The scientific basis for predicting substantially higher yields from genetically modified (GM) than non-GM crops is not strong. They may yield specialized products, but they are also likely to create problems for human health and to the environment unless they are rigorously tested before use. Even assuming that they will give higher yields, they may not solve the problem of food shortage in the South. This is because the causes of the shortage are many, complex, and primarily not technological but structural. What is needed is good national governance and a fair North-South trading and financial relationship.