties.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(85, 'Effects of weed management systems on canopy insects in herbicide-resistant soybeans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(86, 'Suitability of transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybeans to green cloverworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(87, 'Influence of herbicide tolerant soybean production systems on insect pest populations and pest-induced crop damage.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(88, 'Soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans in diets for growing-finishing pigs.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(89, 'Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(90, 'Determining whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein are detectable in muscle from swine fed Roundup Ready soybean meal.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(91, 'The fate of genetically modified protein from Roundup Ready', NULL, 'en_US'),
(92, 'A 104-week feeding study of genetically modified soybeans in F344 rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(93, 'Real-time polymerase chain reaction monitoring of recombinant DNA entry into soil from decomposing Roundup Ready leaf biomass.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(94, 'Characterization of phospholipids from glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(95, 'Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans remain compositionally equivalent to conventional soybeans (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) during three years of field testing.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(96, 'Isoflavone, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid levels in seeds of glyphosate-treated, glyphosate-resistant soybean.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(97, 'Yield evaluation of glyphosate-tolerant soybean line after treatment with glyphosate.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(98, 'Three-year field monitoring of cry1F, event DAS-01507-1, maize hybrids for nontarget arthropod effects.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(99, 'Transgenic Bt cotton seed (JKC738 Bt., Event 1) containing <i>Bacillus thuriengensis</i> <i>cry1Ac</i> (truncated) gene feeding studies in Indian major carp, <i>Cirrhinus mrigala</i>', NULL, 'en_US'),
(100, 'Feeding studies of transgenic Bt cotton seed of JKAL Event 1 containing Cry1Ac gene in lactating cross bred dairy cows', NULL, 'en_US'),
(101, 'Broiler chicken performance as influence by feeding diest containing transgenic Bt cottonseed meal', NULL, 'en_US'),
(102, 'Annexure to report no', NULL, 'en_US'),
(103, 'Annexure to report no', NULL, 'en_US'),
(104, 'Annexure to report no', NULL, 'en_US'),
(105, 'Subchronic oral toxicity in goats -- 90 days study for genetically engineered Bt cotton seeds', NULL, 'en_US'),
(106, 'Annexure to report no', NULL, 'en_US'),
(107, 'Annexure to report no', NULL, 'en_US'),
(108, 'Resistance to papaya ringspot virus in transgenic papaya breeding lines.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(109, 'Cotton event MON 88913 and compositions and methods for detection thereof', NULL, 'en_US'),
(110, 'Weed response and tolerance of enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton to glyphosate.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(111, 'Corn event MIR162', NULL, 'en_US'),
(112, 'Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(113, 'Persistence of plant DNA sequences in the blood of dairy cows fed with genetically modified (Bt176) and conventional corn silage.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(114, 'Soybean event DP-305423-1 and compositions and methods for the identification and/or detection thereof', NULL, 'en_US'),
(115, 'Subchronic feeding study of high oleic acid soybeans (Event DP-35423-1) in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(116, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-35423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(117, 'Evaluation of nutritional equivalency of corn grain from DAS-157-1 (Herculex I) in the diets of laying hens.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(118, 'Efficacy of Cry1F insecticidal protein in maize and cotton for control of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(119, 'Effect of corn containing the Cry1F protein on performance of beef heifers fed a finishing diet based on steam-flaked corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(120, 'Selection for Cry1F resistance in the European corn borer and cross-resistance to other Cry toxins.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(121, 'An ecological risk assessment of Cry1F maize pollen impact to pale grass blue butterfly.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(122, 'Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) containing the bar gene is compositionally equivalent to the nontransgenic counterpart.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(123, 'Glufosinate herbicide-tolerant (LibertyLink) rice vs. conventional rice in diets for growing-finishing swine.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(124, 'Attempts to detect transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein in muscle from broilers fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(125, 'Tolerance of Bt corn (MON 810) to maize stem borer, <i>Chilo partellus</i> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(126, 'Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(127, 'Effects of cultivation of genetically modified Bt maize on epigeic arthropods (Araneae; Carabidae).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(128, 'Broiler performance and carcass characteristics when fed diets containing lysine maize (LY038 or LY038 x MON 810), control, or conventional reference maize.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(130, 'A two-year field study with transgenic <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> maize: effects on soil microorganisms.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(132, 'Detection methods for biotech cotton MON 15985 and MON 88913 by PCR.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(134, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(136, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn--revisited.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(137, 'Consumption of Bt maize pollen expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 does not harm adult green Lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(138, 'Consumption of Bt maize pollen expressing Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1 does not harm adult green Lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(139, 'Results of a 13-week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn rootworm-protected, glyphosate-tolerant MON 88017 corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(140, 'Glyphosate-tolerant alfalfa is compositionally equivalent to conventional alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(141, 'Comparison of the forage and grain composition from insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerance MON 88017 corn to conventional corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(142, 'Acute and repeated dose oral toxicity of N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(144, 'The biology of <i>Zea mays</i> (L.) maize. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dir/dir9411e.shtml.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(145, 'High throughput genetic transformation mediated by <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> in maize.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(146, 'Comparison of broiler performance and carcass yields when fed diets containing transgenic maize grains from event DP-9814-6 (Optimum GAT), near-isogenic control maize grain, or commercial reference maize grains.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(147, 'Response of 98140 corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) with <i>gat4621</i> and <i>hra</i> transgenes to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides', NULL, 'en_US'),
(148, 'Composition of grain, forage, and processed fractions from second-generation glyphosate-tolerant soybean, MON 89788, is equivalent to that of conventional soybean (Glycine max L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(149, 'The molecular basis of glyphosate resistance by an optimized microbial acetyltransferase.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(150, 'Evaluations of Bollgard', NULL, 'en_US'),
(153, 'Efficacy of Cry1F insecticidal protein in maize and cotton for control of fall armywork (Lepidoptera: noctuidae).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(154, 'Corn expressing Cry1Ab or Cry1F endotoxin for fall armyworm and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) management in field corn for grain production.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(156, 'Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosate tolerance gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(157, 'Subchronic feeding study of high oleic acid soybeans (Event DP-35423-1) in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(158, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-3O5423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(159, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard  Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(160, 'Effects of corn silage derived from a genetically modified variety containing two transgenes on feed intake, milk production, and composition, and the absence of detectable transgenic deoxyribonucleic acid in milk in Holstein dairy cows.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(161, 'Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (event NK603).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(162, 'Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk production in dairy cattle.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(163, 'Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk production in dairy cattle.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(164, 'Influence of glyphosate-tolerant (event nk603) and corn rootworm protected (event MON863) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein cattle.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(166, 'Utilization of Bt corn residues by grazing beef steers and Bt corn silage and grain by growing beef cattle and lactating dairy cows.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(167, 'Corn event 3272 and methods for detection thereof', NULL, 'en_US'),
(168, 'Performance of lactating dairy cows fed silage and grain from a maize hybrid with the cry1F trait versus its nonbiotech counterpart.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(169, 'Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-157-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(170, 'Compositional equivalency of Cry1F corn event TC6275 and conventional corn (Zea mays L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(171, 'Compositional assessment of event DAS-59122-7 maize using substantial equivalence.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(172, 'Comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic DAS-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(173, 'Subchronic feeding study of DAS-59122-7 maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(174, 'Performance of laying hens fed diets containing DAS-59122-7 maize grain compared with diets containing nontransgenic maize grain.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(175, 'The in vivo digestive fate of the Cry3Bb1 protein in laying hens fed diets containing MON 863 corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(176, 'Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval feeding behavior on transgenic maize (MON 863) and its isoline.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(177, 'Effects of grazing residues or feeding corn from a corn rootworm-protected hybrid (MON 863) compared with reference hybrids on animal performance and carcass characteristics.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(178, 'Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn hybrids.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(179, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn--revisited.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(180, 'Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89788), control, or conventional reference soybeans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(181, 'Chemical composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean 40-3-2 grown in Europe remains equivalent with that of conventional soybean (Glycine max L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(182, 'Comparison of the nutritional profile of glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 with that of conventional corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(183, 'Composition of grain and forage from corn rootworm-protected corn event MON 863 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays l.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(184, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second-generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(185, 'Susceptibility of Cry1Ab-resistant and -susceptible sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> toxins.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(186, 'Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing combined trait insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034  NK603), control, or conventional reference corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(187, 'Comparison of broiler performance and carcass yields when fed diets containing transgenic maize grains from event DP-9814-6 (Optimum GAT), near-isogenic control maize grain, or commercial reference maize grains.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(188, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second-generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(189, 'The molecular basis of glyphosate resistance by an optimized microbial acetyltransferase.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(190, 'A gene-shuffled glyphosate acetyltransferase protein from <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (GAT4601) shows no evidence of allergenicity or toxicity.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(191, 'Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosate tolerance gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(192, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-35643-5 (Optimum GAT), nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(193, 'Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-35643-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(194, 'A comparative study of the allergenic potency of wild-type and glyphosate-tolerant gene-modified soybean cultivars', NULL, 'en_US'),
(195, 'The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase of glyphosate-tolerant soybean expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> shows no severe allergenicity.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(196, 'Qualitative and quantitative PCR methods for event-specific detection of genetically modified cotton Mon1445 and Mon531.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(197, 'A novel, high performance enzyme for starch liquefaction.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(198, 'Self-processing plants and plant parts', NULL, 'en_US'),
(199, 'Biology Document BIO2003-12: The Biology of <i>Lens culinaris</i> Medikus (Lentil)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(200, 'Weeds of the United States and Canada. Version 2.0. CD-ROM. Southern Weed Science Society, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(201, 'Inventory of Canadian agricultural weeds', NULL, 'en_US'),
(202, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(203, 'Glyphosate. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme of Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva', NULL, 'en_US'),
(204, 'The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(205, 'Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(206, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(208, 'The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(210, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(214, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(218, 'Toxins in temperate grasses - implications and solutions.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(219, 'Regulations and procedures for pedigreed seed production. Circ. 6-94. Canadian Seed Growers Association, Ottawa ON', NULL, 'en_US'),
(220, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(224, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(228, 'Jointed goatgrass (<i>Aegilops cylindrica</i> Host) X wheat', NULL, 'en_US'),
(229, 'Inventory of Canadian agricultural weeds. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch. 396 pp.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(231, 'Inventory of Canadian agricultural weeds. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch. 396 pp', NULL, 'en_US'),
(232, 'Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(233, 'Secondary Food Additives Permitted in Food for Human Consumption; Food Additives Permitted in Feed and Drinking Water of Animals; Aminoglycoside 3''-Phosphotransferase II; Final Rule.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(234, 'Engineering resistance to mixed virus infection in a commercial potato cultivar: Resistance to potato virus X and potato virus Y in transgenic Russet Burbank.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(235, 'NewLeaf Plus Russet Burbank potatoes: replicase-mediated resistance to potato leafroll virus.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(236, 'Field performance of', NULL, 'en_US'),
(237, 'Cloning and expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of a <i>Klebsiella ozaenae</i> plasmidborne gene encoding a nitrilase specific for the herbicide bromoxynil.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(238, 'Purification and properties of a nitrilase specific for the herbicide bromoxynil and corresponding nucleotide sequence analysis of the', NULL, 'en_US'),
(239, 'Metabolism of the herbicide bromoxynil by <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> subsp. <i>ozaenae</i>.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(241, 'Resistance to papaya ringspot virus.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(242, 'Characterization of the Roundup Ready soybean insert.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(243, 'Compositional analysis of tubers from insect and virus resistant potato plants.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(246, 'Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(255, 'Ecotoxocological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(265, 'Safety and advantages of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>-protected plants to control insect pests.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(283, 'Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line.', '', 'en_US'),
(284, 'Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, Glyphosate, for humans.', '', 'en_US'),
(286, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(288, 'Plant Virology, third edition', NULL, 'en_US'),
(289, 'Early events in plant virus infections: relationships with genetically engineered protection and host gene resistance.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(292, 'Weeds causing losses in the United States', NULL, 'en_US'),
(295, 'Early events in plant virus infections: relationships with genetically engineered protection and host gene resistance.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(296, 'Squash breeding. <I>In</I>: Breeding Vegetable Crops. Basset, M. J. (ed.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(297, 'Resistance of transgenic hybrid squash ZW-20 expressing the coat protein genes of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 to mixed infections by both potyviruses.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(299, 'Extreme field resistance in potato leafroll virus in potato cv. Russet Burbank mediated by the viral replicase gene.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(300, 'Risk assessment of virus spread and gene introgression using transgenic vegetable crops expressing viral coat protein genes.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(301, 'Is gene flow a serious risk for the release of virus-resistant transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(302, 'Weeds causing losses in the United States', NULL, 'en_US'),
(303, 'Inheritance and effect of ripening of antisense polygalacturonase genes in transgenic tomatoes.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(310, 'Resistance of cotton lines containing a <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> toxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelchiidae) and other insects.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(311, 'Insect resistant cotton plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(317, 'The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(318, 'p', NULL, 'en_US'),
(319, 'Glyphosate-Tolerant Cotton: Genetic Characterization and Protein Expression.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(320, 'Glyphosate-Tolerant Cotton: The Composition of the Cottonseed Is Equivalent to That of Conventional Cottonseed.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(321, 'Compositional Analysis of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybeans Treated with Glyphosate.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(322, 'Glyphosate-tolerant corn: the composition and feeding value of grain from glyphosate-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.).', '', 'en_US'),
(323, 'Evaluation of transgenic event 176', NULL, 'en_US'),
(324, 'The composition of insect-protected cottonseed is equivalent to that of conventional cottonseed.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(325, 'The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(326, 'The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(327, 'The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean', NULL, 'en_US'),
(328, 'Safety assessment of insect-protected corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(330, 'Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate', NULL, 'en_US'),
(331, 'Free-living <I>Cucurbita pepo</I> in the United States. Viral resistance, gene flow, and risk assessment. Report to USDA Biotechnology, Biologics and Environmental Protection.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(333, 'Squash breeding.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(334, 'Safety assessment of mEPSPS protein in Roundup Ready corn plants. <i>Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting</i>, San Francisco, CA, Mar 25-29, 2001. Abstract 1957.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(335, 'Composition of forage and grain from second-generation insect-protected corn MON 89034 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.).', NULL, 'en_US'),
(337, 'Study finds no Bt in milk. Integrated Crop Management – Special Livestock Edition, Fall, 1997. p6-7.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(338, 'Studies on soil microflora of Bt and non-Bt cotton fields: a comparative evaluation. Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(340, 'Safety assessment of potatoes resistant to Colorado potato beetle.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(342, 'Influence of Roundup Ready soybean production systems and glyphosate application on pests and beneficial insects in narrow-row soybeans.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(343, 'Molecular level lignin patterns of genetically modified Bt-maize MON88017 and three conventional varieties using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-induced thermochemolysis', NULL, 'en_US'),
(345, 'Assessment of insect-protected cotton: the composition of insect-protected cottonseed is equivalent to that of conventional cottonseed', 'Cotton plants have been developed that control the major lepidopteran insect pests of cotton by the stable introduction of a gene encoding an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. A comparison was made of the nutrient and antinutrient levels in the seed both to the parental variety and to published values for other commercial cotton varieties, as part of the safety and product assessment of these lines. Compositional equivalence confirmed the appropriateness of these cotton lines (531, 757 and 1076) for use in food and feed products. The insect-protected lines and the parental control were shown to contain levels of nutrients comparable to those of other commercial varieties. The levels of the antinutrients gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids and aflatoxin in the seed from the insect-protected lines were similar to or lower than the levels present in the parental variety and reported for other commercial varieties. It is concluded that these analyses demonstrate that seed from the insect-protected cotton lines is compositionally equivalent to and as nutritious as seed from the parental and other commercial cotton varieties.', 'en_US'),
(346, 'Compositional analysis: the key component for the safety assessment of Flavr Savr? tomatoes or why would anyone want to feed a whole food to rats?', '', 'en_US'),
(347, 'Investigation of glycoalkaloids in potatoes as an example for the principle of substantial equivalence.', '', 'en_US'),
(348, 'Characterization of phospholipids from glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.', 'The phospholipids from three control and two glyphosate-tolerant soybean cultivars were isolated by extraction of soy flakes with hexane and characterized after separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In addition, several lots of commercial fluid lecithin were analyzed and the results were compared to values published in the literature. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-inositol, and phosphatidic acid were identified as major components in these cultivars and in the commercial lecithin samples. The results showed that glyphosate-tolerant soybeans yield lecithin comparable and equivalent to conventional soybean cultivars.', 'en_US'),
(349, 'When does similar mean the same: a case for relaxing standards of substantial equivalence in genetically modified food crops.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(350, 'Beyond ''substantial equivalence''.', 'Whenever official approval for the introduction of genetically modified (GM) foods has been given in Europe or the United States, regulatory committees have invoked the concept of ''substantial equivalence''. This means that if a GM food can be characterized as substantially equivalent to its ''natural'' antecedent, it can be assumed to pose no new health risks and hence to be acceptable for commercial use. At first sight, the approach might seem plausible and attractively simple, but we believe that it is misguided, and should be abandoned in favour of one that includes biological, toxicological and immunological tests rather than merely chemical ones. The concept of substantial equivalence has never been properly defined; the degree of difference between a natural food and its GM alternative before its ''substance'' ceases to be acceptably ''equivalent'' is not defined anywhere, nor has an exact definition been agreed by legislators. It is exactly this vagueness that makes the concept useful to industry but unacceptable to the consumer. Moreover, the reliance by policymakers on the concept of substantial equivalence acts as a barrier to further research into the possible risks of eating GM foods.', 'en_US'),
(351, 'Quality and safety evaluation of genetically engineered rice with soybean glycinin: analyses of the grain composition and digestibility of glycinin in transgenic rice.', 'The composition of nutritionally and physiologically important molecules in transgenic rice with the soybean glycinin gene was determined and compared with that of a non-transgenic control. Except for the levels of protein, amino acids and moisture, no marked differences were found between the two kinds of rice. The protein content of the transgenic rice was about 20'' higher than the control (control, 6.5 g/100 g; transgenic, 8.0 g/100 g) with a concomitantly lower moisture content. This increased protein content mainly resulted from the increased glycinin expressed in the transgenic rice, and the protein was susceptible to gastric and intestinal digestion juices. In parallel with the increased protein content, some important amino acids lacking in quantity in normal rice were replenished.', 'en_US'),
(352, 'Glyphosate-tolerant cotton: the composition of the cottonseed is equivalent to that of conventional cottonseed.', 'An important aspect of the safety assessment of genetically modified crops to be used for human food and animal feed is the product composition, including nutrients and antinutrients. Cotton lines have been developed that are tolerant to glyphosate, and the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup. The glyphosate-tolerant lines were generated by the stable insertion of a glyphosate tolerance gene in cotton cv. Coker 312. The glyphosate tolerance gene encodes for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) (EPSPS) from Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS). The composition of the cottonseed and oil from two glyphosate-tolerant lines, 1445 and 1698, was compared to that of the untransformed Coker 312 and to published values for other commercial cotton varieties. The nutrients measured were protein, fat, fibre, carbohydrate, calories, moisture, ash, amino acids, and fatty acids. The antinutrients measured included gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, and aflatoxins. In addition, the fatty acid profile and alpha -tocopherol levels were measured in the refined oil. These analyses demonstrated that the glyphosate-tolerant cotton lines are compositionally equivalent to the parental and conventional cotton varieties commercially available.', 'en_US'),
(353, 'Detection of transgenic DNA in bovine milk: results for cows receiving a TMR containing maize grain modified for insect protection (MON810)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(354, 'Potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic plants to microorgansims', 'A review with 81 refs. Horizontal gene transfers among bacteria, such as natural transformation or conjugation, may have played an important role in bacterial evolution. They are thought to have been involved in promoting genome plasticity which permitted bacteria to adapt very efficiently to any change in their environment and to colonize a wide range of ecosystems. Evidence that some genes were transferred from eukaryotes, and in particular, from plants to vacteria, was optained from nucleotide and protein sequence analyses. However, numerous factors, including some which are endogenous to the vacterial cells, tend to limit the extent of transfer particularly among phylogenitically distant orgaisms. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the potentials and limits of natural interkingdom gene transfers, with particular focus on prokaryote-originating sequences which fit the nuclear genome of transgenic plants.', 'en_US'),
(355, 'DNA stability in plant tissues: implications for the possible transfer of genes from genetically modified food', 'The potential for transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from genetically modified (GM) plant material to microbes through genetic recombination in the human or animal gut is a consideration that has engendered caution in the use of GM foods. This study was aimed at defining the optimal phys. and chem. conditions necessary to ensure sufficient fragmentation of DNA in plant tissues to a size where it would be unlikely to be stably transferred to bacterial gut microflora. The ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (Rubisco SS) genes are of similar size (approx. 1.4 kb) to transgenes present in GM plants. DNA anal. and PCR amplification of Rubisco SS genes showed that fresh maize and maize silage contained high mol. wt. DNA and intact Rubisco SS genes. Relatively high temps. and pressurised steam were necessary to degrade fully genomic DNA and Rubisco SS genes in maize and wheat grains, the source of most animal feedstuffs. Furthermore, chem. expulsion and extrusion of oilseeds resulted in residues with completely degraded genomic DNA. These results imply that stringent conditions are needed in the processing of GM plant tissues for feedstuffs to eliminate the possibility of transmission of transgenes.', 'en_US'),
(356, 'Introduction of recombinant DNA-engineered organisms into the environment: key issues', NULL, 'en_US'),
(357, 'Field testing genetically modified organisms: framework for decisions', NULL, 'en_US'),
(358, 'Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration statement of policy: foods derived from new plant varieties', 'The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a policy statement on foods derived from new plant varieties. including plants developed by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] techniques. This policy statement is a clarification of FDA''s interpretation of the Federal Food. Drug. and Cosmetic Act (the act). with respect to new technologies to produce foods, and reflects FDA''s current judgment based on new plant varieties now under development in agricultural research. I-his action is being taken to ensure that relevant scientific. safety. and regulatory issues are resolved prior to the introduction of such products into the marketplace.', 'en_US'),
(359, 'IFT expert report on biotechnology and foods: Human food safety evaluation of rDNA biotechnology-derived foods', NULL, 'en_US'),
(360, 'New weed control opportunities: development of soybeans with a Roundup Ready gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(361, 'Compositional analysis of tubers from insect and virus resistant potato plants', 'Genetically modified potato plants that are resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, plus either the potato leaf roll virus or potato virus Y, have recently been commercialized. As part of the safety assessment for plants produced by modern biotechnology, the composition of the food/feed must be compared to that of the food/feed produced by an equivalent plant variety from a conventional source. The composition of important nutritional and antinutritional factors in tubers produced by virus-and insect-resistant potato plants were compared to tubers produced by conventional potato plants. Key nutritional, quality, and antinutritional components measured were total solids, vitamin C, dextrose, sucrose, soluble protein, and glycoalkaloids. Proximate analyses included fat, ash, calories, total protein, and crude fiber. Minor nutrients measured were vitamin B6, niacin, copper, magnesium, potassium, and amino acids. The results from these analyses confirm that tubers produced by insect-and virus-protected varieties are substantially equivalent to tubers produced by conventional potato varieties.', 'en_US'),
