In this report, Paarlberg devises a system for clarifying policy choices toward GM crops in the areas of intellectual property rights, food safety, biosafety, trade, and public research investment. He then presents an up-to-date snapshot and analysis of policies toward GM crops for four countries: Brazil, China, India, and Kenya. Of these four countries, only China has officially approved the commercial planting of GM crops. Although scientists and some policymakers in Brazil, India and Kenya are pushing for adoption of GM crops, precautionary biosafety policies in these countries are keeping these crops out of the hands of farmers. Paarlberg seeks to explain the differences among the four countries in these policy areas, and he determines that international pressures -from, for example, international environmental and nongovernmental organizations, international agreements, and donors - are working to discourage GM crop adoption in Brazil, India and Kenya. China has taken a different path in part because it is relatively insulated from such pressures.