In this review, the achievements and perspectives for the creation of transgenic plants are analyzed. Until now, virtually all commercially cultivated genetically modified plants have been developed for the purpose of getting a solution to the problem of plant protection: such plants carry transgenes conferring resistance to herbicides, pests, and viruses. Approaches used for the development of commercial genetically modified varieties resistant to herbicides, insects, and viruses were considered; strategic approaches and perspectives for the development of commercial genetically modified plants resistant to fungal and bacterial pathogens and nematodes were also examined. The ecological (including agronomic issues) and social risks connected with commercial cultivation of transgenic crops were discussed.