(362, 'Safety assessment of insect-protected corn', 'The success of the genetic modification of plant species for insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance has led to the rapid development of improved commercial varieties for many crops. There are over 40 different genetically modified plant products that have been approved in at least one country, and about 30 million acres of genetically modified plant varieties were planted in 1997 (James 1997). One of these products, the insect-protected corn event MON 810 (YieldGardTM) expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry 1Ab. YieldGardTM corn is protected from feeding damage normally caused by the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilulis), southwestern corn borer (SWCB, Diutrueu grundiosellu), and pink borer (Sesamiu crericu). A critical step in the commercial development of these products is gaining regulatory approvals for both production and import of the genetically modified plant products. Food, feed, and environmental approvals, and, in some countries, variety registration for new plant varieties, are necessary for genetically modified plants. This chapter is an overview of the information developed and provided to the regulatory agencies to obtain food, feed, and environmental approvals for YieldGardTM corn. Variety registration is the same for varieties developed through traditional breeding or biotechnology and therefore is not discussed in this chapter.The European corn borer (ECB, Ostriniu nubilulis) (Hubner) is an economically important pest of corn that has spread throughout the major corn-growing regions of the United States and Europe (Showers et al. 1989). Yield losses due to ECB damage are estimated to be 3 to 7% per borer per plant (Lynch 1980; Gay 1993), which causes annual losses from $37 to $172/ha of corn (Rice 1994). This insect typically has one to three generations per year. Insect damage to the plant includes leaf feeding by the first generation; stalk tunneling by the first and second generations; and leaf sheath, collar feeding, and ear damage by the second and third generations. Chemical control is ineffective once the borers have tunneled into the plant because the insect pest is then inaccessible to the chemical.', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(363, 'Glyphosate-tolerant corn: the composition and feeding value of grain from glyphoste-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.)', 'Glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready) corn line GA21 has been developed by genetic modification to tolerate glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compositional and nutritional safety of corn line GA21 compared to that of conventional corn. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximate, fiber, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral contents of grain and proximate, fiber, and mineral contents of forage collected from 16 field sites over two growing seasons. The nutritional safety of corn line GA21 was evaluated in a poultry feeding study conducted with 2-day old, rapidly growing broiler chickens, at a dietary concn. of 50-60% wt./wt. Compositional anal. results showed that, except for a few minor differences that are unlikely to be of biol. significance, the grain and forage of GA21 corn were comparable in their compn. to that of the control corn line and to conventional corn. Results from the poultry feeding study showed that there were no differences in growth, feed efficiency, adjusted feed efficiency, and fat pad wts. between chickens fed with GA21 grain or with parental control grain. These data taken together demonstrate that Roundup Ready corn is as safe and nutritious as conventional corn for food and feed use.', 'en_US'),
(364, 'Compositional analysis of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans treated with glyphosate', 'Compositional analyses and safety assessments of glyphosate-tolerant soyabeans (GTS) have been previously described. These analyses were extensive and included addressing the potential effects of the genetic modification on seed composition. Detailed compositional analyses established that GTS which had not been treated with glyphosate were comparable to the parental soyabean line and to other conventional soyabeans. In this study, two GTS lines, 40-3-2 and 61-67-1, were treated with commercial levels of glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The composition of the seed from soyabeans sprayed with glyphosate was compared to that from the non-sprayed parental control cultivar, A5403. The nutrients measured in the seed included protein, oil, ash, fibre, carbohydrates and amino acids. The concentration of isoflavones (also referred to as phytoestrogens) was also measured, as these compounds are derived from the same biochemical pathway that was engineered for glyphosate tolerance. The analytical results from these studies demonstrated that the GTS treated with glyphosate were comparable to the parental soyabean cultivar A5403 and other conventional soyabean varieties.', 'en_US'),
(365, 'Safety assessment of insect control Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2 class proteins for use in transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(366, 'Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests', 'Plants modified to express insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (referred to as Bt-protected plants) provide a safe and highly effective method of insect control. Bt-protected corn, cotton, and potato were introduced into the United States in 1995/1996 and grown on a total of approximately 10 million acres in 1997, 20 million acres in 1998, and 29 million acres globally in 1999. The extremely rapid adoption of these Bt-protected crops demonstrates the outstanding grower satisfaction of the performance and value of these products. These crops provide highly effective control of major insect pests such as the European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, pink bollworm, and Colorado potato beetle and reduce reliance on conventional chemical pesticides. They have provided notably higher yields in cotton and corn. The estimated total net savings to the grower using Bt-protected cotton in the United States was approximately $92 million in 1998. Other benefits of these crops include reduced levels of the fungal toxin fumonisin in corn and the opportunity for supplemental pest control by beneficial insects due to the reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Insect resistance management plans are being implemented to ensure the prolonged effectiveness of these products. Extensive testing of Bt-protected crops has been conducted which establishes the safety of these products to humans, animals, and the environment. Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicology studies conducted over the past 40 years establish the safety of the microbial Bt products, including their expressed insecticidal (Cry) proteins, which are fully approved for marketing. Mammalian toxicology and digestive fate studies, which have been conducted with the proteins produced in the currently approved Bt-protected plant products, have confirmed that these Cry proteins are nontoxic to humans and pose no significant concern for allergenicity. Food and feed derived from Bt-protected crops which have been fully approved by regulatory agencies have been shown to be substantially equivalent to the food and feed derived from conventional crops. Nontarget organisms exposed to high levels of Cry protein are virtually unaffected, except for certain insects that are closely related to the target pests. Because the Cry protein is contained within the plant (in microgram quantities), the potential for exposure to farm workers and nontarget organisms is extremely low. The Cry proteins produced in Bt-protected crops have been shown to rapidly degrade when crop residue is incorporated into the soil. Thus the environmental impact of these crops is negligible. The human and environmental safety of Bt-protected crops is further supported by the long history of safe use for Bt microbial pesticides around the world.', 'en_US'),
(367, 'Characterization of insect protection Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2aa protein produced in E. coli and cotton plants (abstract)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(368, 'Name of chemical(s): Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki CryIA (c) delta endotoxin and the genetic material necessary for its production in corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(369, 'Purification and biochemical comparison of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-caboxylic acid deaminase proteins expressed in delayed ripening tomato and Escherichia coli: studies for a food safety assessment', 'Tomato plants with delayed fruit ripening have been developed by introduction of the gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCd) protein into the tomato genome. The ACCd enzyme delays fruit ripening by decreasing ethylene synthesis. To facilitate safety assessments of the ACCd protein, the identical coding sequence used for tomato transformation was introduced into Escherichia coli to produce gram quantities of the protein. A method that included hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange chromatography was developed to purify approx equal to 2.5 g of ACCd. The E. coli-produced ACCd protein was demonstrated to be chemically and functionally equivalent to the ACCd protein expressed in and purified from delayed ripening tomato fruit. The proteins from each source had comparable apparent molecular weights, immunoreactivities, primary amino acid sequences and enzymatic activities and both proteins lacked glycosylation. These data validate the use of E. coli-produced ACCd protein to assess the safety of ACCd produced in delayed ripening tomatoes.', 'en_US'),
(370, 'Consequences of classical and biotechnological resistance breeding for food toxicology and allergenicity', 'The first food products derived from transgenic plants that are resistant to diseases, insects or viruses are now reaching the market and there is growing public concern about problems of allergenicity and toxicological changes in such transgenic food plants. This paper reviews the modifications being carried out, or envisaged, in molecular resistance breeding, and specifically considers the allergenic and toxicological potential of the gene products used. Several protein families that contribute to the defence mechanisms of food plants have members which are allergens or putative allergens and some of these proteins are used in molecular approaches to increase resistance. These include alpha -amylase and trypsin inhibitors, lectins and pathogenesis-related proteins. An assessment procedure to avoid the transfer of such allergens is described. The source of the transgene is of great importance for the application of immunological assays. In addition to putative changes in the allergenic potential, the toxicological implications of classical and molecular resistance breeding are discussed. Several ''self defence'' substances made by plants are highly toxic for mammals, including humans. Examples of molecular approaches that could be of toxicological concern are given. The source of the transgene is of no relevance in assessing the toxicological aspects of foods from transgenic plants. Food safety can also be severely influenced by invading pathogens and their metabolic products. This may result in a trade-off situation between ''nature''s pesticides'' produced by transgenic plants or varieties from traditional breeding programmes, synthetic pesticides and mycotoxins or other poisonous products of pests.', 'en_US'),
(371, 'Purification and characterization of microbially expressed neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein and its equivalence to the plant expressed protein.', 'The gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) has been used routinely as a selectable marker in the production of genetically engineered crops. To facilitate the safety assessment of this protein, the same coding sequence used for plant transformation was introduced into Escherichia coli to produce gram quantities of this protein. A unique, simple, rapid and efficient purification method was developed to purify thirty grams of NPTII protein. The microbially produced NPTII was shown to be chemically and functionally equivalent to the NPTII protein expressed in and purified from genetically engineered cotton seed, potato tubers and tomato fruit. Microbially produced and plant produced NPTII proteins have comparable molecular weights, immuno-reactivities, epitope structures, amino terminal amino acid sequences, biological activities and both lack glycosylation. Demonstrating the equivalence of NPTII protein from these sources establishes the validity of using the microbially produced NPTII to assess the safety of the NPTII protein produced in genetically engineered crops.', 'en_US'),
(372, 'Safety assessment of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein.', 'Two approaches were used to assess the safety of the NPTII protein for human consumption using purified E. coli produced NPTII protein that was shown to be chemically and functionally equivalent to the NPTII protein produced in genetically engineered cotton seed, potato tubers and tomato fruit.  The NPTII protein was shown, as expected, to degrade rapidly under simulated mammalian digestive conditions.  An acute mouse gavage study confirmed that the NPTII protein caused no deleterious effects when administered by gavage at a cumulative target dosage of up to 5000 mg/kg of body weight.  This dosage correlates to at least a million fold safety factor relative to the average daily consumption of potato or tomato, assuming all the potatoes or tomatoes consumed contained the NPTII protein.  These results, along with previously published information, confirm that ingestion of genetically engineered plants expressing the NPTII protein poses no safety concerns.', 'en_US'),
(373, 'The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5-enolypyruvylshikimate -3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice', NULL, 'en_US'),
(374, 'Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3bb1 protein produced in Bt and insect protected corn plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(375, 'Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2ab2 protein produced in Bt and insect protected corn and cotton plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(376, 'The effect of ensiling on PCR-based detection of genetically modified Bt maize', 'The detection of the genetic modification in silage obtained from insect-resistant Bt maize by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. The detectability of the transgene was shown to be dependent on the length of the genomic target sequence chosen for amplication by the PCR. By amplifying a Bt-maize-specific DNA sequence of 211 bp the genetic modification was detected up to 7 months after ensilage. The effect of maize DNA degradation in the course of the ensilage on the detectability of target sequences was demonstrated in model experiments.', 'en_US'),
(377, 'Safety assessment of insect control Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3bb1 protein for use in transgenic crops', 'Corn plants (Zea mays L.) protected from damage by the coleopteran pest, corn rootworm (CRW), are under development by Monsanto. Insect protection was accomplished by the stable insertion of a gene encoding the Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.). CRW protected corn plants will benefit corn growers and the environment by reducing chemical insecticide usage in corn and provide a more effective method of control of CRW. B.t. insecticidal proteins have over 3 decades of safe usage as biopesticides. They control larval pests, yet are safe to mammals, birds, fish and beneficial insects. Prior to commercialization of CRW protected corn varieties, protein safety data was generated to confirm the safety of the Cry3Bb1 protein. The test material used for safety studies was the Cry3Bb1 protein produced in and isolated from fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Cry3Bb1 protein was shown to be have no toxicity in an acute oral toxicity test in albino mice dosed at approximately 3500 mg/kg based on body weight, food consumption and gross necropsy results. Cry3Bb1 protein was readily digested in 15 seconds in vitro using simulated gastric fluid. The Cry3Bb1 protein shared no significant sequence similarity to known allergens and toxins other than related B.t. insect control proteins. These data confirm the safety of the Cry3Bb1 protein, consistent with the established safety of related B.t. insect control proteins.', 'en_US'),
(378, 'Safety assessment of mEPSPS protein in Roundup Ready® corn plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(379, 'Assessment of equivalence of insect protected corn and E. coli produced B.T.K. HD-1 protein', 'Corn plants (Zea mays L.) have been genetically engineered for protection from damage by the European Corn Borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilialis), a major corn pest. Protection was accomplished by insertion of a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki (B.t.k.) which encodes for the production of a protein(B.t.k. HD-1) which is insecticidal to Lepidoptera larvae. In support of regulatory approval of this ECB protected corn, data and information was obtained to demonstrate that B.t.k. HD-1 protein expressed by the inserted gene causes no adverse effects when consumed by domestic or wild animals or beneficial insects. Because the expressica levels of the B.t.k. HD-1 protein are extremely low in ECB protected corn, it was not feasible to isolate this protein from plants in sufficient quantity to conduct the various safety studies performed for the registration of this product.', 'en_US'),
(380, 'Specificity and efficacy of purified Bacillus thuringiensis proteins against agronomically important insects', 'Three purified proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis were bioassayed in the laboratory at 27 deg C against 17 insect pests from 5 orders and one species of mite. The proteins were single gene products from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, (HD-1 (CryIA(b)) and HD-73 (CryIA(c))) and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (CryIIIA). Of the insects tested, only the chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata was sensitive to CryIIIA protein with an LC50 of 6.5 micro g/ml. The sphingid Manduca sexta, the noctuids Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis virescens, Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera exigua and Heliothis zea (Helicoverpa zea) and the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis were sensitive to the B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki proteins, with LC50s of 0.036, 0.09, 1, 18, 44, 10 and 37 micro g/ml, resp., for HD-73, and 0.04, 0.19, 1.7, >80, 34, 33 and 3.6 micro g/ml for HD-1. Species which were not affected by the proteins included Blattella germanica and Aedes aegypti. No synergism was observed with combinations of proteins. A larval growth inhibition assay was developed to determine the amount of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki protein required to inhibit larval growth by 50% (EC50), enabling the detection of levels of HD-73 as low as 1 ng/ml. The EC50s for M. sexta, T. ni, Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea were 0.008, 0.014, 0.0013 and 0.014 micro g/ml, resp.', 'en_US'),
(381, 'Purification and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis insecticidal proteins produced in E. Coli.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(382, 'Characterization of the coleopteran-specific protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis.', 'The gene encoding the coleopteran-specific insect control protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis was isolated and characterized.  When expressed in either E. coli or P. fluorescens the gene directs the production of biologically active insect control protein that is lethal to Colorado potato beetle.  The gene contains two functional translational initiation codons in the same reading frame leading to the production of both the full length protein and an N-terminal truncated form.  The gene has been engineered to produce each of these two proteins separately, and each is active against Colorado potato beetle.  Native crystals from B.t. var. tenebrionis were found to contain five distinct proteins derived from this single gene either as primary translation products or the result of proteolysis.  Comparison of this gene to a lepidopteran-specific B.t. gene revealed only limited regions of homology.', 'en_US'),
(383, 'Glyphosate-tolerant cotton: genetic characterization and protein expression.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(384, 'Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line', 'Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is the active ingredient in the nonselective herbicide Roundup. The sensitivity of crop plants to glyphosate has limited its in-season use as a postemergence herbicide. The extension of the ue of Roundup herbicide to allow in-season application in major crops such as soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] would provide new weed control options for farmers. A glyphosate-tolerant soybean line, 40-3-2, was obtained through expression of the bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase, EPSPS) enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4. Line 40-3-2 is highly tolerant to glyphosate, showing no visual injury after application of up to 1.68 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha-1 of glyphosate under field conditions. Molecular characterization studies determined that the single genetic insert in line 40-3-2 contains only a portion of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P-E35S), the Petunia hybrida EPSPS chloroplast transit peptide (CTP), the CP4 EPSPS gene, and a portion of the 3'' nontranslated region of the nopaline synthase gene (NOS3'') terminator. Inheritance studies have shown that the transgene behaves as a single dominant gene and is stable over several generations.', 'en_US'),
(385, 'Delayed ripening tomato plants expressing the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase', 'Tomato plants that are delayed in fruit ripening have been developed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfer of a gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCd) from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas chloroaphis into the tomato genome. Two delayed ripening (DR) tomato lines are characterized in this paper. Line 8338, transformed by a double border plasmid vector, contains a single copy of the accd gene, and DNA outside the plasmid border sequences was not transferred to the plant genome. Line 5673, transformed by a single border plasmid vector, contains a single copy of the accd gene plus tandem, incomplete copies of the gene. The mean expression levels of ACCd in fruit collected from four field trials were 39.4 and 20.6 mu g/g of fresh weight for lines 8338 and 5673, respectively. Fruit ethylene synthesis was significantly reduced, and time for fruit to ripen was extended for both DR lines compared to the parental line UC82B. Introduction of the accd gene and the delayed ripening trait into appropriate tomato varieties will potentially allow production of tomato fruit with superior flavour quality.', 'en_US'),
(386, 'Safety assessment of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase protein expressed in delayed ripening tomatoes', 'Tomato plants with delayed fruit ripening have been produced by stable insertion of the gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCd) protein into the tomato chromosome. Two approaches were used to assess the safety of the ACCd protein for human consumption. Purified Escherichia coli-produced ACCd protein, which is chemically and functionally equivalent to the ACCd protein produced in delayed ripening tomato fruit, was used in these studies. First, the ACCd protein was readily degraded under simulated mammalian digestive conditions. Second, the ACCd protein did not have any deleterious effects when administered to mice by acute gavage at a dosage of up to 602 mg/kg of bodyweight. This dosage correlates to greater than a 5000-fold safety factor relative to the average daily consumption of tomatoes, assuming that all tomatoes consumed contain the ACCd protein. These results in conjunction with previously published data, established that ingestion of tomato fruit expressing the ACCd protein does not pose any safety concerns.', 'en_US'),
(387, 'Bacillus thuringiensis toxin inhibits K+ - gradient-dependent amino acid transport across the brush border membrane of Pieris brassicae midgut cells.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(388, 'Re-engineering patatin (Sol t 1) protein to eliminate IgE binding.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(389, 'Allergenic potential of foods from genetically engineered plants', 'Plant biotechnology is beginning to result in new food products. Prior to introduction, transgenic plant varieties must be shown to be safe ecologically and safe to consume. An important consideration is an assessment of potential allergy to foods derived from transgenic plant varieties. The original source of the gene serves as a focal point - if a gene is obtained from an allergenic food source, it should be demonstrated that the gene does not encode an allergen. For non-allergenic gene sources, information should be obtained by comparing the genetic and physicochemical parameters of the encoded protein to common food allergens. The genes introduced into plants by genetic engineering were obtained from non-allergenic sources, do not encode allergens, and express proteins at very low levels. Significantly, the expressed proteins are extremely labile under simulated digestive conditions, whereas food allergens are resistant to digestion. Assessing a combination of these and additional factors provides assurance that transgenic plants will not increase the allergenicity of the food supply.', 'en_US'),
(390, 'Allergenicity assessment of foods derived from genetically modified plants', 'Assessment of the allergenicity of foods derived from genetically modified plants is discussed under the headings: Allergenic source of introduced protein; Nonallergenic source of introduced protein; The host; National and international consensus; and Reducing unwanted proteins.', 'en_US'),
(391, 'Allergenicity of foods derived from transgenic plants', 'Many plants have been genetically engineered to improve a specific property (e.g. delayed ripening and viral resistance) and are termed transgenic plants. Genetic engineering often results in the expression of one or more new proteins in the transgenic plant, and, although the amounts of protein produced are generally small, tests to check that these proteins do not cause allergies are required. In this study, procedures to test for the allergenic potential of food prepared from transgenic plants are discussed. Consideration is given to the source of the gene transferred into the plant (if the gene comes from an allergenic source then tests, such as radioallergosorbent tests, must be performed to check for allergenicity), comparison of physicochemical and biological properties (e.g. amino acid sequence and stability to digestion) of the new protein with those of known allergenic proteins and assessment of any allergens present in the plant prior to genetic engineering (to check that allergenicity does not alter in the transgenic plants).', 'en_US'),
(392, 'Preventing food allergy: emerging technologies', 'Food allergy represents a largely avoidable threat. Technologies are presently available or are under development that better define the molecules (allergens) responsible for food allergy, better detect the presence of allergens, and can reduce or even eliminate specific allergens from the food supply. The incidence of food allergy and fatal anaphylaxis triggered by food allergens is expected to decline as a result of the application of a combination of key technologies such as biotechnology, bioinformatics and immunodiagnostics, and of the Internet, as well as following the development of well-defined science-based public health policies.', 'en_US'),
(393, 'Food biotechnology and genetic engineering', 'The implications of advances in food biotechnology and genetic engineering for food allergy are examined. The development of the Colorado beetle-protected NewLeaf potato is described to illustrate the application of agricultural biotechnology. The food safety assessment of this product is summarized to illustrate the approaches used to ensure the safety of foods derived from genetically engineered food crops. The removal of allergens from foods by genetic engineering, animal models for predicting allergenicity and the development of international and national policies and legislation to assess the safety of food products derived from genetically engineered plants are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(394, 'Food allergens are stable to digestion in a simple model of the gastrointestinal tract', NULL, 'en_US'),
(395, 'Identification and characterization of IgE binding epitopes of patatin, a major food allergen of potato', 'Patatin has recently been identified as the 42 kDa major food allergen of potato (Sol t 1). Although potato allergy is rare, we have identified five potato allergic patients with positive skin prick tests and positive DBPC food challenges. Symptoms ranged from atopic dermatitis to food anaphylaxis in these patients, many of whom have been hospitalized numerous times after eating potato. Serum from these patients selectively identified and verified patatin as a major allergen from potato tubers by immunoblotting patatin pro tein purified from plants or total protein from potato tuber extracts.All patients indentified the 42 kDa patatin protein. The genes for patatins, a large gene family composed of numerous isofonns and which represent 40% of potato tuber protein, have been isolated many years ago. The availability of DNA and protein sequences allowed us to utilize positive IgE binding from each patient to identify the IgE binding epitopes of patatin. By synthesizing 89 over lapping decamer oligopeptides representing the full patatin primary amino acid sequence, we have identified the major and minor IgE binding epitopes of this allergen. Subsequently, we have identified within these epitopes, substitutions in amino acid residues that appear to reduce or abolish IgE binding to these peptides. By identifying amino acid sequences that potentially reduce IgE binding, it may be possible to engineer patatins with reduced allergenicity for use in immunotherapy and other applications.', 'en_US'),
(396, 'Status and safety of biotech crops', 'Significant expansion in the utilization of genetically modified crops has been realized since their introduction in 1996. By the crop year 1999, almost 100 million acres of biotech crops were grown, where soybean, corn, cotton, canola and potato represented 99% of the plantings, although 14 other crops were grown to a lesser but increasing extent (I). In 1999, biotech crops in the U.S. represented an expanding proportion of the total crop acreage: approximately 50% of soybeans, 33% of corn, 55% of cotton and 4% of potatoes had biotech traits - mainly insect protection or herbicide tolerance. Likewise, Canada (55% of canola and 20% of soybeans), China (10% of cotton) and Argentina (greater than 75% of soybeans) were also significant producers of biotech crops. The rapid adoption of biotech crops has been driven by economic and environmental benefits that are highly recognized by farmers, yet remain obscure to the general public where knowledge and information has been low and concerns about safety and consequences may be increasing. More recently, tangible environmental and potential public health benefits are being identified and communicated to consumers. Likewise, biotech crops with nutritional enhancements and direct benefits to consumers have begun to enter the marketplace or are under development.', 'en_US'),
(397, 'Preventing food allergy ? the impact of biotechnology', 'People who suffer from food allergies manage their condition by avoidance strategies such as diet eliminations and careful examination of ingredient labels. Unexpected exposures and resulting adverse reactions to food allergens represent the main challenge in food atopy. Unlike hay fever and respiratory allergies, immunotherapy has achieved only limited success because of the potency of food allergens, i.e., immunotherapy with food allergens can often trigger serious side effects, including anaphylaxis. Biotechnology has had a positive influence on the science of food allergy by facilitating the discovery and characterization of allergens using recombinant DNA methods. Today, it is generally accepted that most major allergens have been identified and described. Subsequently, biotechnology has enabled the development of diagnostics based on recombinant allergens and more recently has been used to engineer potentially safer immunotherapeutic versions of food allergens - the creation of deallergenized variants. This will allow safer immunotherapies since the de-allergenized variants of food allergens should produce fewer, if any, side effects. In addition, DNA vaccines based on these variants are being tested presently, with a view of providing long-lasting immunotherapeutic options for food allergy patients. Biotechnology is also providing prophylactic options through the development of hypoallergenic foods which have either been engineered to contain fewer andogenous allergens, or have been modified by the presence of proteins like theoredoxin, to render endogenous food allergens less potent and less allergenic. Hypoallergenic foods could reduce the incidence of new food allergies on a global basis.', 'en_US'),
(398, 'Neurobiology and allergenicity of plant anti-fungal proteins', 'Anti-fungal proteins (AFPs) of the plant defensin class are known to control Verticillium and Fusarium pathogens when assessed in vitro. Bioinformatics analyses of AFPs demonstrated that these small (~5 kDa) cystein-rich (6-8 residues) endogenous plant proteins may be members of a phylogenetically diverse class of structurally related proteins which share a scorpion-fold motif. AFPs may exert their inhibitory effects on fungal hyphae by utilizing the same strategy as scorpion toxins which perturb neuron function by interacting with gated channel proteins. To investigate this possibility, a series of experiments traditionally used to classify scorpion toxin function, based on interactions with different types of neural channel proteins, was conducted to evaluate whether AFPs act like ''scorpion defensins''. Perturbations of neural viability, steady-state electro-membrane potentials and sodium, potassium and calcium channel function were examined and compared using purified AFP proteins, scorpion toxin proteins, control neuro-toxins, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). AFPs are also homologous to plant ''sweet proteins'' that may interact directly with taste receptors. Further evaluation of AFPs and sweet proteins showed high levels of stability in models of gastro-intestinal digestion. While stability may be important for sweet protein functionality, stability may also correlate with potential food allergenicity or toxicity. To assess potential allergenicity, a structural homologue of our AFPs was purified from wheat (gamma-thionin) and directly tested for allergenicity using IgE from wheat-allergic patients. In addition, acute oral toxicity studies of sweet proteins in mice demonstrated a lack of toxic effect at high doses. Data from these experiments are being used to direct new inquiries into the safety and function of plant AFPs and sweet proteins.', 'en_US'),
(399, 'Genetic engineering and the allergy issue', 'Although much has been learned since the field was put on a scientific basis at the turn of the last century, our knowledge of food allergies is far from complete. It is still unclear, for example, why only certain individuals are affected and why, even among them, the problem is often restricted to childhood.It is also not clear why the allergies caused by various nuts and aquatic animals tend to persist and be lifelong. Milk, egg, soy, and wheat are the major food allergies in children, whereas peanut, tree nuts, shellfish, and fish are most prevalent in adults.The field is complicated by the fact that many more people believe they suffer from food allergies than is actually the case. Thus, although up to 20% of Americans have a perceived food allergy, the problem can be medically diagnosed in only about 2% of the population (Altman and Chiaramonte, 1996). The issue is further clouded by confusion with food intolerance and by evidence that allergies are increasing rapidly in developed countries for reasons that are only beginning to be understood. These factors collectively contribute to the lack of understanding that has long been a part of the food allergy field.Aside from limited attention drawn to the increased prevalence, food allergy has historically attracted little notice. However, with the advent of genetic engineering and its application to the production of food, the situation has changed dramatically.The development and commercialization of a variety of food crops with transgenes has thrust the allergy issue onto a public stage and given the field unprecedented exposure worldwide. Although not yet apparent, I believe the allergy and food technology fields will benefit from this attention in the long term, akin to the progress made in understanding the cellular immune system as a result of publicity brought by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic.', 'en_US'),
(400, 'Assessment of the endogenous allergens in glyphosate-tolerant and commercial soybean varieties', 'Defatted flakes or flour obtained from 2 glyphosate tolerant soyabean lines, 40-3-2 and 61-67-1, and the parental control variety were ground to a fine powder and then subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The electrophoretic banding patterns obtained for the glyphosate tolerant lines were identical to that of the parental control. Immunoblotting using a serum pool containing soyabean allergen-specific IgE antibody, generated from 5 patients with atopic dermatitis and soyabean hypersensitivity, revealed no differences in IgE-binding protein patterns between the different soyabean genotypes. Immunoblots with IgE antibody pools obtained from groundnut sensitive or non-atopic patients showed that a minimal amount of non-specific binding occurred at approximately 45 and 50 kDa for all the soyabean preparations. The results demonstrated that introduction of a gene for glyphosate tolerance caused no discernible changes, either quantitative or qualitative, in the composition of endogenous allergenic proteins in soyabean.', 'en_US'),
(401, 'Thioredoxin treatment increases digestibility and lowers allergenicity of milk', 'Background: By resisting digestion in the stomach, the major bovine milk allergen, @-lactoglobulin, is believed to act as a transporter of vitamin A and retinol to the intestines. fl-Lac- toglobulin has 2 intramolecular disultide bonds that may be responsible for its allergic effects.Objective: This study was carried out to assess the importance of disultide bonds to the allergenicity and digestibility of p-lac- toglobulin.Methods: P-Lactoglobulin was subjected to reduction by the ubiquitous protein thioredoxin, which was itself reduced by the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos- phate by means of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos- phate-thioredoxin reductase. Digestibility,was measured with a simulated gastric fluid; results were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Allergenicity was assessed with an inbred colony of high IgE-producing dogs sensitized to milk.Results: As found for other proteins with intramolecular disul- fide bonds, P-lactoglobulin was reduced specifically by the thioredoxin system. After reduction of one or both of its disul- fide bonds, /34actoglobulin became strikingly sensitive to pepsin and lost allergenicity as determined by skin test responses and gastrointestinal symptoms in the dog model. Conclusion: The results provide new evidence that thioredoxin can be applied to enhance digestibility and lower allergenicity of food proteins. ', 'en_US'),
(402, 'Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered plants: glyphosate tolerant soybean as a case study', 'A number of foods derived from genetically engineered plants are entering the marketplace. These products have been subjected to extensive food safety evaluations including addressing any allergy concerns. The allergy assessment should focus on the source of the introduced gene. If the gene is derived from an allergenic soure, the developer should verify that the gene product is not an allergen, For genes derived from non-allergenic sources, amino acid similarity analysis to known allergens provides an initial assessment of allergenic potential. In addition, common food allergens share important physiochemical properties such as resistance to digestive degradation, stability to food processing and prevalence in the diet that can be used as a basis for a scientific evaluation of allergenic potential.An allergenicity assessment of the protein expressed in soybean to confer selectivity to glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup@, was conducted using these criteria. The protein expressed was shown to be derived from a non-allergenic source, to have no significant amino acid homology to known allergens, to be rapidly degraded in a digestion model and to be present in relative low levels relative to commonly allergenic proteins. Most importantly, the introduced protein is closely related, both structurally and functionally, to the corresponding soybean protein. Based on this information, it was concluded that this introduced protein posed no significant allergenic concern. This approach should be generally applicable to assess allergenic concerns of foods derived from any genetically engineered plant variety.', 'en_US'),
(403, 'Principles and strategies for the assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically modified plants', 'IntroductionNumerous genetically modified plant products that provide protection against insect damage or viral disease, tolerance to environmentally preferred herbicides, modified oils, enhanced fruit ripening and other traits are already in the marketplace. As of the end of 1997, approximately 48 different genetically modified plant products had been approved for marketing in at least one country (1). These products and those being developed, undergo rigorous food, feed and environmental safety assessment prior to entry into the marketplace (2). The food safety assessment includes the evaluation of the safety of any newly expressed protein(s), including assessing any concerns relative to the toxicity or allergenicity of the protein(s).Scientific experts from the Allergy and Immunology Institute of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) and the International Food Biotechnology Council (IFBC) recently published an extensive scientific consensus report entitled ''Assessment of the Allergenic Potential of Foods Derived from Genetically Modified Crops'' (3) that specifically addressed allergenicity assessment. This report briefly summarizes the key findings and recommendations of that report, which was the culmination of over two years of extensive work. The joint publication contains eight different articles; the first seven of which provide background information on food allergy and plant biotechnology. Hefle et al. (4) provided a detailed catalogue of the reports of allergenic reactions to food and information on the types of data provided in these reports. Extensive information on the biochemical characterization of major food allergens (5, 6) and tests that are used to detect and diagnose specific food allergens (5) were also described. Peter Day provided a broad background on plant proteins (7) and plant biotechnology (8). The final article in this series (3) provided recommendations for a thorough step-wise process to evaluate the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically modified plants.', 'en_US'),
(404, 'Products from plant biotechnology', 'Crop plants have been continually modified genetically and improved for centuries, beginning by selecting seed from superior plants and reproducing these through selection and breeding. Traditional breeding methods have significantly increased productivity, with corn and wheat yields approximately doubling over the past 40-50 years. More recently, the ability to introduce DNA directly into crop plants has enabled very specific and selective plant improvement through techniques commonly referred to as plant biotechnology, genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA methodology. Numerous traits are being evaluated for their potential to:1) protect plants against insect damage, and fungal, viral, or bacterial diseases2) provide selectivity to preferred herbicides3) directly enhance crop yields4) increase nutritional value5) reduce naturally occurring toxicants or allergens6) modify the ripening process and provide fruits or vegetables with superior flavor7) use plants as factories to make biodegradable polymers, pharmaceutic products, and many other products', 'en_US'),
(405, 'Relative reaginic and inflammatory responses to extracts of modified and non-transgenic cottonseeds in brown Norway rats fed conventional cottonseed meal diets', NULL, 'en_US'),
(406, 'Toxicology of protein allergenicity: prediction and characterization', 'The ability of exogenous proteins to cause respiratory and gastrointestinal allergy, and sometimes systemic anaphylactic reactions, is well known. What is not clear however, are the properties that confer on proteins the ability to induce allergic sensitization. With an expansion in the use of enzymes for industrial applications and consumer products, and a substantial and growing investment in the development of transgenic crop plants that express novel proteins introduced from other sources, the issue of protein allergenicity has assumed considerable toxicological significance. There is a need now for methods that will allow the accurate identification and characterization of potential protein allergens and for estimation of relative potency as a first step towards risk assessment. To address some of these issues, and to review progress that has been made in the toxicological investigation of respiratory and gastrointestinal allergy induced by proteins, a workshop, entitled the Toxicology of Protein Allergenicity: Prediction and Characterization, was convened at the 37th Annual Conference of the Society of Toxicology in Seattle, Washington (1998). The subject of protein allergenicity is considered here in the context of presentations made at that workshop.', 'en_US'),
(407, 'Food allergens: implications for biotechnology', 'As reviewed in previous chapters, new plant varieties that are potential food sources are being developed with recombinant DNA technologies (Harlander 1991; Kessler et al. 1992; Olempska-Beer et al. 1993). On the basis of these techniques, specific genetic modifications that could not have been accomplished through traditional breeding techniques have been achieved, including the expression of proteins into plants from other species. Several potential foods that have been derived from these new plant varieties by recombinant DNA technologies and are either commercially available or approaching commercial introduction (Table 1). Because genes governing these new traits code for proteins that are ordinarily not present in that plant, there is concern about the effects of the transferred proteins on individuals ingesting them (Harlander 1991; Kessler et al. 1992; Olempska-Beer et al. 1993). A major concern is the potential of these transferred proteins as food allergens (Kessler et al. 1992; Olempska-Beer et al. 1993).', 'en_US'),
(408, 'Potential health risks of genetically modified organisms: how can allergens be assessed and minimized?', 'Allergies to foods are a significant public health concern throughout the world. Nearly 2 percent of adults and 4-6 per-cent of children suffer from food allergies, which are defined as an adverse immunologically me-diated reaction to antigenic molecules present in foods. The allergic response is mediated by the interaction of cell-bound immunoglobulin E (IgE), a class of antibody molecules uniquely in-volved in allergic reactions with allergen (Sampson and Metcalfe 1991; Metcalfe, Sampson, and Simon 1996). Antigenic molecules, or aller-gens, typically are proteins that stimulate aller-gen- specific IgE production in certain individuals through as yet undetermined mechanisms (Lehrer, Horner, and Reese 1996; Taylor and Lehrer 1996). Inheritance and exposure to aller-gens are two factors that contribute to the devel-opment of allergy. The pathophysiological mechanisms of food allergies are distinct from other food intolerances such as gluten sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) that are due to non-toxic, nonimmune reactions to foods even though symptoms may resemble those of ''true'' food al-lergies. Food allergy symptoms can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylactic shock (Sampson and Metcalfe 1991; Metcalfe, Sampson, and Simon 1996).More than 90 percent of the allergic reactions observed in children and adults can be attributed to exposure to eight foods or food groups. These include eggs, fish, shellfish, milk, peanuts, soy beans, tree nuts, and wheat (Taylor and Lehrer 1996). Virtually all allergens are proteins; yet of the enormous numbers of proteins occurring in foods, only a very few are allergenic and only in certain people. Most characterized food allergens, with some exceptions, are stable to digestion and processing, and many of the major allergens are generally proteins that are present in large amounts in allergenic foods. The primary struc-ture of food allergens has been determined by molecular cloning and sequencing (Taylor and Lehrer 1996; Bush and Hefle 1996; Lehrer and others 1997; Reese and Lehrer 1998).Usually, food allergy develops as follows. An allergen or an immunologically active fragment of that particular allergen crosses from the lumen of the gut through the mucosal membrane bar-rier; this molecule or its fragment can stimulate different types of lymphocytes that ultimately result in the production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies. These IgE antibodies also have the unique ability to bind to surface receptors on mast cells and basophils; upon a second or subsequent exposure, allergen may bridge cell-bound IgE an-tibodies. The cross-linking of cell-bound IgE an-tibodies will lead to the release of both preformed mediators, such as histamine and newly synthe-sized mediators such as protaglandins, that cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, bron-chial constriction, and cell infiltration, which in effect cause symptoms of allergic reactions (Sampson and Metcalfe 1991).', 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(409, 'The input of molecular biology: transgenic foods', 'An allergenic protein with Mr of about 16 kDa was isolated from rice salt-soluble fraction based on the reactivity with IgE antibodies from patients allergic to rice. A cDNA clone encoding the 16 kDa allergenic protein (1 GK-allergen) was isolated from a cDNA library of maturing rice seeds, and the deduced amino acid sequence of 16K-allergen showed considerable similarity to wheat and barley a-amylase/trypsin inhibitors, which have recently been identified as major allergens associated with baker''s asthma. An antisense RNA strategy was applied to repress the allergen gene expression in maturing rice seeds. Chimerit genes producing antisense RNAs of 16K-allergen under control of some promoters of rice seed specific genes including the 1 GK-allergen gene were introduced into rice with a hygromycin phosphotransferase gene by electroporation, Rice plants were independently regenerated from hygromycin-resistant calli, and their selfed seeds were obtained. Immunoblotting and ELISA analyses of the seeds using a monoclonal antibody to 16K-allergen suggested that allergen content of seeds from several transgenic rice plants was markedly lower than that of the seeds from parental wild type rice.', 'en_US'),
(410, 'Application of transgenic techniques for hypo-allergenic rice', NULL, 'en_US'),
(411, 'Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered crop plants.', 'This article provides a science-based, decision tree approach to assess the allergenic concerns associated with the introduction of gene products into new plant varieties. The assessment focuses on the source from which the transferred gene was derived. Sources fall into 3 general categories: common allergenic food proteins; less common allergenic foods or other known allergen sources; and sources with no allergenicity. Information concerning the amino acid sequence identity to known allergenic proteins, in vitro and/or in vivo immunologic assays, and assessment of key physiological properties are included in reaching a recommendation on whether food derived from the genetically modified plant variety should be labelled as to the source of the transferred gene.', 'en_US'),
(412, 'Transgenic soybeans containing Brazil nut 2S storage protein: issues regarding allergenicity', 'A 2s albumin from Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa L.), which has been expressed in transgenic soybean (Glycine max), binds human IgE from the sera of individuals allergic to Brazil nut. The 2s albumin is likely the major allergen from Brazil nut and should be identified as Ber e1.', 'en_US'),
(413, 'Evaluation of the allergenicity of foods developed through biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(414, 'Allergenic potential of genetically modified plant foods - how reliable is the proposed assessment strategy?', 'The strategy of allergy assessment proposed by IFBC and ILSI for foods derived from genetically improved crop plants (Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, Special Supplement (1996), 36: S165S186) is critically evaluated. Criticisms are illustrated by examples taken from results of our own studies and from the scientific literature. Comments are made on some assumptions of this strategy, in particular on the influence of breeding and genetic engineering, the abundance of allergens in foods, the minimal size of cross-reacting epitopes and the potential use of animal models, the application of which is not recommended in the assessment strategy. In conclusion, it is suggested (a) to exclude the expression level of proteins in foods as a criterion of the allergy assessment, (b) to reduce the minimal size of immunological significant sequences to four consecutive, identical amino acid residues and to perform sequence comparisons of known allergens and end-to-end alignments with newly introduced food proteins on the basis of that level. (c) lmmunogenicity testing of such new proteins in animals and rapid validation of established animal models of food allergy for their predictive value to assess the allergenic potential of genetically improved foods before releasing such foods to the market is also recommended.', 'en_US'),
(415, 'Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine', 'Diets containing genetically modified (GM) potatoes expressing the lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) had variable effects on different parts of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Some effects, such as the proliferation of the gastric mucosa, were mainly due to the expression of the GNA transgene. However, other parts of the construct or the genetic transformation (or both) could also have contributed to the overall biological effects of the GNA-GM potatoes, particularly on the small intestine and caecum.Genetically modified (GM) plant products are becoming increasingly common in the human food-chain, yet in contrast to the general acceptance of the need for the biological testing of novel foods and feedstuffs, few studies have been carried out on the possible effects of GM products on the mammalian ut mucosa. GM potatoes expressing a snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin [GNA]) under the CaMV35s promoter have been developed to increase insect and nematode resistance. 1 G N A was selected for insertion into potatoes because the initial effect of this mannose-specific lectin on the rat small bowel has been shown to be minimal, 2 and because its binding to mannose present on the epithelial surface of rat jejunal villi is demonstrable only after feeding for 10 days. We compared the histological indices of the gut of rats fed potato diets containing GM potatoes, non-GM potatoes, or non-GM potatoes supplemented with GNA, to find out whether GNA gene insertion had affected the nutritional and physiological impact of potatoes on the mammalian gut.ELISA analysis confirmed that the expression level of GNA in raw GM potatoes was 25·4 mg/g dry matter; the concentration was decreased to 4·9 mg/g after boiling for 1 h. Six rats were randomly allocated to each group, and were fed diets containing either raw or boiled GNA-GM potatoes, parent potatoes (Desiree), or parent-line potatoes supplemented with 25·4 mg/g GNA for 10 days. All potato diets were isocaloric and contained an average of 6% protein. Histological samples of stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon were taken 10 days after the start of feeding. The samples, each 2 cm in length, were opened along the antimesenteric border. The serosal surface was allowed to adhere to card for 3 min and was then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 18 h at 20°C. Paraffin sections (4 mm) were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and mucosal thickness (stomach) or crypt length (jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon) was measured by video-image analysis. Intraepithelial lymphocytes are equally distributed in all parts of the small intestine, and are known to increase when non-specific intestinal damage occurs. Thus, to assess potential damage, intraepithelial lymphocytes were counted in eight jejunal villi from each of the six rats fed diets containing GNA-GM potatoes or parent potatoes, both raw and boiled. No such measurements were made for the group fed parent potatoes spiked with GNA because dietary GNA or other lectins do not induce lymphocyte infiltration. GNA binding to the jejunum and ileum was measured by elution with 0·1 mol/L mannose, followed by ELISA.', 'en_US'),
(416, 'Limitations of whole food feeding studies in food safety assessment', 'The utility of feeding complex mixtures to animals as in whole food feeding studies for safety assessment has been addressed by various scientific groups. This issue first arose during the safety assessment of irradiated foods. Initial efforts by FDA and industry to establish safety relied upon the use of traditional feeding studies in animals. Hundreds of animal feeding studies were conducted during the 1960''s and 1970''s with various irradiated foodstuffs. In 1981, FDA established the Irradiated Foods Task Group. This group of scientists reviewed these data and concluded that animal feeding studies have limited sensitivity to detect small changes in food. Based on these experiences, food scientists and nutritionists have recommended against the routine use of whole food feeding studies in safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified plants. In the monograph published by the International Food Biotechnology Council (IFBC) on assessing the safety of foods produced by genetic modification, whole food feeding studies were not normally recommended. IFBC stated that whole food feeding studies, if undertaken, should be of relatively short duration to avoid the confounding factors such as nutritional imbalances which may develop after prolonged feeding. Similarly, the 1992 FDA Food Policy (published May 29, 1992) cautioned against the routine use of whole feeding studies for safety assessment of genetically modified food, We have conducted a number of short-term animal feeding studies to assess the wholesomeness of different foods/feeds derived from genetically modified and non-modified plants and have concluded that compositional analysis, comparing the levels of nutrients and toxicants, is of more value for assessing potential changes in food wholesomeness.', 'en_US'),
(417, 'Thirteen week feeding study in rats fed grain from Roundup Ready® corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(418, 'Consuming transgenic food crops: the toxicological and safety aspects of tomato expressing Cry 1Ab and NPTII', NULL, 'en_US'),
(419, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing Yieldgard corn, Yieldgard X Roundup Ready corn, parential lines or commerical corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(420, 'Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn event NK603, parental line, or commercial corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(421, 'Hazard evaluation of glufosinate tolerant crops', 'Glufosinate tolerant crops contain a transgene encoding the enzyme protein phosphinothricin N-acetyl transferase (PAT), which detoxifies glufosinate ammonium, the active component in the herbicide Liberty®.Diets containing up to 5 % PAT-Protein did not cause adverse effects in a 14-day toxicity study on rats conducted according the OECD Test Guideline 407.PAT has no structural similarity to known food allergens and is not stable at temperatures above 50 ''C or at a pH outside the range 5.5 - 10. PAT is present in glufosinate tolerant crops at minute concentrations up to maximally low3 % of the total protein content. It is rapidly inactivated and degraded in gastric fluid. PAT, being a very specific enzyme, does not acetylate glutamate, the closest structural analogue to glufosinate, or any of the amino acids normally present in animals and plants.Consequently, the likelihood that PAT in glufosinate tolerant crops may involve any toxic or allergic hazards, or biochemical effects to man or animal is deemed negligible.Generally, for adequate health hazard assessment of gene modified crops, health hazards possibly linked to the gene product (PAT-Protein), need first to be examined carefully. The short term toxicity test (14 - 28 days) is best suited for intrinsic systemic types of toxicity. It allows a wide range of endpoints to be tested, using an amount of test sample that can (just) be accommodated. Secondly, various biochemical assays on the gene product are recommended as appropriate to predict how the mammalian organism handles the gene product. Depending on the outcome further testing may be indicated. Thirdly, in the case of herbicide tolerant crops, the herbicide and its plant metabolites need to be examined carefully as defined by various regulatory directives (911414 in EU). Conventional sub-chronic feeding studies with the gene modified crop are deemed insensitive and of low value for hazard assessment. They should not be part of the standard registration requirement.Development of an adequate test method for food allergenicity should be considered. In the absence of such a test method, allergenicity should be estimated on the basis of the results of the above-mentioned biochemical screening assays.', 'en_US'),
(422, 'Biosafety evaluation of transgenic asparagus', 'The field performance of a transgenic asparagus (Asparagus ofikkdis L.) line was evaluated in a small-scale trial from 1989 to 1992. Compared to the parental genotype, this transgenic line had low vigour and poor yield. Careful monitoring of the field trial site detected no dispersal of transgenic pollen during the trial, and the absence of volunteer plants following the completion of the trial. Nutritional analysis of the harvested spears established no significant differences between the transgenic line and the parental genotype with respect to content of ash, crude protein, fat, insoluble dietary fibre, soluble dietary fibre, carbohydrate, and individual amino acids.', 'en_US'),
(423, 'Biosafety assessment of transgenic potatoes, environmental monitoring and food safety evaluation', NULL, 'en_US'),
(424, 'Experience in field testing of transgenic potatoes with an added antifreeze gene in Bolivia.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(425, 'Field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing the Bacillus thurigiensis var. kurstaki insect control protein', NULL, 'en_US'),
(426, 'Regulatory considerations: the FlavrSavr ? tomato and the regulatory process', NULL, 'en_US'),
(427, 'The biosafety aspects of commercialization: insect resistant cotton as a case study', 'Extensive field tests with insect resistant cotton plants, which express a Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki protein, have established commercially acceptable levels of control of the targeted lepidopteran insects. These plants have the potential to provide the agricultural community with an effective and environmentally friendly method to control the major insect pests of cotton. The insect resistance trait has been backcrossed into commercial germplasms to produce cotton varieties which combine the best agronomic traits with resistance to lepidopteran insects. As these commercial varieties are being developed and extensively field tested, data have been generated to establish the environmental, animal feed and human food safety of this product. This manuscript summarizes our approach to establish the safety of these insect. resistant cotton plants and to gain regulatory approval for commercialization. We have characterized these plants, genetically, molecularly and biochemically, and established the safety of both the introduced proteins and the products generated from these plants. The introduced proteins have been purified and shown not to cause any adverse effects to non-target organisms when exposed to extremely high doses. These proteins are produced at low levels in the plants and were shown to degrade rapidly during mammalian digestion as well as in the soil. No adverse effects were observed in feeding the cottonseed producing these proteins to rodents, birds or fish. The quality of the seed and oil generated from the seed as well as the level of anti-nutritional components were not significantly altered in these insect resistant plants relative to the non-modified parental variety. We are confident that our broad science-based approach to establish the food, feed and environmental safety of these plants and plant products provides the information necessary to gain regulatory approval and consumer acceptance of this product. Likewise, similar information is being generated to establish the safety of other products that will follow insect resistant cotton into the market place.', 'en_US'),
(428, 'Commercialization of soybeans with the Roundup Ready® gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(429, 'Safety evaluation of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans', 'Introduction Numerous genetically engineered plant products have been extensively field tested and are moving towards market introduction. The first of these products, the FlavrSavr ? tomato, was recently introduced in the United States after lengthy consultations with the United States Food and Drug Administration. Confirming the safety and satisfying the appropriate regulatory agencies are key steps in the development of these products. A case study using soybeans that have been modified to be tolerant to glyphosate (glyphosatetolerant soybeans, GTS) will be used to illustrate the detailed technical assessment employed to establish that these soybeans are substantially equivalent to the soybeans in commerce today.We have carefully followed the guidance provided by both the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993) and the Food and Drug Administration (US FDA, 1992) in assessing the safety of GTS. This assessment, which focused on the composition and nutrition of soybeans and the safety of the introduced protein that confers glyphosate tolerance, leads to the conclusion that GTS are substantially equivalent to the soybeans currently in commerce. Detailed compositional analysis of several other genetically engineered crops will be presented to verify that many of the genetically engineered crops being developed are substantially equivalent to the corresponding products currently marketed.', 'en_US'),
(430, 'Regulatory considerations for pesticidal plants: insect-resistant cotton as a case study', NULL, 'en_US'),
(431, 'Quantification of Bacillus thuringiensis insect control protein CryIAc over time in Bollgard cotton fruit and terminals', 'A sensitive quantitative bioassay was developed for the measurement of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner -endotoxin, Cry1Ac, in Bollgard cotton plant tissue. Cotton tissue samples were evaluated in a sensitive Heliothis virescens (F.) growth inhibition bioassay, with Cry1Ac levels being quantified by comparison with concurrently run concentration-response curves using purified Cry1Ac protein. The assay was amenable to large numbers of samples, used small amounts of plant tissue, and avoided some of the concerns associated with immunobased quantitative assays. Field studies were conducted during the 1995 growing season in which Cry1Ac levels were quantified in the Bollgard cotton line 531 (in Coker 312 background). Analyses were conducted to test for the effects of environment (field site differences), plant age, and tissue type on Cry1Ac concentrations. The small foliage of main terminals and the primary, or proximal, fruiting structure from node 9 (9th main stem branch from the bottom of the plant) were sampled at various intervals throughout the growing season at 6 field sites. Mean Cry1Ac levels in terminals and fruiting tissue differed significantly, with terminal foliage levels higher than node 9 fruit. Within each tissue type, significant differences among sites were also seen, suggesting environmental influence on either Cry1Ac production or stability. Mean Cry1Ac values in fruiting structures declined significantly from 57.1 g/g dry weight at 53 d after planting to 6.7 g/g at 116 d after planting. Mean terminal Cry1Ac levels also declined significantly from 163.4 g/g to 34.5 g/g at 53 d after planting and 116 d after planting, respectively. In general, Cry1Ac levels in the fruit and terminals of Bollgard cotton declined steadily as the growing season progressed, with greater activity always occurring in the terminal foliage.', 'en_US'),
(432, 'Survival and growth of bollworm and tobacco budworm on nontransgenic and transgenic cotton expressing a CryIA insecticidal protein (Lepidoptera noctuidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(433, 'Safety evaluation for new varieties of food crops developed through biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(434, 'Evaluation of toxicological studies on FLAVR SAVR tomato', NULL, 'en_US'),
(435, 'Food safety assessment of genetically modified crops', 'Following the production of the first transgenic plants, health issues concerning the safety of using genetically modified (GM) crops in foods and feeds have been discussed, debated, and evaluated. The main concerns regarding GM foods include toxin or allergen production, changes in nutrient levels, and development of antibiotic resistance. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established extensive guidelines to address the concerns and ensure the safe commercial introduction of GM crops for use in food or feed. The guidelines were developed through evaluation of scientific data from several disciplines related to genetic engineering and food safety, and consultation with experts from around the world. Foods containing GM crops meeting the FDA guidelines are deemed to be as safe and nutritious as their non-GM counterparts already on the market.', 'en_US'),
(436, 'Coat protein and replicase-mediated resistance to plant viruses', NULL, 'en_US'),
(437, 'The safety of foods developed by biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(438, 'Food safety assessment of transgenic insect resistant Bt tomatoes', NULL, 'en_US'),
(439, 'The economic implications of imported genetically modified soybean and maize livestock feed ingredients in the UK', NULL, 'en_US'),
(440, 'Safety assessment and commercialization of transgenic fresh tomato food products, transgenic cotton products and transgenic rapeseed oil products', NULL, 'en_US'),
(441, 'Aflatoxins in maize: the problem and genetic solutions', NULL, 'en_US'),
(442, 'Investigations of the allergenicity of Brazil nut 2S seed storage protein in transgenic soybean', NULL, 'en_US'),
(443, 'Safety assessment strategies for genetically modified plant products: a case study of Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin tomato', NULL, 'en_US'),
(444, 'Determination of the safety of genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(445, 'Genetically improved potatoes: protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles', NULL, 'en_US'),
(446, 'Food safety evalutaion of a transgenic squash', NULL, 'en_US'),
(447, 'Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans found safe for use in feed, food', 'Recent compositional studies, in conjunction with animal feeding studies, show soybeans tolerant to glyphosate are equivalent in nutrition, composition and wholesomeness to other soybeans, and are therefore, safe for inclusion in feed and food. The studies also established that CP4 EPSPS, the added protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTS), is readily digestible. Finally, the studies found that CP4 EPSPS pose no allergenic concerns.Three peer-reviewed articles on these studies appeared in the March issue of The Journal of Nutrition, the publication of the American Institute of Nutrition.The May 20 Feedstuffs article. ''Plant Biotechnology and The Feed Industry.'' addressed plant biotechnology products that soon will be available commercially and incorporated into feed products. In particular, the article addressed the equivalence of these plant biotechnology products to crops currently on the market. In addition, it discussed U.S. regulatory oversight and the general commitment to safety demonstrated by companies developing the newly commercialized products.This discussion will focus on one of these products - glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTS) - and summarize the specific objectives. Methods and results of the three studies that were part of a safety assessment program for this new soybean variety.', 'en_US'),
(448, 'Safety assessment of genetically engineered fruits and vegetables - a case study of the FLAVR SAVR tomato', NULL, 'en_US'),
(449, 'Aminoglycoside 3''-phosphotransferase II [APH(3'')II]: review of its safety and use in the production of genetically engineered plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(450, 'Regulatory issues for commercialization of tomatoes with an antisense polygalacturonase gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(451, 'Determination of the safety of genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(452, 'Immunodiagnostic methods for detection of 5-enolpyruvjlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in Roundup Ready soybeans', 'We have developed immunological-based detection methods to support labeling of protein-containing food fractions derived from Roundup Ready® soybeans. Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures were developed to measure the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) protein derived from the Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 in the major processed fractions derived from Roundup Ready soybean. Expression of the CP4 EPSPS protein confers tolerance to Roundup® herbicide. The western blotting method utilizes a polyclonal goat anti-CP4 EPSPS antibody which specifically binds to CP4 EPSPS followed by detection of bound goat antibody with biotinylated Protein-G. Detection of this complex is accomplished using horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) labeled NeutrAvidin(TM) and signal development by enhanced chemiluminesence. Data from western blot analyses of these fractions establish that stable epitopes remain after the seed has been subjected to processing conditions typically employed by the food industry, thereby enabling development of an ELISA method. The ELISA for measurement of CP4 EPSPS is a triple antibody sandwich procedure utilizing a monoclonal capture antibody and a polyclonal detection antibody followed by a third biotin labeled monoclonal anti-rabbit antibody. Sandwich formation is detected using HRP labeled NeutrAvidin(TM) with color development using TMB substrate. In the sandwich ELISA, the immunological activity of CP4 EPSPS was reduced by the extraction method required to solubilize CP4 EPSPS protein from processed fractions. Sensitivity of the CP4 EPSPS ELISA was sufficient to detect CP4 EPSPS protein in processed soybean fractions that contained 2% Roundup Ready soybean mixed with conventional processed soybean fractions, thereby making the ELISA an acceptable method to assess CP4 EPSPS protein in processed soybean fractions. Data on sensitivity, accuracy, precision and specificity, established that the western blot and ELISA methods are appropriate for compliance with the EC Novel Foods Regulation.', 'en_US'),
(453, 'Biotechnology and the soybean', 'Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTSs), the first biotechnologically improved soybeans to be marketed, became available commercially in 1996. The safety of GTSs was assessed in 2 ways: study of the introduced protein and of the soybean seed and selected processing fractions. Because soybeans are a major source of protein in most farm animals'' diets, animal feeding studies in wholesomeness were done to complement the analyses. Analysis of the expressed protein in GTSs [3- phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19)] showed it to be readily digestible and to possess no allergenic concerns. In addition, comparison of the composition of seeds and selected processing fractions from 2 GTS lines with the parental line showed that the lines are equivalent. Feeding studies in various animal species confirmed that the feeding value of GTS lines is comparable with that of the parental line. These studies support the conclusion that GTSs are as safe and nutritious as traditional soybeans marketed currently and can be incorporated safely into feed and food products in the near future.', 'en_US'),
(454, 'Transgenic high-protein sweet potatoes: their effects on protein quality and lipid metabolism', NULL, 'en_US'),
(455, 'Crop physiology and metabolism: analysis of expressed proteins in fiber fractions from insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant cotton varieties', 'The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of introduced proteins in the fibre fractions of transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) before and after processing. Two novel cotton varieties were developed by genetic transformation technology. One variety expressed the CryIA(c) insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. The second variety expressed the CP4 EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase) protein, originally found in Agrobacterium sp., which confers tolerance to glyphosphate herbicide. Levels of the CryIA(c) and CP4 EPSPS proteins in raw lint, combed lint, raw linters, and processed linter brown stock from these cotton varieties were analysed by means of western blot, insect bioassay (for CryIA(c) protein only), or both. The CryIA(c) protein was present in raw linters (0.17 micro g g-1), but it was not detected in either raw or combed lint. The CP4 EPSPS protein was detected at low levels (<0.5 micro g g-1) in combed lint, but not in processed linter brown stock. Inactivation of the CryIA(c) and CP4 EPSPS proteins in the first processing step for linters indicates that these proteins will not be present in cotton linter products. Similarly, the typical heat and chemical processing of cotton lint should also denature any transgenic protein(s) present.', 'en_US'),
(456, 'Consuming transgenic food crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(457, 'GMO in animal feed: Bt has no influence on nutritional and physiological properties', NULL, 'en_US'),
(458, 'Utilization of Bt corn residue and corn silage for growing beef steers', 'Two trials were completed to evaluate the se of Bt corn hybrids (de- rived from Event Bt11) for growing steers.Trial 1 utilized ?elds of N7333 Bt and N7333 non-Bt post-harvest corn residue to evaluate daily gain and grazing preference.The absence of signicant European corn borer (ECB )pressure resulted in similar grain yields (184 and 182 bu/acre) and residual corn (1.0 and 1.5bu/acre)for the Bt and non-Bt hybrid,re- spectively.Twenty-three acres of Bt and 21 acres of non-Bt corn residue were divided into 3 pastures and stocked with 8 or 9 steers,providing equal stocking rates.Daily gain of 67 steers grazing corn residue for 70 d was similar (avg.0.28 kg/d).Also,16 steers allowed access to either 7 acres of Bt or non-Bt corn residue demonstrated no grazing preference. In Trial 2,128 steers (avg.282 kg)were fed corn silage diets (90% silage and 10% supplement, DM basis)for 101 d.Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial:Bt or non-Bt versions of hybrids N7333 or N4242.Dry matter intake was higher (8.61 vs 8.32 kg/d;P <0.05)for steers fed Bt compared with non-Bt hybrids.An interaction (P <0.05)was observed between hybrid genotype and Bt trait for daily gain and feed effciency. Daily gain was higher (1.46 vs 1.36 kg/d;P <0.05)for steers fed N4242 Bt compared with N4242 non-Bt.Daily gain was similar (avg.1.28 kg/d)for steers fed N7333 Bt and non-Bt.Feed effciency was better (P <0.05)for steers fed N7333 non-Bt (6.33)compared with N7333 Bt (6.81).Feed effciency was similar (avg.6.10)for steers fed N4242 Bt and non-Bt.Although an interaction was present,steers fed the N4242 hybrids gained 11%faster (P <0.01)and were 8%more effcient (P < 0.01)than those fed the N7333 hybrids.Presence of the Bt trait in corn hybrids had no consistent effect on performance of growing steers,while hybrid genotype appeared to affect performance.Higher ECB pressure may indirectly influence grazing performance on Bt and non-Bt corn residue.', 'en_US'),
(459, 'Feeding value of whole plant silage and crop residues from Bt or normal corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(460, 'Feeding value of Bt corn grain compared with its parental hybrid when fed in beef cattle finishing diets', 'The objective as to determine the effect of Bt corn on the performance of steer calves fed whole plant corn silage (WPS)during the growing phase follo ed by a high grain finishing diet. During the 1998 (yr 1) and 1999 (yr 2) cropping seasons, alternating 6.8 ha fields (8 in yr 1 and 6 in yr 2) were planted to either Bt (Yieldgard) or the near isogenic parental hybrid (Pioneer 3489 in yr 1 and Pioneer 34E79 in yr 2). Prior to harvest, perimeter rows were removed to reduce the possibility of feeding cross-pollinated hybrids. Fifty-six Angus and Simmental sired steer calves (300 kg),1 month postweaning, were randomly allotted by eight and breed type into eight pens of seven steers. They were fed the WPS diet for 89 d in yr 1 and 85 d in yr 2. The finishing diet contained 75% dry rolled corn, 15% whole plant corn silage, and 10%suppl. on a DM basis. The finishing phase was 101 d in yr 1 and 84 d in yr 2. During the WPS phase of yr 1, ADG and DMI did not differ (P >.05) between groups while feed/gain averaged 7.08 and 6.40 between Bt and control steers (P <.05). Steer performance during the WPS phase of yr 2 did not di .er (P >.05). There were no significant differences in ADG, DMI, or feed/gain during the finishing phases (P >.05). Combining the yr 1 WPS and finishing phases, ADG averaged 3.18 and 3.30 kg/d (P >.05), DMI averaged 9.80 and 9.71 kg/d (P >.05), and feed/gain averaged 6.78 and 6.47 (P <.05) among Bt and control steers. There were no overall performance differences (P >.05) during yr2 (ADG, 3.14 vs 3.21 kg/d; DMI, 9.52 vs 9.79 kg/d; and feed/gain, 6.66 vs 6.72). Steers were harvested on multiple dates when it was estimated that 75% of a load would grade USDA Choice. There were no differences in carcass characteristics (P >.05). Results indicate that there are no major differences in the feeding value of grain from Bt corn and the near isogenic parental hybrid when fed to beef steers on a high grain finishing diet.', 'en_US'),
(461, 'Performance of beef cattle fed Roundup Ready corn harvested as whole plant silage or grain', NULL, 'en_US'),
(462, 'Effects of grazing crop residues from Bt-corn hybrids on the performance of gestating beef cows', 'One non bt-corn hybrid (Pioneer 3489),two bt-corn hybrids with the Yieldguard event (Pioneer 34RO7 and Novartis NX6236),or one bt-corn hybrid with the Knockout event (Novartis N64-Z4)were seeded in duplicate 2.9-ha fields.On September 4,50 plants were collected from each field and examined for corn borers.', 'en_US'),
(463, 'Nutritive value of the crop residues from Bt-corn hybrids and their effects on performance of grazing beef cows', NULL, 'en_US'),
(464, 'Bt corn and non-Bt corn crop residues equal in grazing value.', 'Preliminary research conducted by Iowa State University and funded by the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture shows no difference in the performance of cattle that grazed Bt corn crop residues and those which grazed non-Bt corn crop residues. ''The bottom line is that in one year there was no effect of Bt corn on the quality of stalks for winter grazing,'' said Jim Russell, forage grazing specialist at the Iowa Beef Center at ISU. Russell said there was little difference in the amount of hay required to maintain comparable body condition in cows grazing the crop residues from different hybrids.The research was conducted in direct response to cattle producers'' questions about Bt corn stalks as a forage. Russell noted that the grazing research was conducted during the winter of 1998-99 and will continue for another year. The 1998 growing season was a light one for corn borers. The results could be different in a year of heavier corn borer infestation.  Previous research has shown that corn stalks are an under-utilized resource in Iowa, Russell added. ''The amount of corn stalks a producer uses in beef production is strongly related to his or her profitability,'' he said. ''Grazing corn stalks costs 5 cents per day, while feeding hay costs 60 cents to $1.20 per day.'' Russell''s study comparing Bt corn crop residues to non-Bt corn crop residues as a forage was conducted at the Beef Nutrition Farm near Ames. Corn for the research was donated by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. and Novartis Seeds, Inc.  For more information, contact the Iowa Beef Center at http://www.ibc.iastate.edu/ or (515) 294-BEEF.', 'en_US'),
(465, 'Effects of grazing crop residues from Bt-corn hybrids on pregnant beef cows', 'To determine the e .ects of grazing crop residues from bt-corn hybrids on performance of pregnant beef cows,one non bt-corn hybrid (Pioneer 3489)and three bt-corn hybrids (Pioneer 34RO7 and Novartis NX6236 with the Yieldgard event and Novartis N64Z4 ith the Knockout event) ere planted in duplicate 2.8-ha .elds in 1998 and 1999.Thirty Angus x Charolais x Simmental cows in midgestation ere allotted amongst t o drylots or the eight crop residue .elds to strip-graze for 126 d.Co body condition scores ere visually estimated biweekly and alfalfa-grass hay as supplemented to maintain a mean body condition score of 5 on a 9-point scale.Crop residue yields and compositions ere determined monthly in one 4-m 2 location in each grazed and ungrazed paddock. On t o consecutive days after 2 wkof grazing,forage selected during 2 hr of feeding by one .stulated steer per .eld or drylot as collected by ruminal evacuation.Simultaneously,DMI as calculated from the digestibility of forage determined with indigestible ADF and the fecal output estimated from the passage kinetics of Cr-mordanted .ber (2% Cr)in t o cows per .eld or drylot.Corn hybrid did not a .ect mean yields of harvested grain,dropped ears or grain,or crop residue DM or OM over the t o years.At grazing initiation,crop residues from Novartis NX6236 and N64Z4 had higher (P <.05)concentrations of IVOMD and lo er (P <.05)concentrations of ADF and ADL than Pioneer 3489 or Pioneer 34RO7.Rates of change in the concentrations of IVOMD,NDF, ADF,ADL and CP over winter did not di .er bet een corn hybrids.Forage selected by .stulated steers did not di .er in IVOMD concentrations bet een winter feeding systems nor NDF,ADF,ADL or ADIN concentrations bet een corn hybrids.Intakes of forage digestible OM,NDF and ADF did not di .er bet een winter feeding systems.Mean amounts of hay required to maintain body condition score of co s maintained in a drylot ere greater than cows grazing crop residues (1454 vs 375 kg DM/co ),but did not di .er bet een corn hybrids.', 'en_US'),
(466, 'Nutritional evaluation of Bt (MON810) and Roundup Ready corn compared with commercial hybrids in broilers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(467, 'Comparison of broiler performance and carcass characteristics when fed Bt, parental control or commercial varieties of dehulled soybean meal', '841', 'en_US'),
(468, 'Detection of GMOs in the broilers that utilized genetically modified soybean meals as a feed ingredient', 'Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has been the center of debates among the food producer and consumer worldwide. The issue arised in Thailand is not different especially the concern of the safety of food that derived from GMOs and their product. Livestock industry has been subjected as the user of GMOs in the production system. To lessen some of these controversial issue, this study was aimed at detection of the GMOs in broiler that utilized GMOs soybeanmeals (SBM) as a feed ingredient. The broiler were divided into 3 groups which allocated for the 3 diets. All diets formulated to meet the commercial standard were diet1 as non-GMO SBM, diet2 as GMO SBM and diet3 as the commercial diet that was GMOs. Broilers were fed in a commercial management from birth up to 7 week olds. Samples of broilers (meat, skin, duodenum and liver) were taken at 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks. Real-time PCR (ABI Prism 7700) were used to analyze contamination of GMOs in all samples. PCR results of the broiler samples during 1-7 week were all negative. The results implied that the GMOs content in SBM has been metabolized in the gut of the broiler and show no residue in the meat. Therefore, other aspects of the safety issues are needed to verify scientifically.', 'en_US'),
(469, 'GMO (Bt) corn is similar in composition and nutrition availability to broilers as non-GMO corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(470, 'Growth performance of broilers fed insect-protected (MON810) or near isogenic control corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(471, 'Feeding value of silage maize estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt 176 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis', 'A genetically modified Bt176 corn hybrid (Rh208Bt)-providing control of European corn borer damage-and the conventional isogenic hybrid (Rh208)-harvested as whole plant silage-were evaluated in three separate feeding trials to verify that the in vivo feeding value was substantially equivalent among modified and conventional hybrids. In the first trial, after a week of preexperiment, two sets of six Texel sheep, housed in digestibility crates, were fed silage sources of Rh208 and Rh208Bt hybrids, and silage of three additional control varieties of low, intermediate, and high feeding value (Rh289, Adonis, and Adonis bm3) for 1 wk. Feed offered to sheep was adjusted to maintenance requirements based on metabolic body weight. Agronomic and biochemical traits were similar among the Rh208 and Rh208Bt hybrids. Organic matter digestibility (67.1 and 67.6%), crude fiber digestibility (52.9 and 54.2%), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (50.2 and 49.0%) were not significantly different among Rh208 and Rh208Bt hybrids. In the second trial, two sets of 24 Holstein cows were fed silage from Rh208 and Rh208Bt corn hybrids for 13 wk, 9 wk after calving, and including 2 wk of preexperiment. Fat-corrected milk yield (31.3 and 31.4 kg/d), protein content (31.7 and 31.6 g/kg) and fat content (36.7 and 37.0 g/kg) in milk of dairy cows were unaffected by hybrid source. Body weight gains of cattle were not different. However, intake was significantly higher in cows fed Rh208Bt silage. In the third trial, five midlactation multiparous Holstein cows were successively fed the silage from Rh208 and Rh208Bt corn hybrids 2 or 3 wk. Data were considered only for the last week of each period. There were no significant effects on protein fractions, fatty acid composition, or coagulation properties of milk between Rh208 and Rh208Bt fed cattle. Cattle and sheep can perform equally well with a conventional or a genetically modified Bt176 corn silage.', 'en_US'),
(472, 'Effect of feeding dairy cows with either BollGard , BollGard II, Roundup Ready or control cottonseeds on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition', NULL, 'en_US'),
(473, 'Effect of feeding dairy cows with cottonseeds containing BollGard and Roundup Ready genes or control non-transgenic cottonseeds on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition', NULL, 'en_US'),
(474, 'Effect of feeding Roundup Ready corn silage and grain on feed intake, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cattle', NULL, 'en_US'),
(475, 'Determining feeding related characteristics for Bt corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(476, 'Effect of Bt corn silage on short-term lactational performance and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows', NULL, 'en_US'),
(477, 'Swine digestible energy evaluations of Bt (MON810) and Roundup Ready corn compared with commercial varieties', NULL, 'en_US'),
(478, 'Performance of weaned piglets fed insect-protected (MON810) or near isogenic control corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(479, 'Grower-finisher performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed genetically modified ''Bt'' corn.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(480, 'Grower-finisher growth performance and carcass characteristics including attempts to detect transgenic plant DNA and protein in muscle from pigs fed genetically modified ''Bt'' corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(481, 'Untersuchungen zum Futterwert von Zuckerueben und Zuckeruebenblattsilage von isogenen und transgenen Pflanzen an Hammeln', NULL, 'en_US'),
(482, 'Comparison of nutrient digestibility between Roundup Ready beets and conventional beets and pulps', 'Roundup Ready'' (RR) sugar and fodder beets have been developed, which can tolerate Roundup'' (glyphosate) herbicide treatment due to production of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein (CP4 EPSPS) from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4. The purpose of these experiments was to examine whether RR sugar and fodder beets or pulp derived from RR sugar beets were comparable to conventional (C) beets a& pulps with respect to nutrient digestibility. Six varieties of sugar beets (SC-I-lRR), 5 varieties of fodder beets (IC-+lRR) and 6 varieties of beet pulp (5C+lRR) were tested in 3 digestibility experiments with 7 sheep on each treatment. The daily dry matter intake was approx. 950 g (maintenance level), where hay with known digestibility and urea (assumed to be 100% digestible) was included in the diet in all experiments to obtain sufficient nitrogen and structural fiber. The digestibility was estimated for nutrients analyzed according to the Weende analysis, and for ADF, NDF and energy. The digestibility of organic matter varied between 91.8 and 94.6% for fodder beets, where RR variety showed the lowest value. For the sugar beets the variation was between 94.3 and 96.6%. with the RR variety resulting in a value of 94.4%. No significant difference was obtained between C or RR varieties for the main nutrients or energy in the sugar beet or fodder beet experiment. Organic matter digestibility for beet pulp varied between 84.7 and 89.5%: where the RR variety resulted in a value of 85.5%, and significant differences were found for main nutrients and energy digestibility between the highest and lowest C varieties. Organic matter digestibilities obtained for beets were slightly higher and for pulp slightly lower than tabulated values. From these experiments it is concluded that RR sugar and fodder beets, or pulp derived from RR sugar beets, have a nutrient digestibility which is within the range observed for conventional beets and pulps, indicating that feeding value is not influenced by genetic modification.', 'en_US'),
(483, 'Einsatz von Silomais herkömmlicher sorten und der gentechnisch veränderten Bt-hybriden in der Rinderfütterung: - bei Milchkühen', NULL, 'en_US'),
(484, 'Livestock performance: feeding biotech crops', 'To date, genetically enhanced plants in the marketplace that are used as feeds for livestock are based on producing insecticidal compounds or developing herbicide tolerance. Corn grain, whole plant green chop corn, corn silage, corn residue, soybeans, and soybean meal from the current genetically enhanced plants have been fed to chickens, sheep, beef cattle, and dairy cows and compared with feeds produced from isolines of nongenetically enhanced plants. Results from 23 research trials indicate that genetically enhanced corn and soybeans that are currently available in the marketplace are substantially equivalent in composition, are similar in digestibility, and have a similar feeding value for livestock.', 'en_US'),
(485, 'Indirect reduction of ear molds and associated mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis corn under controlled and open field conditions: utility and limitations', 'In 1995, ears of a experimental inbred (CG59-2) containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry IA(b) gene driven by PEPC, pith and pollen promoters and artificially infested with Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) larvae in small plot studies were free from insect damage, whereas 40?50% of the corresponding non-Bt inbred ears were damaged. Bt inbred ears that were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link and Fusarium proliferatum T. Matsushima (Nirenberg) or exposed to natural mold inoculum after infestation with O. nubilalis were free of visible signs of mold, as compared with 30?40% of the non-Bt ears similarly treated. Results in 1996 using the same inbred with a single allele dose of the Bt gene showed similar trends. Mean total fumonisin levels for non-Bt versus Bt inbred ears were not significantly different (2.8 versus 0.8 ppm, respectively) in 1996. In paired hybrid studies run in 0.4-ha (1-acre) fields, an event 176 Bt hybrid had significantly lower amounts of damage and signs of Fusarium spp. mold, but not fumonisin, compared with a corresponding non-Bt hybrid from 1996 to 1998. However, two hybrid pairs that contained either MON810 or Bt11 constructs examined in similar fields at the same site had lower levels of fumonisin in both 1997 (30- to 40-fold) and 1998. High intrafield variability in insect infestation and presence of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in Bt hybrids was apparently responsible for fewer significant differences in fumonisin levels in 1998. Similar trends for all three hybrid pairs were noted in small plot trials at another site. Incidence of other ear pests or insect predators varied as much among non-Bt hybrids as they did for Bt/non-Bt hybrid pairs.', 'en_US'),
(486, 'Genetically modified feeds (GMO) in animal nutrition', NULL, 'en_US'),
(487, 'GMO in animal nutrition - results of experiments at our institute', NULL, 'en_US'),
(488, 'Nutritive value, mycotoxin contamination and in vitro rumen fermentation of normal and genetically modified corn (Cry1A(B)) grown in northern Italy', NULL, 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(489, 'Reduced fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance', 'Field experiments were conducted in 1994, 1995 and 1996 to evaluate the incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and the incidence of symptomless Fusarium infection in kernels of maize hybrids genetically engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis genes encoding for the delta -endotoxin CryIA(b). Treatments included manual infestation with European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larvae and insecticide applications to limit O. nubilalis activity to specific maize growth stages or mimic standard O. nubilalis control practices. Fusarium symptoms and infection were affected by the specific cryIA(b) transformation used in each hybrid that determines tissue-specific expression of CryIA(b). In hybrids expressing CryIA(b) in kernels, incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and incidence of symptomless kernel infection were reduced compared with near-isogenic hybrids lacking cryIA(b) genes. In plants that were manually infested with O. nubilalis, ear rot incidence was reduced by 87, 58 and 68%; severity was reduced by 96, 54 and 64%; and incidence of kernel infection by Fusarium species was reduced by 17, 38 and 38% in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. Results were similar in treatments that were not manually infested, but differences between transgenic and nontransgenic hybrids were smaller. Most kernel infection was due to F. moniliforme [Gibberella fujikuroi], F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans [G. fujikuroi var. subglutinans] collectively, and it was within this group that transgenic hybrids exhibited reduced infection. Expression of CryIA(b) in plant tissues other than kernels did not consistently affect Fusarium symptoms or infection. Disease incidence was positively correlated with O. nubilalis damage to kernels. Insecticide applications also reduced Fusarium symptoms and infection when applied to nontransgenic plants.', 'en_US'),
(490, 'Fumonisins in maize: can we reduce their occurrence?', 'The problems of Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi) and other fumonisin-producing species on maize are reviewed under the following headings: the maize-G. fujikuroi relationship; F. proliferatum; toxicity of fumonisins; naturally occurring toxicoses; human health hazards; toxicity and carcinogenicity in experimental animal systems; toxicity to plants; occurrence of fumonisins; risk assessment of fumonisins in maize; current methods for reducing fumonisins; developing methods for reducing fumonisins and future outlook. The existing and potential strategies for reducing the occurrence and/or impact of fumonisins in maize are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(491, 'Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of transgenic Bt maize hybrids and nontransgenic hybrids', 'Maize hybrids genetically engineered with genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) express CryIA(b) and other Cry proteins that are toxic to certain insects, particularly the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Maize kernel feeding by O. nubilalis often leads to infection by fungi in the genus Fusarium, including the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. In field experiments in Iowa, USA, in 1995, 1996 and 1997, transgenic maize hybrids and near-isogenic, nontransgenic hybrids were manually infested with neonatal European corn borer larvae. Manual infestation increased Fusarium ear rot severity and fumonisin concentrations in kernels of nontransgenic hybrids. Transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) consistently experienced less insect feeding on kernels and less Fusarium ear rot than their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments, these hybrids also exhibited lower concentrations of fumonisins in kernels compared with their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments in 1995, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations were 8.8 micro g/g in the nontransgenic hybrid and 6.7 or 3.0 micro g/g in transgenic hybrids. In 1996, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 4.9 micro g/g (range 2.3 to 8.8) for nontransgenic and 1.2 micro g/g (range 1.0 to 1.3) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Mean total fumonisin concentrations (fumonisin B1 + B2 + B3) were 7.0 micro g/g (range 3.0 to 12.2) for nontransgenic and 1.7 micro g/g (range 1.5 to 1.9) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. In 1997, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 11.8 micro g/g (range 7.6 to 17.3) for nontransgenic and 1.3 micro g/g (range 0.8 to 2.2) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) or Cry9C. Mean total fumonisin concentrations were 16.5 micro g/g (range 10.7 to 24.0) for nontransgenic and 2.1 micro g/g (range 1.5 to 3.1) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Transgenic hybrids that do not express CryIA(b) or Cry9C in kernels did not consistently have fumonisin concentrations different from the nontransgenic hybrids. Higher fumonisin concentrations in nontransgenic hybrids were associated with high European corn borer populations during the early reproductive stages of the maize plants. These results indicate that under some conditions, genetic engineering of maize for insect resistance may enhance its safety for animal and human consumption.', 'en_US'),
(492, 'Genetically modified, insect resistant corn: implications for disease management', 'The recent approval and commercial release of genetically modified, insect-resistant corn hybrids represents the culmination of decades of biotechnology research. Many in agriculture felt that the investment in molecular biology research was finally starting to pay off, and the release of Bt corn was met with great enthusiasm. Crop producers and the agricultural industry rapidly accepted the technology and began to incorporate it into their crop production practices. Now, controversy over production and use of genetically modified crop cultivars has focused a great deal of public attention on Bt corn. A number of organizations and individuals have raised questions about the safety and ethics of Bt corn production, despite Environmental Protection Agency approvals that consider environmental impact, food safety, nontarget effects, and pest resistance. The controversy has been fueled largely by the reluctance of European consumers to accept genetically modified crops. Although Bt technology has fairly obvious benefits for corn producers and biotechnology companies, some consumers have found it difficult to perceive any benefit of Bt technology toward the consumer. In the current atmosphere surrounding Bt corn production, the need for investigation into all potential risks and benefits of Bt technology is more critical than ever. Approval by EPA carries with it assurance that these products are safe, but additional data may be needed so consumers can make informed choices and convey their preferences to policymakers. One aspect of risk/benefit analysis is the influence that Bt technology may have on corn diseases and mycotoxin-producing fungi in corn.', 'en_US'),
(493, 'Bt corn enhances safety of grain for feed', NULL, 'en_US'),
(494, 'Occurrence and control of mycotoxins in maize grown in Italy', NULL, 'en_US'),
(495, 'The degradation of nucleic acids in, and the removal of breakdown products from the small intestines of steers', NULL, 'en_US'),
(496, 'The fate of nucleic acids in ruminants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(497, 'Assessment of novel feeds in animal nutrition', 'Apart from feed safety assessment including safety for consumers, animals and environment, nutritional assessment of feeds produced using recombinant DNA techniques (Genetically Modified Organism, GMO) is necessary. In 1997 we started a program to assess GMO''s of the so called first generation (feed plants with changed tolerance or resistance and with minor changes in content of valuable and desirable ingredients) including Bt-corn, Pat-corn, Pat-sugar beets and Bt-soybeans. Apart from main nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, crude ash), amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, fiber components and some mycotoxins were determined in seeds of corn and soybeans, sugar beets rand silages from corn and sugar beet leaves. Digestion and feeding experiments were carried out with broilers (Bt-corn), layers (Bt-corn, Pat-corn), pigs (Bt-corn, Pat-corn, Pat-sugar beets, soybeans), sheep (Bt-corn silage, Pat-corn silage, Pat-sugar beet silage), growing bulls (Ht.-corn silage) and fistulated cows (Bt-corn silage). Digestibility of nutrients, performance of animals and fate of DNA were investigated. Up to now, we did not find significant differences in nutritional assessment and food quality between feeds from isogenic and transgenic plants the first generation, except a lower mycotoxin-content (deoxynivalenol and zearalenon) in Bt-corn. The so-called substantial equivalence could be demonstrated. Fragments of plant DNA could be detected in some nnimal tissues (e.g. muscle from chicken), but fragments of transgenic DNA were not found. It may be assumed that the transfer of DNA fragments in the body is a process, which takes place constantly and consequently, but it is not a specific problem of genetic engineering. However, the subject should be pursued further. From the point of view of animal nutrition, further studies seem to be necessary on the following subjects: - Nutritional assessment of GMO''s with substantial changes in composition (GMO''s of second generation) - Influence of GMO''s upon animal health and product quality.', 'en_US'),
(498, 'Safety issues associated with the DNA in animal feed derived from genetically modified crops: a review of scientific and regulatory procedures', 'The world''s population is expected to increase by a third in the next 30 years, whilst land for crop and livestock production will continue to decline with further urbanisation.  It is thus inevitable that intensive agriculture will continue in order to ensure adequate food supplies to provide a satisfactory diet for an ever-increasing number of people.  This is contrary to the views of those who, with plentiful supplies of food urge the adoption of less intensive systems, where use of fertilisers, herbicides and insecticides are being phased out. But such systems are not likely to become the model for world food production, leaving the majority involved in food provision to strive for intensive systems of livestock and crop production, which are more benign with respect to the environment. It is in this context that the development and use of genetically modified (GM) crops could offer considerable potential.', 'en_US'),
(499, 'Integration of foreign DNA in its consequences in mammalian systems.', 'The insertion of foreign DNA into the genomes of established cells and organisms and the consequences of this integration event are of significance for viral oncology, reverse genetics, transgenic organisms, human somatic gene therapy and evolution. This review summarizes recent experimental findings and focuses on the alteration of cellular DNA methylation at regions remote from the site of insertion. We also discuss experimental data demonstrating that foreign DNA ingested by mice is not completely degraded in their gastrointestinal tracts; fragments of this DNA have been found to be covalently linked to DNA with 70% homology to the mouse IgE receptor gene.', 'en_US'),
(500, 'Consequences of foreign DNA integration and persistence.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(501, 'Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment: the gastrointestinal tract and the placenta as portals of entry.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(502, 'Relevance in applied molecular biology: an overview.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(503, 'Future research.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(504, 'The fate of forage plant DNA in farm animals: a collaborative case-study investigating cattle and chicken fed recombinant plant material', 'The fate of ingested recombinant plant DNA in farm animals (cattle and chicken) being fed a diet containing conventional maize or recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-maize (Bt-maize) is described. The probability of the detection by polymerase chain reaction of chloroplast-specific gene fragments of different lengths (199 bp and 532 bp) and a Bt-maize-specific fragment [truncated version of CryIA(b)] is shown. First data indicated that only short DNA fragments (<200 bp) derived from plant chloroplasts could be detected in the blood lymphocytes of cows. In all other cattle organs investigated (muscle, liver, spleen, kidney) plant DNAs were not found, except for faint signals in milk. Furthermore, Bt-gene fragments possibly recording the uptake of recombinant maize, were not detected in any sample from cattle. However, in all chicken tissues (muscle, liver, spleen, kidney) the short maize chloroplast gene fragment was amplified. In contrast to this, no foreign plant DNA fragments were found in eggs. Bt-gene specific constructs originating from recombinant Bt-maize were not detectable in any of these poultry samples either.', 'en_US'),
(505, 'Effect of feed processing conditions on DNA fragmentation', NULL, 'en_US'),
(506, 'Is DNA or protein from feed detected in livestock products?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(507, 'Fate of maize DNA during steeping, wet-milling, and processing', 'The fate of DNA during steeping, wet-milling, and subsequent processing of maize was examined using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR-based) detection system. The system used specific amplification of maize DNA sequences by primers generated toward plant nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded genes. The PCR method facilitated analysis of DNA content in food products, which is an important issue in use of genetically modified organisms. In a conventional laboratory wet-milling countercurrent steep system, DNA was detected in maize kernels throughout the process but was not found in steepwater. After kernels were wet-milled DNA'' was detected in the starch, germ, coarse fiber, and wet gluten fractions but not in the fine fiber fraction. When dried by heating at 135°C for 2 hr, DNA was degraded to undetectable levels in the wet-milled gluten fraction and hydrated kernels. DNA was not detected in feed pellets, starch, dextrose, sorbitol, or high-fructose maize syrup made from industrial wet-milled samples. Although DNA could be detected in laboratory wet-milled fractions, some degree of degradation occurred after extended exposure to steepwater. Countercurrent steepwater samples from the later stages of the steeping process were able to degrade DNA. The level of DNA degradation appeared to correspond to the presence of sulfur dioxide and may represent a physiochemical rather than an enzyme-mediated process. Our results indicate that some steps in the steeping and wet-milling process can degrade maize genomic and plastid DNA.', 'en_US'),
(508, 'On the fate of plant or other foreign genes upon the uptake in food or after intramuscular injection in mice', 'Uptake and persistence of the DNA of bacteriophage M13 and the cloned gene for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as test genes for food-ingested DNA have previously been traced from the intestinal contents, via the gut wall, Peyer''s patches and peripheral white blood cells to spleen and liver, and via the placenta to fetuses and newborn animals. We have now chosen a natural scenario and fed soybean leaves to mice. The distribution of the plant-specific, nucleus-encoded ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) gene has been studied in the mouse. The Rubisco gene or fragments of it can be recovered in the intestine from 2 h up to 49 h after feeding, and in the cecum up to 121 h after ingestion. Thus, plant-associated, naturally fed DNA is more stable in the intestinal tract than naked DNA. Rubisco gene-specific PCR products have also been amplified from spleen and liver DNA. There is no evidence for the expression of orally administered genes, as assessed by the RT-PCR method. Moreover, mice have been continuously fed daily with GFP DNA for 8 generations and have been examined for the transgenic state by assaying DNA isolated from tail tips, occasionally from internal organs of the animals, by PCR. The results have been uniformly negative and argue against the germline transfer of orally administered DNA. Upon the intramuscular injection of GFP DNA, authentic GFP DNA fragments have been amplified by PCR from DNA from muscle for up to 17 months post-injection, and from DNA from organs remote from the site of injection up to 24 h post injection. GFP fragments can also be retrieved from the intestinal contents up to 6 h post injection. The organism apparently eliminates injected foreign DNA via the liver-bile-intestinal route.', 'en_US'),
(509, 'On the fate of orally ingested foreign DNA in mice: chromosomal association and placental transmission to the fetus', 'We have previously shown that, when administered orally to mice, bacteriophage M13 DNA, as a paradigm foreign DNA without homology to the mouse genome, can persist in fragmented form in the gastrointestinal tract, penetrate the intestinal wall, and reach the nuclei of leukocytes, spleen and liver cells. Similar results were obtained when a plasmid containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-C1) was fed to mice. In spleen, the foreign DNA was detected in covalent linkage to DNA with a high degree of homology to mouse genes, perhaps pseudogenes, or to authentic E. coli DNA. We have now extended these studies to the offspring of mice that were fed regularly during pregnancy with a daily dose of 50 g of M13 or pEGFP-C1 DNA. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method, foreign DNA, orally ingested by pregnant mice, can be discovered in various organs of fetuses and of newborn animals. The M13 DNA fragments have a length of about 830 bp. In various organs of the mouse fetus, clusters of cells contain foreign DNA as revealed by FISH. The foreign DNA is invariably located in the nuclei. We have never found all cells of the fetus to be transgenic for the foreign DNA. This distribution pattern argues for a transplacental pathway rather than for germline transmission which might be expected only after long-time feeding regimens. In rare cells of three different fetuses, whose mothers have been fed with M13 DNA during gestation, the foreign DNA was detected by FISH in association with both chromatids. Is maternally ingested foreign DNA a potential mutagen for the developing fetus?', 'en_US'),
(510, 'Ingested foreign (phage M13) DNA survives transiently in the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream of mice', NULL, 'en_US'),
(511, 'Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen, and liver via the intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked to mouse DNA', 'Food-ingested foreign DNA is not completely degraded in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Phage M13mp18 DNA as a test molecule devoid of homology to mouse DNA was pipette-fed to or added to the food supply of mice. The fate of this foreign DNA in the animals was followed by several methods. In 84 animals, fragments of M13mp18 DNA were detected in the contents of the small intestine, the cecum (until 18 h), the large intestine, or the feces. In 254 animals, M13mp18 DNA fragments of up to 976 bp were found in blood 2-8 h after feeding. In buffer-fed control animals, M13mp18 DNA could not be detected. M13mp18 DNA fragments were traced by PCR in peripheral leukocytes and located by fluorescent in situ hybridization in about 1 of 1000 white cells between 2 and 8 h, and in spleen or liver cells up to 24 h after feeding, but not later. M13mp18 DNA could be traced by fluorescent in situ hybridization in the columnar epithelial cells, in the leukocytes in Peyer''s patches of the cecum wall, in liver cells, and in B cells, T cells, and macrophages from spleen. These findings suggest transport of foreign DNA through the intestinal wall and Peyer''s patches to peripheral blood leukocytes and into several organs. Upon extended feeding, M13mp18 DNA could be recloned from total spleen DNA into a vector. Among about 2.5 × 107 plaques, one plaque was isolated that contained a 1299 nucleotide pair fragment (nt 4736-6034) of sequence-identified M13mp18 DNA. This fragment was covalently linked to an 80 nt DNA segment with 70% homology to the mouse IgE receptor gene. The DNA from another plaque also contained mouse DNA, bacterial DNA, and rearranged DNA. Two additional plaques contained M13mp18 DNA fragments of at least 641 (nt 2660-3300) or 794 (nt 4640-5433) nucleotide pairs. The medical and evolutionary implications of these observations may be considerable.', 'en_US'),
(512, 'Secondary direct food additives permitted in food for human consumption; food additives permitted in feed and drinking water of animals; amino glycoside 3''-phosphotransferase II', 'The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of aminoglycoside 3''- phosphotransferase II (APH(3'')II) as a processing aid in the development of new varieties of tomato, oilseed rape, and cotton. APH(3'')II is a protein encoded by the kanamycin resistance (kanr) gene. This action is in response to a petition filed by Calgene, Inc.', 'en_US'),
(513, 'Selectable marker genes: safe for plants?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(514, 'Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA', 'The ability of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413(pFG4nptII) to take up and integrate transgenic plant DNA based on homologous recombination was studied under optimized laboratory conditions. Restoration of nptII, resulting in kanamycin-resistant transformants, was observed with plasmid DNA, plant DNA, and homogenates carrying the gene nptII. Molecular analysis showed that some transformants not only restored the 317-bp deletion but also obtained additional DNA.', 'en_US'),
(515, 'Health effects of marker genes in genetically engineered food plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(516, 'Development and biosafety aspects of transgene excision methods', NULL, 'en_US'),
(517, 'Food safety assessment of marker genes in transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(518, 'Marker gene controversy in transgenic plants.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(519, 'Biosafety of kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(520, 'Evaluation of possible horizontal gene transfer from trangenic plants to the soil bacterium Acinetobacter canlcoaceticus BD413', 'A possible horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants by natural transformation to the soil bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BD413 is investigated through measurement of the transformation frequencies with DNA from two sources of transgenic plant DNA and different forms of plasmid DNA with an inserted kanamycin resistance gene, nptII. Clear effects of homology were seen on transformation frequencies, and no transformants were ever detected after using transgenic plant DNA. This implied a transformation frequency of less than 10-13 (transformants per recipient) under optimised conditions, which is expected to drop even further to a minimum of 10-16 due to soil conditions and a lowered concentration of DNA available to cells. Previous studies have shown that chromosomal DNA released to soil is only available to A. calcoaceticus for limited period of time and that A. calcoaceticus does not maintain detectable competence in soil. Taken together, these results suggest that A. calcoaceticus does not take up non-homologous plant DNA at appreciable frequencies under natural conditions.', 'en_US'),
(521, 'Horizontal gene transfer in plants, a biohazard? Outcome of a literature review', NULL, 'en_US'),
(522, 'Prevalence of nptII and Tn5 in kanamycin resistant bacteria from different environments', 'Kanamycin (Km)-resistant bacterial populations in different soil, river water, sewage and pig manure slurry samples were enumerated and their prevalence in the total populations determined. About 350 Km-resistant Gram-negative colonies grown in the presence of kanamycin were identified using a rapid presumptive identification scheme. They were then screened for the presence of Tn5 and nptII sequences using hybridization of cells in dot blots, of Southern-blotted genomic DNA extracts and of PCR amplification products. Colonies reacting positively with a 2.7 kb probe of the central region of Tn5, or with a 925 bp nptII specific probe were primarily obtained from sewage samples, whereas fewer were obtained from pig manure slurry, river water and soil. However, in soil samples bacteria containing Tn5 or nptII were not found. Transposon Tn5 carrying the nptII gene could be unequivocally demonstrated in 3 isolates from sewage, identified as Aeromonas spp. (2x) and Escherichia coli. HindIII digests of chromosomal DNA obtained from these strains were cloned and shown to confer Km resistance to a sensitive E. coli strain. Further, various strains revealed the presence of nptII homologous sequences in a non-Tn5 background. The occurence of Tn5 and nptII in the samples was also assessed via PCR analysis of total community DNA extracts obtained from the aforementioned environmental samples. Evidence for the occurence of nptII was obtained for sewage, pig manure slurry, for 2 (out of 3) river water (Avon, Rhine) and 3 (out of 6) soil (Flevo silt loam, Westmaas silt loam, Ahlum rhizosphere) samples. Tn5 was not detectable via PCR in any of these environmental DNA extracts but it was found in Ede loamy sand and Flevo silt loam samples taken from a field microplot 2 and 4 weeks after release of a Tn5-containing genetically modified organism.', 'en_US'),
(523, 'Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic plants to bacteria: are there new data to fuel the debate?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(524, 'Antibiotic resistance genes as markers in transgenic plants-risk of horizontal gene transfer', 'Antibiotic resistance genes are still frequently used as markers in genetically modified plants. The likelihood for horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from plant DNA to bacteria to occur and the potential impact of such a putative transfer event is assessed in context with the existing problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance. To introduce the problem to the reader, prevalence and dissemination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and most important the selective forces are briefly addressed. If transfer of plant-derived DNA to bacteria were to occur, natural transformation is deemed the most likely mechanism by which transfer would occur. Given the fact that antibiotic resistance genes are already widespread in bacterial populations and of extremely low frequencies of a horizontal gene transfer event from transgenic plants to bacteria which has not yet been detected under field conditions, it is unlikely that antibiotic resistance genes in genetically modified plants will contribute significantly to the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. The public debate about antibiotic resistance genes in transgenic plants should not diverge the attention from the real causes of resistance to antibiotics. The control of the antibiotic resistance problem lies in a reduction of the selective pressure by prudent use of antibiotics.', 'en_US'),
(525, 'In search of horizontal gene transfer', 'Critics of agricultural biotechnology have often been dismissed as modern-day Luddites. However, these critics have an understandable concern, based on a detail of the technology that has been nearly unanimously adopted for introducing foreign genes into plants. This method relies on cointroducing, along with the gene to impart a desired characteristic, another gene that confers antibiotic resis-tance. Culturing the transformed cells in antibiotic-containing growth media allows selection and regeneration of only those cells that have incorporated the transgenes. The antibiotic resistance genes used in genetic engineering are, in fact, normal bacterial genes that have been adapted for expression in plants. However, the prospect of releasing these antibiotic resistance genes into the envi-ronment in large quantities has raised fears that they could be taken up by native bacteria, thereby posing a risk to public health. Industry and the FDA have responded to these concerns by asserting that genes that have been transferred into plants cannot be rein-corporated into bacteria 1 .When industry first began making such guarantees in the 1980s, I was exploring the idea (and trying to convince my colleagues) that horizontal gene transfer between king-doms could be a natural process. This idea was based on the numerous demonstrations that bacteria, fungi, and animal cells readily take up and express foreign DNA. I argued that this could reflect natural processes that facilitate horizontal gene transfer. And if this speculation was proven, the debate over the safety of recombinant DNA technology would have to be recast.Since then, research has focused primarily on the question of whether or not the genes in these plants will move to bacteria in the envi-ronment, rather than on whether or not the genes pose any danger if they do move. The FDA assertion that horizontal gene transfer does not occur between transgenic plants and microorganisms has stimulated a number of investigations, centering on two types of experiments, neither of which have provided evidence for such gene transfer. In the first, transgenic plant materials were fed to mice and the coliform bacteria isolated from their feces screened for the presence of antibiotic resis-tance genes originating from the plants. After eight trials, none could be recovered (M. Syvanen, unpublished data). In the second approach, two labs examined bacteria that cause spoilage of vegetables and asked whether, after growth on transgenic plants, the bacteria had been transformed with transgenic DNA. In both cases the bacterium Erwinia chrysan-themum was grown on a variety of vegetables, but no transformants were detected (ref. 2, M. Syvanen, unpublished data).', 'en_US'),
(526, 'Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture', 'Besides hospitals animal husbandry represents a large reservoir of transferable antibiotic resistance genes. Via food products resistant bacteria can easily reach humans. The current debate is above all concerning antibiotic use as growth promoters which can be gradually phased out by better animal performance.', 'en_US'),
(527, 'Introduction of recombinant DNA-engineered organisms into the environment: key issues', NULL, 'en_US'),
(528, 'Single-copy transgenic wheat generated through the resolution of complex integration patterns', 'Genetic transformation of plants often results in multiple copies of the introduced DNA at a single locus.  To ensure that only a single copy of a foreign gene resides in the plant genome, we used a strategy based on site-specific recombination.  The transformation vector consists of a transgene flanked by recombination sites in an inverted orientation.  Regardless of the number of copies integrated between the outermost transgenes, recombination between the outermost sites resolves the integrated molecules into a single copy.  An example of this strategy has been demonstrated with wheat transformation, where four of four multiple-copy loci were resolved successfully into single-copy transgenes.', 'en_US'),
(529, 'Bt-maize - case study no. II', 'This case study examines maize (corn) that was genetically engineered to produce a protein that is toxic to certain insects. A gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces the toxin, was modified and added to the corn. Promoters (genetic material that initiates transcription of the gene) and terminators (genetic material which stops transcription of the gene) were also added, from a virus and another bacterium, respectively, which are known plant pathogens. The Bt-maize considered in this case study is referred to as MON810.', 'en_US'),
(530, 'Herbicide-tolerant soybean - case study no. III', 'This case study examines the approved product glufosinate-tolerant soybeans. This variety of soybean was genetically engineered by AgrEvo (now Aventis) to be tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (herein referred to as glufosinate), a chemical already in agricultural use. A modified bacterium gene was added to the soybean so that the plant produces an enzyme that breaks down the herbicide before it can harm the soybean plant. Genetic material from other sources was inserted to control the expression of the enzyme. As with many other genetically engineered products, glufosinate tolerant soybeans are regulated by various regulatory agencies as described in the ?Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology? (Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 1986).', 'en_US'),
(531, 'Evaluation of transgenic rice carrying an antisense glutelin gene in an isolated field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(532, 'Ecological considerations in EPA''s review for field tests of genetically engineered organisms', NULL, 'en_US'),
(533, 'The privatization of food: corporate control of biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(534, 'Environmental Gene Release. Models, Experiments and Risk Assessment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(535, 'Ecological impacts of transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(536, 'Environmental impact of crops transformed with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for insect resistance', NULL, 'en_US'),
(537, 'The comparative ecology of transgenic and conventional crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(538, 'Field assessment of risks when using transgenic papayas, cucurbits, and tomatoes expressing viral coat protein genes', NULL, 'en_US'),
(539, 'Field evaluation of transgenic cotton in Australia: environmental considerations and consequences of expanding trial size', 'Conference Dates: 11/13/94 - 11/16/94', 'en_US'),
(540, 'Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia', 'The first field trials in Australia of transformed cottons expressing the CryIA(b) insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Bt) were completed during the 1992-93 season. The trials showed good efficacy of the plants against field populations of Helicoverpa armigera, but there were indications of a declining level of Bt expression once plants began to senesce. Laboratory assays showed that the larger instars could survive on the transgenic tissues although their growth was severely retarded. The introduction of Bt transgenic cottons may have several ecological impacts, apart from their direct impact on target pests. These include the risk of resistance development, effects on beneficial and non-target arthropod species and changes in pest status associated with altered patterns of pesticide usage. Chief among the potential pests are sucking insects (e.g. Miridae) which appear not to be regulated by beneficial agents and are currently suppressed by sprays applied for Helicoverpa. Transgenic Bt plants suffered heavily from mirid attack in unsprayed plots. The potential importance of these ecological changes is discussed. Resistance management for transgenic cotton in Australia is likely to depend on a refuge strategy complemented by high expression of Bt protein in the plants, building in the successful implementation of the Insecticide Resistance Management Strategy to ensure compliance with appropriate refuge options. The development and assessment of these resistance management strategies is a key component of pre-commercialization studies in Australia.', 'en_US'),
(541, 'Ecological risk assessment and European community biotechnology regulation: assessing ecological risks of biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(542, 'Field release of transgenic plants and microorganisms: the past, the present and the future', NULL, 'en_US'),
(543, 'Biosafety assessment of genetically engineered organisms in the environment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(544, 'Is heterologous encapsidation a problem with plants transgenic for potato leafroll virus coat protein gene?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(545, 'Flax follies: commercialization of a transgenic cultivar', NULL, 'en_US'),
(546, 'Environmental and regulatory aspects of using genetically modified plants in the field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(547, 'Environmental monitoring of genetically modified crops', 'Genetically modified (GM) crops are now approved for commercial use in several world areas. In terms of commercial acreage, the majority of these products possess either herbicide tolerance or insect protection traits. Prior to commercialization, each product underwent a country specific review of environmental safety data by independent regulatory authorities. Registration was granted after review of the data allowed authorities to conclude that the risks were minimal or manageable when balanced with the benefits. As a condition of registration, insect resistance management (IRM) has been imposed for insect protected products in most countries. Other world areas have reviewed similar data packages and have not yet been able to grant registration for commercial release. Post-registration environmental monitoring of GM crops is viewed in some world areas as a means of enabling approvals by addressing uncertainty that exists with this technology Questions such as, who should monitor and who should pay for it, how should monitoring be conducted, what information is necessary to collect and how long should a given product be monitored are yet to be answered. Monitoring methods could be general (surveys and questionaires) or specific (scientific studies to address specific questions). Independent research currently underway in countries where GM crops are commercial involves monitoring the benefits as well as the risks of these products. Experience with other products has shown that monitoring of GM crops will be of value only if the questions are clearly defined, the methods are appropriate and the end points (data collected) are interpretable.', 'en_US'),
(548, 'Ecological monitoring of genetically modified crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(549, 'Regulation of biotechnology by the Environmental Protection Agency', NULL, 'en_US'),
(550, 'Behavior of engineered vs. non-engineered plants in the environment: is there a difference?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(551, 'On making nature safe for biotechnology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(552, 'Transgenics, pest management, and the environment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(553, 'Ecological risk analysis of biotechnological waste decontamination', NULL, 'en_US'),
(554, 'The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants', 'Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified.', 'en_US'),
(555, 'Biosafety results of transgenic rice plants expressing rice stripe virus - coat protein gene', NULL, 'en_US'),
(556, 'Large-scale performance of transgenic tobacco plants resistant to both tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus', NULL, 'en_US'),
(557, 'Potential for persistence of genes escaped from canola: germination cues in crop, wild, and crop-wild hybrid Brassica rapa', NULL, 'en_US'),
(558, 'Field trials of transgenic plants: an overview', NULL, 'en_US'),
(559, 'From plots to plots: genetically modified plants on trial.', 'Industry data from 1986 to 1993 show that maize is challenging potato and oilseed rape as ''top of the crops'' and that Europe lags behind North America.', 'en_US'),
(560, 'Assessing the environmental impact of gene transfer to wild relatives.', 'Analyzing European field trials reveals that companies and regulators alike have been responsive to environmental concerns.', 'en_US'),
(561, 'Field release of transgenic crops in Switzerland: an ecological risk assessment of vertical gene flow', NULL, 'en_US'),
(562, 'Fitness of interspecific hybrids in the genus Sorghum: persistence of crop genes in wild populations', 'Gene flow can be expected to occur in many crop/weed complexes if the crop and the weed have sympatric ranges, are sexually compatible, have flowering times that overlap, and share a common pollinator. These conditions are met in a large number of crop/weed complexes; however, the consequences of gene exchange between crops and wild relatives on a wide scale, and the potential fate of escaped engineered genes, remain generally unknown. It is believed that an examination of the fitness of weed/crop hybrids will provide insight into the potential fate of genetically engineered genes, or transgenes, in the wild. We examined several fitness correlates of weed X crop hybrids between crop sorghum and a related noxious weed, johnsongrass. Comparisons were made with nonhybrid johnsongrass under agricultural conditions. Hybrid weeds did not show any significant increase or decrease in time to flowering, panicle production, seed production, pollen viability, tiller production, or biomass. We conclude that a transgene that is either neutral or beneficial to johnsongrass would likely persist in populations growing in agricultural conditions under continued gene flow from the crop.', 'en_US'),
(563, 'Effect of oilseed rape genotype on the spontaneous hybridization rate with weedy species: an assessment of transgene dispersal', NULL, 'en_US'),
(564, 'Influence of sugar beet breeding on populations of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima in Italy', 'It is highly probable that transgenic cultivars of sugar beet may influence wild beets in the seed-production-area of northern Italy. For this reason a survey of the local wild beet populations and their habitat characteristics was conducted in 1994/1995, i.e. before transgenic beets and their offspring could have become established. Wild beets (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) were found at 21 locations between Trieste and Cesenatico, as part of the natural littoral vegetation classified as Atriplicetum tatarici (Cakiletea maritimae) and Crithmetum (Crithmo-Staticetea). The analysis of phenotypic attributes leads to a division into three different subpopulations. Greenhouse studies on the morphology and life-cycle attributes demonstrated actual gene flow between conventional seed beet and the examined wild beet population.', 'en_US'),
(565, 'Introduction of plants with special regard to cultigens running wild', NULL, 'en_US'),
(566, 'Genetic evidence for the origin of Californian wild beets (genus Beta)', 'The genus Beta L. is a morphologically and genetically variable group composed of wild, weedy, and domesticated forms that are used for sugar production or as vegetables. In this study, we have evaluated genetic variation in 64 germplasm accessions of wild and domesticated beets and examined the origin of wild beet accessions in California using allozyme analysis. UP-GMA analysis showed overall that domesticated and wild beets form genetically coherent groups. Wild beets in California have two different origins, from European Beta vulgaris or from Beta macrocarpa. Population-level patterns of allozyme variation for wild California beets related to B. vulgaris suggest that those populations evolved from naturalized populations of the cultivated B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris which had hybridized to varying degrees with the sea beets B. vulgaris ssp. maritima. Wild California beets related to B. macrocarpa are essentially genetically identical to European accessions. In addition, we found substantial evidence for hybridization and introgression of B. vulgaris alleles in one B. macrocarpa accession in California. The obligate outcrosser B. vulgaris exhibits more allelic diversity than the self-compatible B. macrocarpa. Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima exhibits more genetic diversity than domesticated B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris.', 'en_US'),
(567, 'Ecological aspects of transgenic sugarbeet: transfer and expression of herbicide resistance in hybrids with wild beets', NULL, 'en_US'),
(568, 'Biosafety of hybrids between transgenic virus-resistant sugar beet and Swiss chard', 'One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from transgenic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for ''weed beet'' hybrids between sugar beet and wild/weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin-phospho-transferase (nptII) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently higher biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.', 'en_US'),
(569, 'Impact of gene flow from cultivated beet on genetic diversity of wild sea beet populations', 'Gene flow and introgression from cultivated plants may have important consequences for the conservation of wild plant populations. Cultivated beets (sugar beet, red beet and Swiss chard: Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) are of particular concern because they are cross-compatible with the wild taxon, sea beet (B.vs. ssp. maritima). Cultivated beet seed production areas are sometimes adjacent to sea beet populations; the numbers of flowering individuals in the former typically outnumber those in the populations of the latter. In such situations, gene flow from cultivated beets has the potential to alter the genetic composition of the nearby wild populations. In this study we measured isozyme allele frequencies of 11 polymorphic loci in 26 accessions of cultivated beet, in 20 sea beet accessions growing near a cultivated beet seed production region in northeastern Italy, and 19 wild beet accessions growing far from seed production areas. We found one allele that is specific to sugar beet, relative to other cultivated types, and a second that has a much higher frequency in Swiss chard and red beet than in sugar beet. Both alleles are typically rare in sea beet populations that are distant from seed production areas, but both are common in those that are near the Italian cultivated beet seed production region, supporting the contention that gene flow from the crop to the wild species can be substantial when both grow in proximity. Interestingly, the introgressed populations have higher genetic diversity than those that are isolated from the crop. The crop-to-wild gene flow rates are unknown, as are the fitness consequences of such alleles in the wild. Thus, we are unable to assess the long-term impact of such introgression. However, it is clear that gene flow from a crop to a wild taxon does not necessarily result in a decrease in the genetic diversity of the native plant.', 'en_US'),
(570, 'Competitiveness of transgenic sugar beet resistant to beet necrotic yellow vein virus and potential impact on wild beet populations', NULL, 'en_US'),
(571, 'Promiscuity in transgenic plants', 'The ecological risks of genetically modified crops are of greatest concern when there are no inherent barriers to the spread of transgenes through sexual reproduction. This is most likely when transgenes can spread to weedy species through hybridization, or when the crop species itself exists in weedy forms. If the potential recipient of a transgene is a highly selfing species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, this risk is often considered negligible. Here, however, we report results of a field experiment in which transgenic A. thaliana showed a dramatically increased ability to donate pollen to nearby wild-type mothers compared with A. thaliana mutants expressing the same mutant allele as the transgenic plants.', 'en_US'),
(572, 'Changes in fecundity do not predict invasiveness: a model study of transgenic plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(573, 'Assessment of transgene escape from Brassica rapa (Brassica campestris) into B. nigra or Sinapis arvensis', NULL, 'en_US'),
(574, 'Hybridization among Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica juncea and their two weedy relatives B. nigra and Sinapis arvensis under open pollination conditions in the field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(575, 'The origin and evolution of weed beets: consequences for the breeding and release of herbicide-resistant transgenic sugar-beets', NULL, 'en_US'),
(576, 'Gene escape in transgenic sugar beet: what can be learned from molecular studies of weed beet populations', NULL, 'en_US'),
(577, 'Examination of the putative horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to Agrobacteria', NULL, 'en_US'),
(578, 'Gene transfer between canola (Brassica napus) and related weed species', NULL, 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(579, 'Competitive and reproductive fitness of transgenic canola x weed species hybrids', NULL, 'en_US'),
(580, 'Transgenic sugar beet in natural habitats', NULL, 'en_US'),
(581, 'Regulation and oversight of biotechnological applications for agriculture and forestry', NULL, 'en_US'),
(582, 'Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats', 'Concerns about genetically engineered crop plants center on three conjectural risks: that transgenic crop plants will become weeds of agriculture or invasive of natural habitats; that their engineered genes will be transferred by pollen to wild relatives whose hybrid offspring will then become more weedy or more invasive; or that the engineered plants will be a direct hazard to humans, domestic animals or beneficial wild organisms (toxic or tocal for assessing the invasiveness of plants. The object is to determine whether genetic engineering for herbicide tolerance affects the likelihood of oilseed rape becoming invasive of natural habitats. By estimating the demographic parameters of transgenic and conventional oilseed rape growing in a variety of habitats and under a range of climatic conditions, we obtain and direct comparison of the ecological performance of three different genetic lines (control, kanamycin tolerant transgenics and herbicide tolerant transgenic lines). Despite substantial variation in seed survival, plant growth and seed production between production between sites and across experimental treatments, there was no indication that genetic engineering for kanomycin tolerance or herbicide tolerance increased the invasive potential of oilseed rape. In those cases in which there were significant differences (such as seed survival on burial), transgenic lines were less invasive and less persistent than their conventional counterparts.', 'en_US'),
(583, 'The ecology of genetically engineered organisms: assessing the environmental risks', NULL, 'en_US'),
(584, 'Transgenic crops in natural habitats', 'Although improved crop yields can be engineered by genetically modifying plants, there is ecological concern over whether these plants are likely to persist in the wild in the event of dispersal from their cultivated habitat. Here we present the results of a long-term study of the performance of transgenic crops in natural habitats. Four different crops (oilseed rape, potato, maize and sugar beet) were grown in 12 different habitats and monitored over a period of 10 years. In no case were the genetically modified plants found to be more invasive or more persistent than their conventional counterparts.', 'en_US'),
(585, 'Safety of genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(586, 'Gene dispersal from transgenic crops by pollen', NULL, 'en_US'),
(587, 'Dispersal of genes by pollen: the PROSAMO project', NULL, 'en_US'),
(588, 'The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression and weediness', NULL, 'en_US'),
(589, 'The impact of transgenic crop releases on biodiversity in developing countries', 'An increasing number of transgenic crops are deliberately released into centres of biodiversity, which are mostly found in developing countries. Since these centres are important for the future of the world''s major food crops, there is great concern about the potential ecological impact of these releases. Information and knowledge about the ecological impact are, however, still marginal. This article focuses on the hypothetical risks, with potato serving as an example.', 'en_US'),
(590, 'Genetic diversity and gene flow between wild, cultivated and weedy forms of Beta Vulgarils L. (Chenopodiaceae), assessed by RFLP and microsatellite markers.', 'Beets belonging to the species Beta vulgaris L. can be found in crop, wild and weedy forms, all of which are interfertile. We studied the intra-specific genetic relationships of about 300 individuals from 54 populations of various French geographic origins using nuclear molecular markers (five single-copy RFLP loci and one microsatellite locus). The patterns of diversity were congruent for both types of markers. Genetic diversity in wild beets appeared to be high, both in term of allele number and observed heterozygosity, whereas the narrowness of the cultivated-beet gene pool was confirmed. Genetic distances between all forms showed that weed beets in northern France are intermediates between sugar beet and inland wild beets in southwestern France. This analysis allowed us to infer the paternal origin of weed beets and furthermore, is in agreement with a previous study which focused on their maternal origin: weed beet infesting sugar-beet fields originated from accidental and recurrent hybridization between cultivated lines and ruderal inland wild beets during the production of commercial seeds in southwestern France. Inland wild beets are genetically close to Mediterranean coastal wild beets, but differ from other coastal forms (from Biscay, Brittany and northern France). The study of gene flow in the beet complex contributes to the risk assessment of transgenic beets.', 'en_US'),
(591, 'Biosafety of transgenic oilseed Brassica species.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(592, 'Gene flow and rape - the Canadian experience', NULL, 'en_US'),
(593, 'Biological containment of potato (Solanum tuberosum): outcrossing to the related wild species black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(594, 'Gene flow by pollen - implications for plant conservation genetics', 'The absence of gene flow, genetic isolation, is frequently emphasized in conservation genetics. However, the presence of gene flow can play an equally important role in determining the genetic fate of populations. Here, I first review what is known of patterns of gene flow by pollen. Gene flow by pollen is often substantial among plant populations. I next review the expectations for gene flow patterns in the small populations typical of endangered species. Then, I consider what role gene flow can play in plant conservation genetics. Depending on the specific situation, such gene flow could be either beneficial or detrimental. Geographically disjunct populations might not always be as reproductively isolated as previously thought, and thereby less vulnerable to detrimental drift-based processes. On the other hand, conspecific or heterospecific hybridization may lead to extinction by outbreeding depression or genetic assimilation. Also, the field release of transgenic plants may lead to the escape of engineered genes by crop-wild plant hybridization. Such ''genetic pollution'' could have profound effects on the fitness of wild species with the potential for disrupting natural communities. Gene flow can be an important force in plant conservation genetics, and its potential role should be considered in any plant conservation management program.', 'en_US'),
(595, 'Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild relatives', 'Domesticated plant taxa cannot be regarded as evolutionarily discrete from their wild relatives. Most domesticated plant taxa mate with wild relatives somewhere in the world, and gene flow from crop taxa may have a substantial impact on the evolution of wild populations. In a literature review of the world''s 13 most important food crops, we show that 12 of these crops hybridize with wild relatives in some part of their agricultural distribution. We use population genetic theory to predict the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild plants and discuss two applied consequences of crop-to-wild gene flowthe evolution of aggressive weeds and the extinction of rare species. We suggest ways of assessing the likelihood of hybridization, introgression, and the potential for undesirable gene flow from crops into weeds or rare species.', 'en_US'),
(596, 'Genetiske risikoer for norske villplanter', NULL, 'en_US'),
(597, 'Competitiveness of transgenic oilseed rape', NULL, 'en_US'),
(598, 'Risk assessment of gene flow from virus-resistant transgenic squash into a wild relative', NULL, 'en_US'),
(599, 'Monitoring field releases of genetically modified sugar beets for persistence of transgenic plant DNA and horizontal gene transfer', 'Field releases of transgenic rizomania-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were accompanied by a study of the persistence of DNA from transgenic sugar beet litter in soil and of horizontal gene transfer of plant DNA to bacteria. The transgenic sugar beets contained the marker genes nptII and bar under the control of the bidirectional TR1/2 promoter conferring kanamycin (Km) and glufosinate ammonium resistance to the plant. Primer systems targeting the construct allowed the specific and sensitive detection of the transgenic DNA in soil. Soil samples were analyzed by cultivation of bacteria on nonselective and Km-selective media to determine the proportion of Km-resistant bacteria and to monitor the culturable fraction for incorporation of transgenic plant DNA. To detect the presence of transgenic DNA independently from cultivation, total soil DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR with three different primer sets specific for the transgenic DNA. Longterm persistence of transgenic DNA could be shown under field conditions (up to 2 years) and also in soil microcosms with introduced transgenic plant DNA. No construct-specific sequences were detected by dot blot hybridizations of bacterial isolates. The experimental limitations of detecting horizontal gene transfer from plants to bacteria under field conditions are discussed.', 'en_US'),
(600, 'The release of genetically modified grasses. Part 1: Pollen dispersal to traps in Lolium perenne', 'As part of a series of experiments on determining the risk of introducing genetically modified wind-pollinated forage grasses an experiment on pollen dispersal was conducted and the use of theoretical descriptions to predict dispersal in model systems investigated. Pollen traps were placed around a central source of Lolium perenne. Traps were exposed with their sticky surfaces towards and away from the pollen source and also facing skywards during four stages of anthesis (early, mid 1, mid 2 and late). There was a great deal of variation in dispersal over time and to traps of different orientations. Twelve datasets were collected and used to comprehensively test Bateman''s equations for the wind dispersal of pollen. The equations were not particularly useful for describing dispersal over distance and clearly need to be modified to take factors such as wind direction into account.', 'en_US'),
(601, 'The release of genetically modified grasses. Part 2: The influence of wind direction on pollen dispersaL', NULL, 'en_US'),
(602, 'Gene flow in selected Swiss crops and related weeds, risk assessment for the field release of GMO''s in Switzerland, case of wheat and oilseed rape', NULL, 'en_US'),
(603, 'Reducing transgene escape routes', 'One of the main concerns about genetically modified crops is the risk of contaminating ''natural'' populations with the introduced genes. A technical development that reduces this risk is now reported, and the principle is simple ? rather than introducing transgenes into the nuclear genome, from which they can be spread in the form of pollen, the genes are introduced into the chloroplast DNA. Chloroplasts are maternally inherited, so wild relatives of transgenic plants cannot be contaminated.', 'en_US'),
(604, 'The opportunity for escape of engineered genes from transgenic crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(605, 'Risk assessment of the release of genetically modified plants: a review agro-food-industry', NULL, 'en_US'),
(606, 'Direct comparison of pollen-mediated movement of native and engineered genes', 'Despite the commercial approval of twenty-five transgenic crops in the U.S. as of mid-1996, concern is still being expressed regarding the potential risks associated with genetically engineered crops. One recurring issue is the possibility of pollen-mediated escape of engineered genes into populations of crop wild relatives. To address this concern, the scientific community has depended on literature on pollen dispersal generated from non-transgenic organisms. Utilization of this information requires the assumption that the pollen mediated movement of native and transgenes is the same. To test the validity of this assumption, we directly compared the pollen-mediated gene movement of native and engineered marker genes using melon plants (Cucumis melo L.) expressing dominant morphological and transgenic traits. Movement into both contiguous border plots and non-contiguous satellite plots were monitored. Dispersal of the native gene and transgene into the satellite plots was identical. Dispersal of the two traits into the plot borders was nearly identical. Of the nearly 4600 seedlings screened for both morphological (presence of green vs. virescent cotyledons) and transgene movement (presence of NPT II protein by ELISA), in no case was the NPT II gene observed in the absence of green cotyledons. However, 39 seedlings were green but did not express NPT II as measured by ELISA. PCR analysis revealed transgene inactivation as a cause of the NPT II ELISA-seedlings.', 'en_US'),
(607, 'Assessing the risk of pest resistance evolution to Bacillus thuringiensis engineered into crop plants: a case study of oilseed rape', 'Existing and novel Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-coding genes may be utilised in transgenic oilseed rape to control many of the important insect pest species on the crop, worldwide. Location-specific ecological crop assessment must be used to evaluate the need and possibilities for managing resistance evolution in the target pests, and to ensure sustainability of the control strategy. In some cases, at least, it appears that durable control could be attained in oilseed rape by an integrated control approach, including the use of transgenic crop and among it, about 10% of non-transformed seed to provide refugia for susceptible insect genotypes. Seed mixtures or strip intercropping would be easy to handle also in practice.', 'en_US'),
(608, 'Transfer of engineered genes from crop to wild plants', 'The escape of engineered genes - genes inserted using recombinant DNA techniques - from cultivated plants to wild or weedy relatives has raised concern about possible risks to the environment or to health. The media have added considerably to public concern by suggesting that such gene escape is a new and rather unexpected phenomenon. However, transfer of engineered genes between plants is not at all surprising, because it is mediated by exactly the same mechanisms as those responsible for transferring endogenous plant genes: it takes place by sexual crosses, with pollen as the carrier. Such sexual reproduction has been the basis for breeding almost all crops.', 'en_US'),
(609, 'Spontaneous hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napes) and weedy B. campestris (Brassicaceae): a risk of growing genetically modified oilseed rape', NULL, 'en_US'),
(610, 'Risk assessment of genetically modified crops: potential of four arable crops to hybridize with the wild flora', NULL, 'en_US'),
(611, 'Using models to integrate data from field trials and estimate risks of gene escape and gene spread: biological monitoring of genetically engineered plants and microbes', NULL, 'en_US'),
(612, 'Can we use experiments and models in predicting the invasiveness of genetically engineered organisms?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(613, 'Movement of crop transgenes into wild plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(614, 'II. Pollination, gene transfer and population impacts', NULL, 'en_US'),
(615, 'Transgene movement via gene-flow: recommendations for improved biosafety assessment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(616, 'Engineered genes in wild populations: fitness of weed-crop hybrids of Raphanus sativus', 'The transfer of engineered genes (transgenes) from crops to natural populations will depend first on mating between the crop and related weeds and then upon the relative fitness of the weed-crop hybrid. While weed-crop hybridization is known to occur readily under agricultural conditions, almost nothing is known of the fitness of the hybrids produced. Therefore, we measured the relative fitness of weedy radishes and their sibling weed-crop hybrids under field conditions. Specifically, we compared germination success, time to first flowering, fruit production, seed production, and frequency of transmission of the crop allele to seed progeny. Hybrids showed significantly greater fruit and seed production, and equaled weeds in all other measured characters. Thus, in this experiment, the fitness of hybrids exceeded that of their wild siblings. These results suggest that, in at least this system, neutral or advantageous transgenes introduced into natural populations will tend to persist.', 'en_US'),
(617, 'Crop-weed hybridization in radish (Raphanus sativus): effects of distance and population size', NULL, 'en_US'),
(618, 'Radish as a model system for the study of engineered gene escape rates via crop-weed mating', NULL, 'en_US'),
(619, 'Seed germination in weedy Brassica campestris and its hybrids with B. napus: implications for risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape', 'We studied the germination behaviour of the following types of seeds: weedy Brassica campestris, oilseed rape (Brassica napus), B. campestris ([female]) × B. napus ([male]), B. napus ([female]) × B. campestris ([male]) and, finally, seeds harvested on B. napus ([female]) × B. campestris ([male]) hybrids in open pollination with B. campestris and B. napus. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, using three different consecutive treatments and assaying the viability of non-germinated seeds with tetrazolium staining. B. campestris seeds varied in the treatment they required in order to germinate and many seeds were dormant, in contrast to B. napus seeds, which lacked dormancy. B. campestris ([female]) × B. napus ([male]) and B. napus ([female]) × B. campestris ([male]) seeds both resembled B. napus being non-dormant whereas seeds harvested on B. napus ([female]) × B. campestris ([male]) hybrids were more B. campestris-like in germination behaviour. We discuss implications for risk of transgene spread from oilseed rape to weedy B. campestris.', 'en_US'),
(620, 'Potential persistence of transgenes: seed performance of transgenic canola and wild x canola hybrids', 'Because wild, weedy-ephemeral species take advantage of periodic disturbance for growth and reproduction, many have considerable seed dormancy and longevity, coupled with germination cued on environmental changes correlated with disturbance. Brassica napus canola is derived from a weedy ephemeral and has sexually compatible wild relatives that are weedy ephemerals, most notably B. rapa. Hence, if transgenes introduced into B. napus canola alter its seed bank dynamics to be more similar to its wild relatives, the chance of transgene escape and persistence is increased. Further, if introgression of the transgene into a wild relative enhances or does not disrupt the seed bank dynamics of wild plants, the transgene could persist in wild populations. I conducted experiments with transgenic, oil-modified B. napus canola (high-stearate and high-laurate types) and wild B. rapa × B. napus canola hybrids (high-laurate type) to determine whether they possessed seed dormancy and germination cuing characteristics favoring persistence of escaped transgenes. Seeds of high-stearate B. napus canola and its untransformed parental type were germinated in growth chambers in a complete factorial design of light (full light, darkness, simulated foliage shade), nutrient concentration (high, low), and temperature (10°, 20°, 35°C). Most combinations of factors did not alter high-stearate canola''s timing of germination or total proportion of seeds germinated relative to its nonpersistent parental control. Where effects were seen, they were disadvantageous, with high-stearate seeds germinating more slowly than controls (35°C:full light:high nutrient) and in lower proportions (35°C:darkness:high nutrient and 35°C:full light:high nutrient). Ungerminated high-stearate seeds in treatment combinations having reduced germination were primarily dormant rather than dead. Although most of their dormancy was enforced by high temperature, under some conditions (35°C:full light:high nutrients and 35°C:darkness:low nutrients), I detected significantly higher levels of induced dormancy for high-stearate seeds relative to controls. Hence, persistent high-stearate canola seed banks could form under some field conditions. For high-laurate B. napus canola and high-laurate wild B. rapa × B. napus canola hybrids and their controls, I germinated seeds in growth chambers, varying light and nutrients using the same treatments as above in a complete factorial design. Temperature was maintained at 10°C. High-laurate canola germinated later than its parental control, with the difference enhanced by low nutrients. In low nutrients, high-laurate canola also germinated at a lower proportion than its control. Both of these altered germination characteristics do not favor population persistence of high-laurate canola. Under some conditions (darkness:high nutrients), high-laurate canola had higher overall dormancy and induced dormancy than its control, suggesting the possibility of increased seed bank persistence. Finally, in spite of expectations that the high-laurate wild × crop hybrid would show strong maternal effects, this hybrid and the hybrid control always germinated at proportions at or near 1.0, whereas the wild parent had very low germination proportions and high levels of dormancy, especially in simulated foliage shade. These results suggest that high-laurate wild-crop hybrids lack germination cuing mechanisms and will germinate primarily at inappropriate times. However, when they do germinate with wild B. rapa, they are likely to compete well with it because the high-laurate hybrids germinated and grew as fast or faster than their wild parental control. This should provide opportunities for backcrossing to wild B. rapa.', 'en_US'),
(621, 'Potential persistence of escaped transgenes: performance of transgenic oil-modified Brassica seeds and seedlings', 'We performed two experiments designed to assess the risk that seed-oil-modification transgenes will increase the persistence of feral Brassica napus canola and interspecific hybrids of B. napus canola and wild Brassica rapa, a weedy relative. The first experiment, conducted at field sites in California and Georgia where oil-modified canola will be grown commercially, tested whether buried seeds of transgenic high-stearate canola had increased survivorship and dormancy. Performance of the high-stearate type was compared to nontransgenic null segregant and parental lines. In California, no differences in initial proportions of dormant seeds and rates of exit could be detected between high-stearate canola and its controls, suggesting low probability that high-stearate canola will form a larger or more persistent seed bank than its nonpersistent controls. In Georgia, although high-stearate canola initially had as low or lower proportions of dormant seeds than its controls, high-stearate seeds exhibited no detectable exit from the seed bank, whereas both controls had significant rates of exit. Hence, escaped high-stearate seed may persist for a longer period than its controls at this site. Differences between the sites highlight the need to conduct risk assessment over the range where a transgenic crop will be commercialized. The second experiment, a greenhouse study, measured the relative ability of oil-modified canolas and wild × crop hybrids to emerge from four depths in the soil (0, 0.5, 4, and 10 cm) and their subsequent seedling vigor. We tested lines of B. napus canola carrying either the high-stearate gene or a transgene for high-laurate production, using nontransgenic parental types as controls. We also examined the impact of the high-laurate transgene in interspecific wild B. rapa × B. napus canola hybrids. Performance of the high-laurate hybrids was compared to nontransgenic hybrids and the B. rapa wild parent. For all seed types, no seedlings emerged from 10 cm, and all seedlings emerged from 0 and 0.5 cm. A higher proportion of high-stearate canola emerged from 4 cm than its control, but for all depths, high-stearate canola emerged more slowly and had significantly less biomass than its control 2 and 4 wk following emergence. In contrast, high-laurate canola''s total emergence and timing of emergence could not be distinguished from its control. Although high-laurate canola''s 2-wk biomass was less than that of its control, by 4 wk, its biomass was equivalent due to its significantly higher relative growth rate during that period. The different results for the two oil-modification transgenes suggest that even transgenes with similar functions should be considered on a case-by-case basis. From 0 and 0.5 cm, high-laurate wild × canola hybrids'' total emergence, timing of emergence, and biomass accumulation were indistinguishable from their wild parent. High-laurate hybrids emerged more rapidly and had greater biomass at 2 wk than their hybrid controls. Our results indicate that high-laurate hybrids, emerged from shallow depths, may experience performance advantages that will allow them to perform as well as their persistent, wild parent.', 'en_US'),
(622, 'Long-term introgression of crop genes into wild sunflower populations', 'Hybrids between cultivated and wild sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) are frequently reported. As much as 42% of progeny from wild plants near cultivar fields are hybrids, and cultivar genes have been shown to persist in wild populations at least five generations. We report the effects of up to 40 years of persistent cultivar gene flow on the genetic structure of three wild H. annuus populations that are adjacent to cultivated fields. Eighteen cultivar-specific markers were surveyed in a total of 115 individuals. We also developed cultivar-based genetic maps for the markers and used them to see if marker patterns in the wild populations were consistent with introgression and if selection was acting jointly on unlinked loci. High levels of crop specific markers were detected in all three wild populations, ranging from 0.315 to 0.382, on average. All 115 plants had at least 1 cultivar marker. Introgression is the most likely explanation for the presence of crop specific markers in the sympatric populations because (1) the markers were either not present or found at much lower levels in four allopatric populations, (2) markers that were genetically linked in the cultivar invariably showed linkage disequilibrium patterns in the sympatric populations consistent with introgression, and (3) homology tests ruled out convergent evolution as an alternate explanation. Hence, introgression of cultivar loci was widespread, and the sympatric wild populations have been replaced by advanced generation hybrids. Unlinked, introgressed markers did not show significant linkage disequilibria, indicating a lack of epistatic associations among introgressed markers. Hence, transgenes in cultivated sunflowers should readily introgress into sympatric wild populations, and their fate will be determined primarily by their fitness effects on the wild plants.', 'en_US'),
(623, 'Pollen dispersal from two field trials of transgenic cotton in the Namoi Valley, Australia', NULL, 'en_US'),
(624, 'Weed management and impact on ecology of growing glyphosate tolerant sugarbeets', NULL, 'en_US'),
(625, 'An assessment of gene transfer by pollen from field-grown transgenic potatoes to non-transgenic potatoes and related species', NULL, 'en_US'),
(626, 'The impact on biosafety of the phosphinothricin-tolerance transgene in inter-specific B. rapa x B. napus hybrids and their successive backcrosses', 'There is strong evidence indicating that gene flow from transgenic B. napus into weedy wild relatives is inevitable following commercial release. Research should now focus on the transmission, stability, and impact of transgene expression after the initial hybridization event. The present study investigated the transfer of a phosphinothricin-tolerance transgene by inter-specific hybridization between B. rapa and two transgenic B. napus lines. The expression of the transgene was monitored in the F 1 hybrids and in subsequent backcross generations. The transgene was transmitted relatively easily into the F 1 hybrids and retained activity. Large differences in the transmission frequency of the transgene were noted between offspring of the two transgenic lines during backcrossing. The most plausible explanation of these results is that the line showing least transmission during backcrossing contains a transgene integrated into a C-genome chromosome. Approximately 10% of offspring retained the tolerant trait in the BC 3 and BC 4 generations. The implications of these findings for the stable introgression of transgenes carried on one of the chromosomes of the C-genome from B. napus and into B. rapa are briefly discussed.', 'en_US'),
(627, 'The risk of crop transgene spread', NULL, 'en_US'),
(628, 'Do barren zones and pollen traps reduce gene escape from transgenic crops?', 'As genetically engineered crop varieties near widespread cultivation, both agronomic and environmental concerns mandate the development of effective strategies for isolating transgenic varieties from related non-transgenic varieties or cross-fertile weeds. We present the results of the first field experiment designed to test the effectiveness of two containment strategies that are commonly used in field trials of transgenic crops: (1) an isolation zone devoid of vegetation to discourage emigration of insect pollinators from transgenic plots; and (2) trap crops (non-transgenic varieties of the same crop planted adjacent to the transgenic plot that can ''cleanse'' emigrating pollinators of transgenic pollen). In conjunction with field trials of genetically engineered canola (Brassica napus) conducted by Calgene, Inc., in California and Georgia, we varied both the width of the barren zone and the presence or absence of a trap crop, and measured the effects on gene escape. Escape was easily detected since the genetic construct inserted into the transgenic canola contained a gene that rendered seedlings resistant to the normally lethal antibiotic kanamycin. Our results suggest that barren zones 4-8 m in width may actually increase seed contamination over what would be expected if the intervening ground were instead planted entirely with a trap crop. When trap crops occupied a limited portion of the isolation zone separating transgenic and non-transgenic varieties, the effectiveness of the trap depended on the width of the isolation zone: they reduced gene escape when the two varieties were separated by 8 m, but increased escape across a 4-m isolation zone. We conclude that, for the relatively short isolation distances we examined, the most effective strategy for reducing the escape of transgenic pollen is to devote the entire region between transgenic and non-transgenic varieties to a trap crop.', 'en_US'),
(629, 'Recent advances in ecological biosafety research on the risks of transgenic plants: a trans-continental perspective', NULL, 'en_US'),
(630, 'Assessing the risks of invasion for genetically engineered plants: acceptable evidence and reasonable doubt', 'Agricultural biotechnology has generated concern over the risk of producing new invasive species or exacerbating current weed problems. In this paper, we introduce the regulatory context for assessing invasiveness of genetically engineered organisms in the United States and review the evidence presented by companies arguing the deregulation of particular transgenic crops. The context of invasion ecology is then used to discuss the nature of acceptable evidence for a finding of ''no risk'',: we focus in particular on the role of experimental data. We review recent experiments designed to assess the risk of gentically engineerred crops, including our own work with oil-modified canola Brassica napus, and offer guidelines for the design and interpretation of such experiments.', 'en_US'),
(631, 'Gene dispersal from genetically modified oil seed rape in field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(632, 'Will hybrids of genetically modified crops invade natural communities?', 'In order to assess the risks of hybridization between genetically modified crops and closely related weeds, recent studies of introgression of crops and wild relatives growing nearby, using molecular markers, are discussed. Where introgression has occurred, the products have tended to colonize agricultural or disturbed habitats. However, if genetic modification of crops alters the probability of hybrid formation or the performance of hybrids, then natural and seminatural habitats may be invaded by hybrids carrying the modification. It is hoped that data on the maintenance of disease resistance polymorphisms in natural populations will prove helpful in modelling how transgenes conferring disease resistance might behave in natural populations.', 'en_US'),
(633, 'Genetically modified crops and hybridization with wild relatives: a UK perspective', '1. It has been suggested that genetic modification could lead to crops with enhanced invasiveness and persistence. These new genotypes could Invade natural ecosystems and cause undesirable change. either through spread of the crops themselves or through hybridization with wild relatives.2. We review the progress made in the genetic modification of the major UK crops. and identify those crops and traits in which genetic modification is most advanced.3. Data on the potential for the spread of transgenes through pollen movement and the relative performance of modified and unmodified crops are examined. It is concluded that the spread of modified crops and their hybrids with wild relatives can be modelled in the same manner as for unmodified crops.4. Evidence for hybridization between crop and wild species in the UK is reviewed, We identify three categories of crop according to the likelihood of formation of hybrids with wild relatives.5. The categorization of crops is used to suggest some simplifications to the procedures for permission to release genetically modified crops into the environment.6. We suggest research priorities for ecologists based on the traits that are of most interest to plant breeders using genetic modification and the most likely route of escape of transgenes from a particular crop.', 'en_US'),
(634, 'Modeling the impact of transgenic herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape on weed population dynamics', NULL, 'en_US'),
(635, 'Opportunities for gene transfer from transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to related species', NULL, 'en_US'),
(636, 'Low probability of chloroplast movement from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into wild Brassica rapa', 'Pollen-mediated movement of transgenes from transplastomic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into wild relatives will be avoided if chloroplasts are maternally transmitted. We assess the probability of chloroplast exchange between conventional oilseed rape and wild Brassica rapa to model the future behavior of transplastomic cultivars. Primers specific to cpDNA were used to demonstrate maternal inheritance of chloroplasts in 47 natural hybrids between cultivated B. napus and wild B. rapa. We conclude that there will be no or negligible pollen-mediated chloroplast dispersal from oilseed rape. Transgene introgression could still occur in mixed populations, however, if B. napus acted as the recurrent female parent. Rate of transfer would then depend on the abundance of mixed populations, their persistence as mixtures, and hybridization frequency within stands. A low incidence of sympatry (0.6-0.7%) between wild B. rapa and cultivated B. napus along the river Thames, UK, in 1997 and 1998, suggests mixed stands will form only rarely. Eighteen feral populations of B. napus also showed a strong tendency toward rapid decline in plant number, seed return, and ultimately, extinction within 3 years. Conversely, hybrid production is significant in mixed stands, and the absence of control practices means that oilseed rape will have slightly greater persistence. We infer that some introgression from transplastomic B. napus into B. rapa is inevitable in mixed populations even though such populations will occur infrequently and will tend to lose B. napus plants relatively quickly. Chloroplast exchange will be extremely rare and scattered.', 'en_US'),
(637, 'Increased fitness of transgenic insecticidal rapeseed under insect selection pressure', NULL, 'en_US'),
(638, 'Degree of pollen dispersal by insects from a field test of genetically engineered cotton', NULL, 'en_US'),
(639, 'Sensitive detection of transgenic plant marker gene persistence in soil microcosms', NULL, 'en_US'),
(640, 'Quantification of transgenic plant marker gene persistence in the field', NULL, 'en_US'),
(641, 'An inventory of the key predators of cotton pests on Bt and non-Bt cotton in west Texas', NULL, 'en_US'),
(642, 'Changes in levels, species and DNA fingerprints of soil-microorganisms associated with cotton expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki endotoxin.', 'An important aspect of the risk assessment of pesticidal transgenic plants is the potential for detrimental effects on the soil ecosystem from residual plant material following harvesting and tillage. We evaluated this concern by placing leaves of three different lines of cotton genetically engineered to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (B.t.k.) endotoxin in soil and monitoring numbers and species of indigenous soil bacteria and fungi. Four experiments, lasting 28 or 56 days, were performed using combinations of the following treatments: (1) soil only; (2) soil + purified B.t.k. toxin; (3) soil + parental cotton; (4) soil + purified B.t.k. toxin + parental cotton; (5) soil + B.t.k. toxin-producing cotton. Two of the three transgenic cotton lines caused a transient increase in total bacterial and fungal population levels that was significantly higher on several sample days in the experiments than the levels in the other treatments. In contrast, neither the third transgenic cotton line nor the purified B.t.k. toxins had any significant effects on the total numbers of bacteria and fungi. Transient changes in bacterial species composition, measured by biochemical tests of individual cultures, community substrate utilization and DNA fingerprinting, were also observed in treatments with the two transgenic plant lines. The plant line specificity of the response, and the lack of effects from the purified B.t.k. toxins, suggest that the observed effects of the two transgenic plant lines on soil microorganisms may not have resulted from the plants'' production of B.t.k. toxin. We suggest that genetic manipulation or tissue culturing of the plants may have produced a change in plant characteristics, aside from B.t.k. toxin production, that can influence growth and species composition of soil microorganisms.', 'en_US'),
(643, 'Biological parameters of convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on transgenic potato.', NULL, 'en_US'),
(644, 'Microbial populations, fungal species diversity and plant pathogen levels in field plots of potato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis endotoxin', NULL, 'en_US'),
(645, 'Effects of transgenic plants on soil and plant microorganisms', 'In this paper, several studies using different transgenic plants to evaluate the persistence of their products and their effects on soil and plant microorganisms were considered. These studies used cotton, potato, tobacco and alfalfa engineered for the production of pesticidal products (Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins and proteinase inhibitors) and industrial compounds ( alpha -amylase and lignin peroxidase). Recommendations are made for the design of risk assessment studies on transgenic plants.', 'en_US'),
(646, 'Decomposition of genetically engineered tobacco under field conditions: persistence of the proteinase inhibitor I product and effects on soil microbial respiration and protozoa, nematode and microarthropod populations', 'To evaluate the potential effects of genetically engineered (transgenic) plants on soil ecosystems, litterbags containing leaves of non-engineered (parental) and transgenic tobacco plants were buried in field plots. The transgenic tobacco plants were genetically engineered to constitutively produce proteinase inhibitor I, a protein with insecticidal activity. The litterbag contents and surrounding soil, as well as soil from control plots without litterbags were sampled over a 5-month period at 2- to 4- week intervals and assayed for proteinase inhibitor concentration, litter decomposition rates, carbon and nitrogen content, microbial respiration rates and population levels of nematodes, protozoa and microarthropods. The proteinase inhibitor concentration in the transgenic plant litter after 57 days was 0.5% of the day 0 value and was not detectable on subsequent sample days. Although the carbon content of the transgenic plant litter was comparable to that of the parental plant litter on day 0, it became significantly lower over the course of the experiment. In addition, nematode population in the soil surrounding the transgenic plant litterbags were greater than those in the soil surrounding parental plant litterbags and had a different trophic group composition, including a significantly higher ratio of fungal feeding nematodes to bacterial feeding nematodes on sample day 57. In contrast, Collembola populations in the soil surrounding the transgenic plant litterbags were significantly lower than in the soil surrounding parental plant litterbags. Our results demonstrated that under field conditions proteinase inhibitor remained immunologically active in buried transgenic plant litter for at least 57 days and that decomposing parental and transgenic plant litter differed in quality (carbon content) and in the response of exposed soil organisms (Collembola and nematodes).', 'en_US'),
(647, 'Impact of beneficial arthropod conservation in Bt and conventional cotton', NULL, 'en_US'),
(648, 'Cry 1Ab protein levels in phytophagous insects feeding on transgenic corn: implications for secondary exposure risk assessment', NULL, 'en_US'),
(649, 'Bt corn and the monarch butterfly: research update', NULL, 'en_US'),
(650, 'Effects of transgenic Bacillus Thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(651, 'Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAb toxin to the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(652, 'Monarch Bt-corn paper questioned', 'The May publication in Nature of a peer-reviewed Scientific Correspondence paper indicating that transgenic pollen kills larvae of the monarch butterfly provoked contrasting responses around the world. While environmental interest groups seized on the findings as demonstrating the harmful effects of genetically modified crops on ''non-target'' species in agricultural regions, plant scientists and representatives of life science companies among others criticized the work as premature, incomplete, and unconvincing.In the controversial experiments, monarch larvae fed on milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from N4640 Bt corn (a commercial variety containing a gene for an insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis protein as a defense against infestation with the European corn borer) ate less, grew more slowly and had higher mortality than those fed plain leaves or leaves dusted with pollen from a non-transgenic corn line. After four days, su-vival of larvae exposed to N4640 Bt corn was 56% compared with 100% for the pollen-plus and pollen-minus controls. The monarch, whose larvae feed exclusively on milkweed leaves, is regarded as a particularly sensitive indicator of environmental disturbance.Critics of the work have particularly highlighted a number of weaknesses of the paper. The first is that it is unsurprising that a lepidopteran species such as the monarch should be affected when fed plant material that contains a protein used precisely because of its lepidopteran-specific killing properties.Willy De Greef, the worldwide head of regulatory and government affairs for Novartis Seeds (Basel, Switzerland), the company that developed the N4640 Bt variety, would have liked to see a greater stringency with respect to the Cornell University (Ithaca, New York) group''s experiments. The forced feeding of a potentially toxic compound to larvae does not really represent the reality in the field. More convincing, he says, would have been the results of ''choice'' experiments where, as in the field, the monarch larvae are exposed simultaneously to milkweed leaves with and without Bt-maize pollen. The preliminary Cornell experiments reported in Nature indicate that the presence of both transformed and untransformed pollen reduces leaf consumption by the larvae, something that might be expected to have a bearing on larval survival. De Greef says that the ''choice'' experiments would explore the monarch''s pollen avoidance strategies.', 'en_US'),
(653, 'Interaction of genetically engineered host plant resistance and natural enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tobacco', NULL, 'en_US'),
(654, 'Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae', 'Although plants transformed with genetic material from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) are generally thought to have negligible impact on non-target organisms, Bt corn plants might represent a risk because most hybrids express the Bt toxin in pollen, and corn pollen is dispersed over at least 60 metres by wind. Corn pollen is deposited on other plants near corn fields and can be ingested by the non-target organisms that consume these plants. In a laboratory assay we found that larvae of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, reared on milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from Bt corn, ate less, grew more slowly and suffered higher mortality than larvae reared on leaves dusted with untransformed corn pollen or on leaves without pollen.', 'en_US'),
(655, 'Effects of Bt corn on Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Rhynchota aphididae) and on its predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephen (Neuroptera Chrysopidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(656, 'Biodiversity and structure of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera carabidae) in Bt corn and its effects on non target insects', NULL, 'en_US'),
(657, 'Oviposition of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and impact of natural enemy populations in transgenic versus isogenic corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(658, 'Impact of genetically modified rapeseed on insect pollinators (honeybees)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(659, 'Preimaginal development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn', NULL, 'en_US'),
(660, 'Field and laboratory evaluations of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn on secondary lepidopteran pests (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)', NULL, 'en_US');
INSERT INTO `bibliography_bibliography_i18n` (`id`, `title`, `abstract`, `locale`) VALUES
(661, 'Bt corn pollen impacts on nontarget lepidoptera: assessment of effects in nature', 'The demonstrations by Losey et al. (1)and Hansen and Obrycki (www.ent.iastate.eduyentsocynch 99yprogyabsy D81.html) that milkweed leaves dusted with heavy concentrations of Bt corn pollen are toxic to Monarch butterf ly larvae (Danaus plexippus) feeding on them were consistent with the known toxicity of Bt endotoxin to Lepidoptera in general and the expression of Bt endotoxins in the pollen of the strains of corn they studied. Much speculation and some investigations followed, concerning the extent to which the poisoning of Monarch butterf lies and other nontarget Lepidoptera might be sig-nificant contributors to the mortality of these insects in nature. For example, Shel-ton and Roush (2) were critical of the two earlier findings, but did not provide any data from nature, despite the fact that Losey et al. (1), in the original report, stated ''''it would be inappropriate to draw any conclusions about the risk to Monarch populations in the field based solely on these initial results.''''In a recent issue of PNAS, Wraight et al. (3) reported their experiments with pop-ulations of black swallowtail larvae (Pap-ilio polyxenes) under field conditions. The food plants were located at varying dis-tances from plantings of Bt corn; the authors found no effects on the mortality of the larvae. These results demonstrated that Bt corn pollen from this corn strain is not toxic to this species of butterf ly at levels observed in the field no matter how close the larval food plants were to the pollen-shedding corn plants. It has not been demonstrated, however, that Mon-arch butterf lies and black swallowtails are equally susceptible to Bt endotoxins. Further, the pollen of the corn strain 176 used by Hansen and Obrycki (www.ent. iastate.eduyentsocynch 99yprogyabsy D81.html) in their experiments with Mon-arch butterf lies was demonstrated by Wraight et al. (3) to be lethal to black swallowtail larvae in the laboratory, whereas the pollen of the strain they used in their field experiments, with 1y40 of the Bt endotoxin level of strain 176, was not. Studies of the effects of corn strain 176 pollen on both black swallowtails and Monarch butterf lies in the field are un-derway in the summer of 2000. For their original report, Losey et al. (1) used still a different corn strain, N4640. At any event, the level of Bt endotoxin in the pollen of the particular corn strain, as expected, has a direct effect on the survival of black swallowtail larvae in the laboratory and presumably on the larvae of other butter-fly species as well. It has not been demonstrated whether different species of butterflies have varying levels of tolerance to Bt toxin, but they probably do, as demon-strated with other toxins.', 'en_US'),
(662, 'GM crops: environmental risks and non-target effects', 'The debate surrounding the environmental implications of using genetically modified (GM) crops is growing increasingly complex, intense and emotional. This is complicated by the continuing twists and turns as new research is published; the conclusions of which are often misrepresented or even misinterpreted. The extensive media coverage that followed the report on monarch butterflies and transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins 1, work that has subsequently received considerable scientific criticism 2 is a typical example. There have been several other notable studies addressing the ecological effect of insect-resistant GM crops on important non-target beneficial insects, such as ladybirds3, lacewings 4,5 and parasitic wasps 6. A recent study showed the asynchronous development of Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible pink bollworm larvae reared in greenhouse bioassays 7. Since this study, several questions have been raised concerning the use of the refugia management strategy as a means of reducing the development of resistance by lepidopteran targets on Bt crops. A central premise to the refugia management strategy is that there will be significant interbreeding between resistant and susceptible moths but that there will be little or no assortative mating within strains of moths. These scientific studies, coupled with disputes over the economic and environmental benefits of using Bt crops 8,9 , have intensified the debate rather than building public confidence in GM technology. The credibility of science is jeopardized when the public is not provided with the perspective and context of experiments. This could lead to science being viewed by the public as incapable of providing the credible information needed to resolve complex issues.', 'en_US'),
(663, 'Immunological analysis of phloem sap of Bacillus thuringiensis corn and of the nontarget herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) for the presence of Cry 1Ab', 'Phloem sap of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn expressing a truncated form of the B. thuringiensis delta -endotoxin Cry1Ab, sap sucking aphids feeding on Bt corn and their honeydew were analysed for presence of Cry1Ab using ELISA. Phloem sap of Bt and non-Bt corn was collected using a newly developed technique with a microcapillary being directly inserted into the phloem tubes. Using this technique, no Cry1Ab was detected in the phloem sap. In contrast, measurable concentrations of Cry1Ab in the range of 1 ppb were detected when phloem sap of pooled leaf samples was extracted using EDTA buffer. This was probably because of Cry1Ab toxin released from damaged cells. When analysing apterous adults of Rhopalosiphum padi L. and their honeydew, no Cry1Ab could be detected. In contrast, Cry1Ab was clearly detected in both larvae of the leaf chewing herbivore Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and their faeces, showing that Cry1Ab is detectable after ingestion and excretion by herbivores. These results suggest that R. padi ingests or contains no or only very low concentrations of Cry1Ab in the range of the detection limit. In consequence it is hypothesized that R. padi as an important prey for beneficial insects in corn is unlikely to cause any harm to its antagonists due to mediating Bt toxin.', 'en_US'),
(664, 'Transgenetic Bt potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle management: comparative efficacy and non-target impacts', NULL, 'en_US'),
(665, 'Potential side effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on arthropod natural enemies', 'Engineering genes encoding insecticidal proteins into crop plants offers numerous benefits to agriculture. However, like many conventional insecticides, this new technology has the potential to disrupt natural biological control through both direct and indirect side effects of the plants on the fitness or behaviour of arthropod predators and parasitoids. Interactions between transgenic plants and these beneficial insects are being assessed to avoid incompatibility.', 'en_US'),
(666, 'The impact of insect resistant GM crops on population of natural enemies', 'The effect of genetically modified (GM) plants on arthropod natural enemies of pest insects is discussed. The paper primarily concentrates on the potential impact of the insect resistant crops currently grown commercially in several countries, which express delta -endotoxin genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. The following factors influencing the impact of GM crops on the population dynamics of natural enemies are considered: the level of plant resistance; promoters and transgene expression; specificity of the transgene product; the presence of susceptible plants; and the plants species, geographical location and crop management. It is concluded that a thorough risk-assessment of every GM plant to be released is essential and, in addition, post-approval monitoring of natural enemies should be employed once insect resistant GM plants are grown on a large commercial scale.', 'en_US'),
(667, 'Preliminary report on the ecological impact of Bt corn pollen on the Monarch butterfly in Ontario', NULL, 'en_US'),
(668, 'Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIIA on Folsomia candida and Xenylla grisea (Insecta: Collembola)', 'The dietary toxicity of four Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins (CrylA(b), @IA(c), CryIIA, and CryIDA) was evaluated against two Gollembola species. Folsomia candida (Willern) (Isotomidae) and Xenylla grisea AxeIsora (Hypogastruridae). Test diets were prepared by adding the respective purified B. thuringiensis proteins to aqueous suspensions of Bakers yeast (Sacchamnyces cerevisiae) and lyophilizing the mixtures to obtain final test concentrations of 200 pg B. thuringienis protein per gram of diet. Collembola were tested inside petri dish microcosms containing a moistened 9: 1 plaster of paris: charcoal mix. The numbers of surviving adults and progeny were recorded following 21 days exposure to the test diets. None of tie B. thuringiensis proteins significantly reduced Collembola survival or reproduction compared to the negative yeast control. The insecticide chlorpyrifos was used as a positive control for assay validation. Chlorpyrifos significantly reduced F. candida adult survival and reproduction at diet concentrations > 20 ug g-l; X. grisea was not significantly affected by chlorpyrifos concentrations up to 200 pg g-1. The test results demonstrate that the relatively low concentrations of B. thuringiensis insecticidal proteins present in the tissues of transgenic crop plants do not pose a toxicological risk to soil Collembola.', 'en_US'),
(669, 'An extension entomologist''s 1996 observations of bollgard (Bt) technology', NULL, 'en_US'),
(670, 'Influence of Bt cotton on beneficial arthropod populations', NULL, 'en_US'),
(671, 'Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions', NULL, 'en_US'),
(672, 'The role of transgenic Bt cotton in integrated insect pest management', 'The role of transgenic Bt cotton in integrated insect Pest management ''was studied in 1994-1998 period at laboratory, cage and field from the standpoint of blonomics, population ecology, community ecology and Integrated pest management. Bt cotton was highly resistant to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) but the degree of its resistance fluctuated both in time and space; and the effects covered the pest''s survival, development, reproduction and behavior. The bollworm was no longer the key pest of Bt cotton, but the red spider mites (Tetranychus cinnabrinus) aphids (Aphis gossipii) and thrips (Thrips tabaci) became the main ones. The dominant predator species had little change but the number of dominant: parasitoids of the bollworm decreased significantly. The diversity index (2.8023) and evenness (0.5805) in spring planted Bt cotton intercropped with wheat>single spring planted Br cotton (2.6133 and 0.5321, respectively)> short-season Bt cotton (1.8181 and 0.4082, respectively), but the dominant concentration index showed contrary result (0.1085, 0.1291 and 0.3360, respectively), thus the insect community of spring Bt cotton Intercropped with wheat was more stable. There vas no need for chemical control of the second generation of the bollworm. The threshold of third generation was 20-25 of 2nd-3rd instar larvae per 100 being 2-3 told of the conventional cotton. The toxin tolerance of the bollworm was apparently increased due to continuous cultivation of Bt cotton. Compared with the conventional cotton, the usage of insecticide in St car-ton was decreased by 60-80Z, and number of predators increased by 24.OZ, bringing about great economical, social and ecological profits.', 'en_US'),
(673, 'Quantification in soil of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin from transgenic plants', NULL, 'en_US'),
(674, 'Microbial utilization of free and clay-bound insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and their retention of insecticidal activity after incubation with microbes', 'The insecticidal toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and tenebrionis were resistant when bound on clays, but not when free, to utilization by pure and mixed cultures of microbes as sources of carbon and carbon plus nitrogen, and their availability as a nitrogen source was reduced. The bound toxins retained insecticidal activity both before and after exposure to microbes or pronase. The insecticidal activity of the toxins persisted for 40 days (the longest time evaluated) in nonsterile soil continuously maintained at the -33-kPa water tension and room temperature, alternately air dried and rewetted to the -33-kPa water tension, or alternately frozen and thawed, although alternate drying and wetting reduced the activity.', 'en_US'),
(675, 'Persistence in soil of transgenic plant produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin', 'A model system of transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta -endotoxin (Btk toxin) was used to evaluate the persistence of transgenic pesticides in a sandy loam soil from California, USA. Purified Btk toxin or transgenic cotton leaves containing Btk toxin were added to soil in five different microcosm experiments in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1600 ng Btk toxin/g soil. The concentration of the extractable Btk toxin was measured for up to 140 days. An initial rapid decline in extractable toxin concentration in the first 14 days, followed by a slower decline, was observed in four of the five experiments. At the end of the experiments, Btk toxin from transgenic plant tissue was undetectable (<0.1% of starting concentration) in two of the microcosm experiments and at 3, 16, and 35% of the original amounts in the other experiments. In addition, experiments using gamma -irradiated sterilized soil showed that the observed decline in extractable toxin concentration was due largely to biotic degradation rather than to physical adsorption by the soil.', 'en_US'),
(676, 'Transgenic plant pesticides: fate and persistence in soil', 'Transgenic plants which produce pesticidal proteins have the potential to release these products into the soil environment when the plants are incorporated into the soil by natural or mechanical means. This could result in novel exposure of soil organims to these pesticidal proteins. There is a lack of knowledge about the fate and persistence of the transgenic pesticidal products in the soil. A model system of transgenic cotton which produces Bacillusthuringiensisdelta-endotoxin (Bt toxin) was used to address this issue. Methods were developed to quantify Bt toxin in soil and oil/plant litter by extraction of teh Bt toxin from soil with an acqueous buffer and quantification by ELISA. The highest recovery of Bt toxin from soil was obtained with a high salt, high ph buffer. In addition, for certain soil types, addition of a non-ionic detergent in the buffer were necessary to disrupt the ionic and hydrophobic interactions between the soil particles and the protein thereby allowing high recovery of the toxin. The limit of detection of this method is 0.5 ng toxin/ g soil. In laboratory settings, when transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin was incorporated into soil, the half-life of the extractable Bt toxin was two to 10 days, depending upon the experimental conditions. The method was shown to be useful in tracking over tme the persistence of both purified and transgenic Bt toxin in laboratory experiments.', 'en_US'),
(677, 'In plant distribution and environmental fate of insect resistant proteins', 'Cotton (Gossypium hirsulum) plants have been genetically modified to confer high-level resistance to damage by lepidopeteran insects. Those plants express truncated Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins, HD-1 or HD-73, and the antibiotic resistance selection marker protein neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII). Studies have been initiated to 1) estimate the amount of these proteins that will enter the environment through field planting of insect resistant cotton plants, and 2) measure their rates of degradation in soil. Levels of HD-1, HD-73 and NPTII were measured by ELISA in all major tissues collected from two lines of mature field-grown cotton plants. The Bt proteins were distributed throughout the major mature cotton plant tissues. Most of the NPTII was found only in stem tissue. A novel bioassay was developed to measure HD-1 and HD-73 degradation in soil. This assay measured tobacco budworm (lleliothia virescens) larvae mortality and/or growth inhibition due to ingestion of diet-incorporated soil samples that had been treated with the Bt proteins. These studies establish the environmental load and fate of proteins resulting from large-scale planting of insect resistant cotton.', 'en_US'),
(678, 'Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn', 'Bt corn is corn (Zea mays) that has been genetically modified to express insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to kill lepidopteran pests feeding on these plants. Here we show that Bt toxin is released into the rhizosphere soil in root exudates from Bt corn.', 'en_US'),
(679, 'Insect bioassay for determining soil degradation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CryIA(b) protein in corn tissue', NULL, 'en_US'),
(680, 'Dot blot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring the fate of insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in soil', 'The release of transgenic plants and microorganisms expressing truncated genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for active insecticidal toxins rather than for the inactive protoxins could result in the accumulation of these active proteins in soil, especially when bound on clay minerals and other soil particles. To monitor the fate of these toxins in soil, a dot blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects free and particle-bound toxins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and subsp. tenebrionis was developed. The lower limit of detection of the toxins, either free or adsorbed or bound on the clay minerals montmorillonite (M) or kaolinite (K) or on the clay-particle-size fraction separated from soil (by sedimentation according to Stokes'' Law), was approximately 3 ng. Antibodies (Ab) to the toxins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and from B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis were raised in goats and rabbits, respectively, and each Ab was rendered specific by adsorption onto CNBr-activated Sepharose coupled with the other toxin. The preadsorbed Ab were specific for the toxins from both subspecies, both free and bound on M, K, or the clay-particle-size fraction of soil. The toxins that were added to sterile and nonsterile soil amended with M or K or not amended were detected on the clay-particle-size fraction of the soil after various periods of incubation by the dot blot ELISA. No toxins were detected on the silt- and sand-particle-size fractions. Each dot blot, containing various amounts of toxins and/or clays, was applied to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane in a dot blot vacuum system. The toxins were still detectable on the clay-particle-size fraction of nonsterile soil after 40 days. This agreed with preliminary results of other studies in this laboratory that when these toxins bind on clay minerals, they become resistant to utilization by microorganisms.', 'en_US'),
(681, 'Persistence of the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in soil', 'The accumulation and persistence of the insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis may result in environmental hazards, such as toxicity to nontarget species and the selection of toxin-resistant target species. Toxins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were added to three soils [Kitchawan soil (which contains kaolinite but not montmorillonite) unamended or amended with montmorillonite or kaolinite (as an internal control); Mopala soil, which contains montmorillonite and kaolinite; and San Alejo soil, which does not contain montmorillonite but contains kaolinite], and the persistence of the toxins was determined by insect bioassays using the larvae of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Toxicity varied with the type of soil: the Kitchawan soil, either unamended or amended with kaolinite, remained toxic to the larvae for more than 6 months, maintaining a lethal concentration at which 50% of the larvae were killed (LC50) of 61 to 111 ng 100 l-1 of soil suspension throughout 195 d of incubation. The Kitchawan soil amended with montmorillonite and the Mopala and San Alejo soils showed reduced insecticidal activity after only 35 d (LC50 from 104 to 192 ng 100 l-1). The pH of soils in which insecticidal activity was reduced was higher (5.8 to 7.3) than that of soils in which insecticidal activity was retained (4.9 to 5.1). As microbial activity is greater at higher pH values, more of the toxins may have been degraded by microbes in soils with the higher pH values. This hypothesis was confirmed by the greater loss in insecticidal activity during 234 d when the pH of the Kitchawan soil, unamended or amended to 6% (vol vol-1) with kaolinite, was increased from 4.9 to ca. 7.0 by the addition of CaCO3.', 'en_US'),
(682, 'Binding of the protoxin and toxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki on clay minerals', 'The equilibrium adsorption and binding of the delta-endotoxin proteins (the protoxins and toxins) from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were 3-5 times as great on montmorillonite as on kaolinite. Maximum adsorption occurred within 30 min (the shortest interval measured), and adsorption was not significantly affected by temperatures between 7 and 50 deg C. The proteins were more easily desorbed from kaolinite than from montmorillonite; they could not be desorbed from montmorillonite with water or 0.2% sodium carbonate, but they could be removed with Tris- SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) buffer. Adsorption was higher at low pH and decreased as the pH increased. Adsorption on kaolinite was also dependent on the ionic nature of the buffers. The molecular mass of the proteins was unaltered after adsorption on montmorillonite; no significant modifications occurred in their structure as the result of binding on the clay, and there was no significant expansion of the clay. The bound proteins appeared to retain their insecticidal activity against 3rd-instar larvae of the noctuid Trichoplusia ni.', 'en_US'),
(683, 'Insect research and control: susceptibility of fall armyworm collected from different plant hosts to selected insecticides and transgenic Bt cotton', 'The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a destructive pest of many agricultural crops throughout the southern USA. Populations of the fall armyworm that feed on different plant species can be classified as genetically differentiated host-associated strains: a corn (Zea mays L.)-associated strain that feeds primarily on corn and a rice (Oryza sativa L.)- associated strain that feeds primarily on forage grasses and rice. Although details are limited, differences in susceptibility to insecticides have been reported between the two fall armyworm host-associated strains. Our objective was to determine the relative susceptibilities of fall armyworms collected from different hosts to common cotton insecticides and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) cotton.Technical grade insecticides including cypermethrin {(I)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (I)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate},methyl parathion {O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate}, and methomyl {S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy] thioacetimidate} were applied topically to third instars collected from field corn and various forage grasses. Fall armyworms collected from forage grasses were significantly more susceptible to all insecticides tested than any of the collections from field corn. In a separate experiment, neonate larvae originally collected from Bermuda grass and field corn were fed on conventional and transgenic Bt cotton. Fall armyworms collected from Bermuda grass were significantly more susceptible to Bt cotton than larvae collected from field corn. Our data show that differences in larval susceptibility to commonly used cotton insecticides and transgenic Bt cotton appear to be related to the host-associated strains of the fall armyworm. Therefore, future management of this pest on cotton may need to address the susceptibility of fall armyworm host-associated strains before insecticide recommendations on cotton are considered.', 'en_US'),
(684, 'Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).', 'Heritability of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was estimated using a half-sibling design. Artificial diet with and without Cry1Ab was infested with progenies of 20 males, each mated with 2 females, and mortality was scored 5 d after infestation. The progeny of each female was reared and scored separately. Mean mortality of the 20 families on the Cry1Ab diet was 46.5%. The effects of both male parent and of female parent within male parent were significant. Heritability was estimated to be 0.52, suggesting that a high proportion of phenotypic variation was because of genetic differences. Mortality on the Cry1Ab diet was not correlated with mortality on control diet, indicating that differences among families in tolerance to Cry1Ab were not attributable to differences in general fitness. Our results indicate that ''high dose'' Bt rice plants may be particularly important for Cry1Ab resistance management in C. suppressalis populations.', 'en_US'),
(685, 'Managing the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants', 'The evolution of resistance in pests such as the European corn borer will imperil transgenic maize varieties that express insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensls. Patchworks of treated and untreated fields can delay the evolution of pesticide resistance, but the untreated refuge fields are likely to sustain heavy damage. A strategy that exploits corn borer preferences and movement can eliminate this problem. Computer simulation indicates that this approach can delay the evolution of resistance and reduce insect damage in the untreated fields of a patchwork planting regime.', 'en_US'),
(686, 'Using an F2 screen to search for resistance alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(687, 'Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)', 'The refuge plus high-dose strategy for resistance management assumes that the frequency of resistance alleles is low. We used an F 2 screen to estimate the frequency of resistance to transgenic corn that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ab toxin (Bt corn) in an Iowa population of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). We also proposed a modification to the statistical analysis of the F 2 screen that extends its application for nonuniform prior distributions and for repeated sampling of a single population. Based on a sample of 188 isofemale lines derived from females caught at light traps during the 2nd flight of 1997, we show with 95% confidence that the frequency of resistance to Bt corn was <3.9 × 10-3 in this Iowa population. These results provide weak evidence that the refuge plus high-dose strategy may be effective for managing resistance in O. nubilalis to Bt corn. Partial resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was found commonly. The 95% CI for the frequency of partial resistance were [8.2 × 10-4, 9.4 × 10-3] for the Iowa population. Variable costs of the method were $14.90 per isofemale line, which was a reduction of 25% compared with our initial estimate.', 'en_US'),
(688, 'Lack of cross-resistance to other Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins in a population of Plutella xylostella highly resistant to CryIA(b)', 'Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces crystal proteins with insecticidal properties (ICPs) specific for certain insect pests, yet it has little or no toxicity to humans, most beneficial insects and other non-target organisms (Hofte and Whiteley, 1989; Lereclus et al. 1989, Adang, 1991). It has been shown that the basis of the specificity of Bt ICP resides mainly in one of the steps in its mode of action - its binding to specific sites in the bursh border membrane of the midgut epithelial cells.', 'en_US'),
(689, 'Gene flow in the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis: implications for the sustainability of transgenic insecticidal maize', NULL, 'en_US'),
(690, 'Transgenic broccoli with high levels of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C protein control diamondback moth larvae resistant to Cry1A or Cry1C', 'A synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1C gene was introduced into broccoli (Brassica oleracea ssp. italica) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Twenty-one Cry1C transgenic plants were regenerated from 400 hypocotyl and petiole explants. Variable amounts of stable steady- state cry1C mRNA accumulated in different transgenic plants. Cry1C protein (up to 0.4% of total soluble protein) was produced in correlation with the cry1C mRNA levels. Leaf section and whole-plant bioassays were done using diamondback moth (DBM) larvae from lines susceptible to Bt or resistant to Cry1A or Cry1C proteins (Cry1AR or Cry1CR, respectively). Plants with high levels of Cry1C protein caused rapid and complete mortality of all three types of DBM larvae with no defoliation. Plants with lower levels of Cry1C protein showed an increasing differential between control of susceptible of Cry1AR DBM. This study demonstrated that high production of Cry1C protein can protect transgenic broccoli not only from susceptible or Cry1AR DBM larvae but also from DBM selected for moderate levels of resistance of Cry1C. The Cry1C- transgenic broccoli were also resistant to two other lepidopteran pests of crucifers (cabbage looper and imported cabbage worm). These plants will be useful in studies of resistance management strategies involving multiple transgenes.', 'en_US'),
(691, 'Evaluating resistance management strategies for multiple toxins in the presence of external refuges', NULL, 'en_US'),
(692, 'Seed mixtures as a resistance management strategy for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein', 'Dispersal of neonate European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in seed mixtures of transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bt+) and nontransgenic corn (Bt-) was evaluated in a 2-yr field study. The main objective was to determine if larval dispersal limits the effectiveness of seed mixtures as a resistance management strategy. Mixtures evaluated included (1) all Bt+ plants, (2) every fifth plant Bt- with remaining plants Bt+, (3) every fifth plant Bt+ with remaining plants Bt-, and (4) all Bt- plants. The transformation events MON 802 (B73 BC1F2 × Mo17) and MON 810 (B73 BC1F1 × Mo17), which express the Cry1Ab endotoxin isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, were used as the sources of Bt+ seed in 1994 and 1995, respectively (YieldGard, Monsanto, St. Louis, MO). At corn growth stage V6-V8, subplots within each mixture (15?20 plants each) were infested so that every fifth plant in mixtures 1 and 4, every Bt- plant in mixture 2, and every Bt+ plant in mixture 3 received two egg masses. Larval sampling over a 21-d period indicated increased neonate dispersal off of Bt+ plants, reduced survival of larvae that dispersed from Bt+ plants to Bt- plants, and a low incidence of late-instar movement from Bt- plants to Bt+ plants. Computer simulations based on mortality and dispersal estimates from this study indicate that seed mixtures will delay the evolution of resistant European corn borer populations compared with uniform planting of transgenic corn. However, resistant European corn borer populations likely will develop faster in seed mixes compared with separate plantings of Bt and non-Bt corn.', 'en_US'),
(693, 'Binding of insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis to the midgut brush border of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and selection for resistance to one of the crystal proteins', 'The susceptibility of Trichoplusia ni larvae to several Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) was tested. Neonatal larvae proved to be susceptible to solubilized trypsin-treated CryIA(a), CryIA(b), and CryIA(c) (50% lethal concentrations [LC(inf50)s], 570, 480, and 320 ng/cm(sup2), respectively) but showed little susceptibility to CryIB and CryID (LC(inf50)s, 5,640 and 2,530 ng/cm(sup2), respectively). The toxicity of ICPs was correlated to binding to the epithelial brush border of the midgut, as revealed by immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies. In vitro binding experiments with iodinated ICPs and brush border membrane vesicles indicated that CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) share the same high-affinity binding site, whereas CryIA(a) binds to a different one. The affinities of CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) for the binding site were similar (K(infd) = 3.6 and 4.7 nM, respectively), and the mean binding-site concentration was 0.71 pmol/mg of vesicle protein. Selection of a population with increasing concentrations of CryIA(b) produced 31-fold resistance in seven generations. The realized heritability (h(sup2)) was 0.19. The increase of homozygosity (for resistance factors) as selection proceeded was reflected in the increase in the slopes of the dose-mortality curves. Resistance was specific for CryIA(b) and did not extend to CryIA(a) or even to CryIA(c). This result was not predicted by the binding-site model, in which CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) bind to the same high-affinity binding site. This result may suggest a more complicated relationship between in vitro binding of ICPs to specific sites in the epithelial membrane of the midgut and the in vivo toxic effect.', 'en_US'),
(694, 'Resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide in a field population of Plutella xylostella is due to a change in a midgut membrane receptor', 'The biochemical mechanism for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins was studied in a field population of diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) with a reduced susceptibility to the bioinsecticidal spray. The toxicity and binding characteristics of three crystal proteins [CryIA(b), CryIB, and CryIC] were compared between the field population and a laboratory strain. The field population proved resistant (>200=fold compared with the laboratory strain) to CryIA(b), one of the crystal proteins in the insecticidal formulation. Binding studies showed that the two strains differ in a membrane receptor that recognizes CryIA(b). This crystal protein did not bind to the brush-border membrane of the midgut epithelial cells of the field population, either because of strongly reduced binding affinity or because of the complete absence of the receptor molecule. Both strains proved fully susceptible to the CryIB and CryIC crystal proteins, which were not present in the B. thuringiensis formulation used in the field. Characteristics of CryIB and CryIC binding to brush-border membranes of midgut epithelial cells were virtually identical in the laboratory and the field population.', 'en_US'),
(695, 'Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens', 'The risk of rapid pest adaptation to an insecticide is highly dependent on the initial frequency of resistance alleles in field populations. Because we have lacked empirical estimates of these frequencies, population-genetic models of resistance evolution have relied on a wide range of theoretical estimates. The recent commercialization of genetically engineered cotton that constitutively produces an insecticidal protein derived from the biocontrol agent, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has raised concern that we lack data needed to quantify the risk of insect pests such as Heliothis virescens rapidly adapting to this ecologically valuable class of toxins. By individually mating over 2,000 male H. virescens moths collected in four states to females of a Bt toxin-resistant laboratory strain, and screening F1 and F2 offspring for tolerance of the toxic protein, we were able to directly estimate the field frequency of alleles for resistance as 1.5 3 10 23 . This high initial frequency underscores the need for caution in deploying transgenic cotton to control insect pests. Our single-pair mating technique greatly increases the efficiency of detecting recessive resistance alleles. Because alleles that decrease target site sensitivity to Bt toxins and other insecticides are often recessive, this technique could be useful in estimating resistance allele frequencies in other insects exposed to transgenic insecticidal crops or conventional insecticides.', 'en_US'),
(696, 'Evolutionary biology and genetically engineered crops', NULL, 'en_US'),
(697, 'Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology', 'This review examines potential impacts of transgenic cultivars on insect population dynamics and evolution. Experience with classically bred, insecticidal cultivars has demonstrated that a solid understanding of both the target insect''s ecology and the cultivar''s performance under varied field conditions will be essential for predicting area-wide effects of transgenic cultivars on pest and natural enemy dynamics. This experience has also demonstrated the evolutionary capacity of pests for adaptive response to insecticidal traits in crops. Biochemical and genetic studies of insect adaptation to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins expressed by currently marketed transgenic cultivars indicate a high risk for rapid adaptation if these cultivars are misused. Theoretical and practical issues involved in implementing strategies to delay pest adaptation to insecticidal cultivars are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on examining the ''high dose''/refuge strategy that has become the goal of industry and regulatory authorities.', 'en_US'),
(698, 'Feeding behavior of bollworm and tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in mixed stands of nontransgenic and transgenic cotton expressing and insecticidal protein', 'Feeding behavior of third-instar bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was observed in pure and mixed stands of nontransgenic and transgenic cotton (BTK), Gossypium hirsutum L., expressing an insecticidal protein CryIA(c) from a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki. Five plant stands composed of BTK and non-BTK plants were evaluated; two pure stands and three mixed stands. Percentage ratios of BTK to non-BTK plants in the stands were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, respectively. In all stands with BTK plants, fewer bollworm and tobacco budworm larvae were found on BTK plants than non-BTK plants 24 h after infestation with third instars. At 48 h, significantly fewer tobacco budworm larvae, but not fewer bollworm larvae, were found on BTK plants. However, the number of larvae of either insect did not increase on non-BTK plants compared with the initial infestation density of three larvae per plant. The number of obacco budworm injured flower buds, and capsules was lower in all plant stands containing BTK plants compared with the pure stand of non-BTK at 48 h after infestation. Higher numbers of larvae on non-BTK plants were possibly the result of larval intoxication, reduced feeding, and increased plant abandonment and death on BTK plants rather than a classical feeding preference. Unexpectedly, the number of flower buds and capsules injured by bollworm and tobacco budworm when averaged per plant for all plants in a stand, differed little among the 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 plant mixtures. These data suggest that larvae of both species frequently moved among plants, feeding indiscriminately on BTK and non-BTK plants.', 'en_US'),
(699, 'Colorado potato beetle resistance management strategies for transgenic potatoes', 'NewLeaf potatoes could provide substantial ecological and economic benefits to potato growers. A concern with NewLeaf potatoes, however, is that Colorado potato beetle may develop resistance to the Bt endotoxin because of the intense selection pressure imposed by its constant presence in the transgenic crop. Before these cultivars were released, however, entomologists throughout North America conducted biological research needed for a strategy to prevent or delay resistance in Colorado potato beetle. This paper describes the considerations and research behind the proposed strategy. Because NewLeaf potatoes express a relatively constant and high concentration of Bt endotoxin throughout the foliage of each plant, reducing selection for resistance must come from planting standard potatoes as a refuge for susceptible beetles. Avoiding resistance through random mixtures of NewLeaf and standard potatoes was evaluated in laboratory and field studies. The conclusion from this research was that the seed mixture would not provide an effective refuge. The most effective alternative refuge was judged to be a block of standard potatoes planted in the same field as the NewLeaf potatoes. By allowing susceptible beetles to survive in their fields, potato growers might sustain the benefits of very effective controls.', 'en_US'),
(700, 'Experimental evidence that refuges delay insect adaptation to Bacillus thuringiensis', NULL, 'en_US'),
(701, 'Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins to a laboratory-selected line of Heliothis virescens', 'A laboratory-selected colony of Heliothis virescens displaying a 20- to 70-fold level of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis proteins was evaluated to identify mechanism(s) of resistance. Brush-border membrane vesicles were isolated from larval midgut epithelium from the susceptible and resistant strains of H. virescens. Two B. thuringiensis proteins, CryIA(b) and CryIA(c), were iodinated and shown to specifically bind to brush-border membrane vesicles of both insect strains. Multiple changes in the receptor-binding parameters were seen in the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible strain. A 2- to 4-fold reduction in binding affinity was accompanied by a 4- to 6-fold increase in binding-site concentration for both proteins. Although these two B. thuringiensis proteins competed for the same high-affinity binding site, competition experiments revealed different receptor specificity toward these proteins in the resistant H. virescens line. The H. virescens strains were not sensitive to a coleopteran-active protein, CryIIIA, nor did these proteins compete with the CryIA proteins for binding. Complexity of the mechanism of resistance is consistent with the complex mode of action of B. thuringiensis proteins.', 'en_US'),
(702, 'Preventing insect adaptation to insect-resistant crops: are seed mixtures or refugia the best strategy?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(703, 'Monitoring for tolerance to Cry IA(C) in populations of Heliothis virescens from Mexico', NULL, 'en_US'),
(704, 'Managing insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins', NULL, 'en_US'),
(705, 'Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in colonies of Indianmeal moth and almond moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(706, 'Now or never: serious new plans to save a natural pest control', NULL, 'en_US'),
(707, 'Monitoring of the pink boll worm susceptibility to the Bt endotoxin (Cry1ac) in Mexico', NULL, 'en_US'),
(708, 'Bt-corn and European corn borer: long-term success through resistance management', NULL, 'en_US'),
(709, 'Status of pink bollworm susceptibility to Bt in Arizona', NULL, 'en_US'),
(710, 'Managing pests and their resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: can transgenic crops be better than sprays?', 'Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can now be deployed either in sprays or transgenic plants. Some entomologists and environmentalists have argued that the sprays are preferable to plants because they are less likely to cause resistance. However, Bt sprays are not generally competitive with chemical insecticides and seem unlike1.v to displace them. In contrast, transgenic plants appear to be sufficiently effective to displace chemicals, making such plants attractive from the standpoint of environmental protection. Further, simulation models using data from the diamondback moth and a laboratory experiment using the Indianmeal moth suggest that under at least some circumstances. transgenic plants bearing only one Bt gene may be more effective than sprays for delaying resistance to Bt Resistance in a laboratory-selected strain of the Colorado potato beetle is especially interesting because a strain that can survive Bt sprays and develop to maturity cannot develop successfully on transgenic plants, not even on some showing very low expression. This suggests that more mechanisms are available for resistance to sprays than to transgenic plants, perhaps making resistance to sprays more ''evolutionarily available''. When the use of two toxin genes is considered, simulation models suggest that transgenic plants may be much more durable than sprays of similar efficacy.', 'en_US'),
(711, 'Can we slow adaptation by pests to insect resistant crops?', NULL, 'en_US'),
(712, 'Bt-transgenic crops: just another pretty insecticide or a chance for a new start in resistance management?', 'Transgenic insect-resistant crops carrying genes from Bacillus thuringiensis were grown commercially for the first time in 1996 amid considerable public controversy about resistance management. Several resistance management strategies have been proposed for Bt-transgenic crops. The most promising with currently available technology is the use of refuges of non-transgenic crops, augmented where possible with high toxin expression in the plant and avoiding mosaics of different toxins and pesticides. One problem is that the refuge sizes that are seen as commercially and practically acceptable are generally too small to provide a comfortable margin for the delay of resistance. A promising long-term strategy for delaying resistance, and one which is more forgiving on refuge size, is the pyramiding of two or more insecticidal genes in the same plant. The critical limiting factor to resistance management for transgenic crops will be implementation, which will require cooperation among companies.', 'en_US'),
(713, 'Strategies for management of insect resistance to synthetic and microbial insecticides', NULL, 'en_US'),
(714, 'Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants', 'Several important crops have been engineered to express toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for insect control. In 1999, US farmers planted nearly 8 million hectares (nearly 20 million acres) of transgenic Bt crops approved by the EPA. Bt-transgenic plants can greatly reduce the use of broader spectrum insecticides, but insect resistance may hinder this technology. Present resistance management strategies rely on a ''refuge'' composed of non-Bt plants to conserve susceptible alleles. We have used Bt-transgenic broccoli plants and the diamondback moth as a model system to examine resistance management strategies. The higher number of larvae on refuge plants in our field tests indicate that a ''separate refuge'' will be more effective at conserving susceptible larvae than a ''mixed refuge'' and would thereby reduce the number of homozygous resistant (RR) offspring. Our field tests also examined the strategy of spraying the refuge to prevent economic loss to the crop while maintaining susceptible alleles in the population. Results indicate that great care must be taken to ensure that refuges, particularly those sprayed with efficacious insecticides, produce adequate numbers of susceptible alleles. Each insect/Bt crop system may have unique management requirements because of the biology of the insect, but our studies validate the need for a refuge. As we learn more about how to refine our present resistance management strategies, it is important to also develop the next generation of technology and implementation strategies.', 'en_US'),
(715, 'Baseline susceptibility of the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Cry1ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis', 'Susceptibility to Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was determined for 12 field populations of neonate corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), from the United States. Earworm larvae were exposed to artificial diet treated with increasing Bt concentrations, and mortality and growth inhibition were evaluated after 7 d. The range of variation in Bt susceptibility indicated by growth inhibition was very similar to that indicated by mortality. Although interpopulation variation in susceptibility to both proteins was observed, the magnitude of the differences was small (less than or equal to fivefold). These results suggest that the observed susceptibility differences reflect natural variation in Bt susceptibility among corn earworm populations rather than variation caused by prior exposure to selection pressures. Therefore, corn earworms apparently are susceptible to Bt toxins across most of their geographic range.', 'en_US'),
(716, 'Status of monitoring for tolerance to CryIAc in populations of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens: three-year summary', NULL, 'en_US'),
(717, 'Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)', NULL, 'en_US'),
(718, 'Delaying insect adaptation to transgenic plants: seed mixtures and refugia reconsidered', NULL, 'en_US');
